Dynamic Response Research Articles

TMIC-39. SPATIAL MULTIOMICS PROFILING REVEALS HETEROGENEITY OF B:T CELL INTERACTIONS AND PLASMA CELL FORMATION IN TERTIARY LYMPHOID STRUCTURES IN HUMAN GLIOMAS

Abstract Adult-type diffuse gliomas, the most common primary brain tumours, remain a clinical challenge in oncology with limited treatment options, restricted anti-tumour immune response and a dismal patient prognosis. Despite their immunosuppressive microenvironment, the formation of lymphoid aggregates containing adaptive immune cells has been reported in gliomas. However, the cellular compositions, immunological function, and relevance of lymphoid aggregates for adaptive anti-tumour immunity is not well understood. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive, unbiased analysis of lymphoid aggregation in 642 adult-type diffuse gliomas using a multi-modal approach, combining DNA methylation and RNA sequencing with spatial transcriptome and proteome profiling. Overall, B cell aggregates and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) were observed in 15% of tumours, with the highest prevalence in primary glioma localised to the temporoparietal lobe. The presence of TLS was associated with an improved overall survival. Gliomas containing TLS displayed a remodelled perivascular space, characterised by transcriptional upregulation and spatial redistribution of collagens associated with barrier functions. Spatial transcriptome and proteome profiling revealed heterogenous B:T cell interactions that were associated with elevated CD8 T-cell numbers and differences in IgA and IgG plasma cell forming capacity, suggestive of dynamic adaptive immune response.

Modular Modeling of a Half-Vehicle System Using Generalized Receptance Coupling and Frequency-Based Substructuring (GRCFBS)

This paper presents an advanced modular modeling approach for vertical vibration analysis of dynamic systems using the Generalized Receptance Coupling and Frequency-Based Substructuring (GRCFBS) method. The focus is on a four-DoF half-vehicle model comprising three key subsystems: front suspension, rear suspension, and the vehicle’s trimmed body. The proposed technique is designed to predict dynamic responses in reconfigurable systems across various applications, including automotive, robotics, mechanical machinery, and aerospace structures. By coupling the receptance matrices (FRFs) of individual vehicle modules, the overall system receptance matrix is efficiently derived in a disassembled configuration. Two generalized coupling methods, originally developed by Jetmundsen and D.D. Klerk, are employed to determine the complete vehicle’s receptance matrix from its subsystems. Validation is achieved by comparing the results with established methods, such as direct solution and modal analysis, demonstrating high accuracy and reliability for complex dynamic systems. This modular approach allows for the creation of reduced-order models focused on key measurement points without the need for detailed system representation. The method offers significant advantages in early-stage vehicle development, providing critical insights into system vibration behavior.

Electrical conductivity of warm dense hydrogen from Ohm’s law and time-dependent density functional theory

Abstract Understanding the electrical conductivity of warm dense hydrogen is critical for both fundamental physics and applications in planetary science and inertial confinement fusion. We demonstrate how to calculate the electrical conductivity using the continuum form of Ohm’s law, with the current density obtained from real-time time-dependent density functional theory. This approach simulates the dynamic response of hydrogen under warm dense matter conditions, with temperatures around 30,000 K and mass densities ranging from 0.02 to 0.98 g/cm³. We systematically address finite-size errors in real-time time-dependent density functional theory, demonstrating that our calculations are both numerically feasible and reliable. Our results show good agreement with other approaches, highlighting the effectiveness of this method for modeling electronic transport properties from ambient to extreme conditions.

Modeling and analysis of nonlinear dynamics of axisymmetric vector nozzle based on deep neural network

Abstract The axisymmetric nozzle mechanism is the core part for thrust vectoring of aero engine, which contains complex rigid-flexible coupled multibody system with joints clearance and significantly reduces the efficiency in modeling and calculation, therefore the kinematics and dynamics analysis of axisymmetric vectoring nozzle mechanism based on deep neural network is proposed. The deep neural network model of the axisymmetric vector nozzle is established according to the limited training data from the physical dynamic model and then used to predict the kinematics and dynamics response of the axisymmetric vector nozzle. This study analyses the effects of joint clearance on the kinematics and dynamics of the axisymmetric vector nozzle mechanism by a data-driven model. It is found that the angular acceleration of the expanding blade and the driving force are mostly affected by joint clearance followed by the angle, angular velocity and position of the expanding blade. Larger joint clearance results in more pronounced fluctuations of the dynamic response of the mechanism, which is due to the greater relative velocity and contact force between the bushing and the pin. Since axisymmetric vector nozzles are highly complex nonlinear systems, traditional numerical methods of dynamics are extremely time-consuming. Our work indicates that the data-driven approach greatly reduces the computational cost while maintaining accuracy, and can be used for rapid evaluation and iterative computation of complex multibody dynamics of engine nozzle mechanism.

Model Predictive Control for Three-Phase, Four-Leg Dynamic Voltage Restorer

Dynamic voltage restores (DVRs) are usually used to mitigate the effect of voltage sag and guarantee sufficient power supply for sensitive loads. However, three-phase voltage cannot be compensated to the desired balance voltage under unbalanced three-phase loads by traditional DVRs with a three-phase, three-leg inverter. To address this problem, a three-phase, four-leg inverter-based DVR is first introduced in this paper, and then the state space model in its continuous form and discrete form are established, respectively. A two-step predictive method is proposed for the prediction of the output voltage in each switching state by the established voltage prediction model. Finite-control-set model predictive control (MPC) is developed to be used in the three-phase, four-leg inverter-based DVR. Its dynamic response is effectively improved by the proposed MPC method under various voltage sag conditions. The proposed DVR control strategy is validated via MATLAB/Simulink-R2022b simulations, which demonstrate its effectiveness in voltage compensation under various sag conditions.

Optimization Simulation of Mooring System of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Platform Based on SPH Method

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method is used to simulate the dynamic response of the floating offshore wind turbine mooring system in a complex marine environment by using its advantages of dealing with free surface flow and fluid–structure interaction. The single‐cable mooring system and the double‐cable mooring system are introduced into the numerical simulation model of fluid–solid coupling interaction. The first‐order irregular wave and the second‐order regular wave are used to simulate different wave conditions. The operating state of the platform in these two cases is analyzed, and the accurate data such as the velocity change of the geometric center of the platform and the change of six degrees of freedom are obtained. Using visual processing and data analysis, it is found that the optimized double‐cable mooring system structure improves the vibration reduction ability of the platform.

Embedding Plate‐Like Pyrochlore in Perovskite Phase to Enhance Energy Storage Performance of BNT‐Based Ceramic Capacitors

AbstractNext‐generation electrical and electronic systems rely on the development of efficient energy‐storage dielectric ceramic capacitors. However, achieving a synergistic enhancement in the polarization and in the breakdown field strength (Eb) presents a considerable challenge. Herein, a heterogeneous combination strategy involving embedding a high Eb plate‐like pyrochlore phase in a high‐polarization perovskite phase is proposed. The embedded plate‐like pyrochlore increases the breakdown field strength and promotes the dynamic polarization response. Meanwhile, the strong spin–orbit coupling effect of the 5d electrons is conducive to the maintenance of the high polarization value of the perovskite. Consequently, the prepared multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) exhibits an ultrahigh Eb and a high polarization. More specifically, an energy storage density (Wrec) of 14.9 J cm−3 with an efficiency of up to 93.4% is achieved for the optimized pyrochlore/perovskite phase. Furthermore, the MLCCs also exhibits an Wrec of ≈ 7.7 J cm−3 ± 4.5% in the temperature range of −50–180 °C. Therefore, this heterogeneous combination strategy therefore provides a simple and effective method for improving the energy‐storage performances of dielectric ceramic capacitors.

Effects of Wheel Flats on Vibration and Stress Response of the Wheel-Rail System in High-Speed Trains

With the advancement of high-speed and lightweight vehicles, the occurrence of wheel tread wear, including wheel flats, has escalated. The resulting impact loads on axle-end components and the dynamic response of the axle cannot be overlooked. On-track tests were conducted on wheel flats to obtain wheel-rail forces, axle box vibration accelerations, and axle stresses during service. Time–frequency analysis was employed to uncover patterns of variation with speed. Additionally, a dynamic model of the high-speed train–track system was developed to replicate test conditions, investigating the characteristics of wheel–rail loads and structural elastic vibrations under high-frequency excitation for various flat sizes and higher operating speeds. The findings reveal that under wheel flats, the time-domain response of the wheel–rail system exhibits periodic impacts, while the frequency-domain shows high-frequency energy comprising multiple harmonics of the wheel rotation frequency. Wheel–rail forces, axle box vibration accelerations, and axle stresses exhibit inflection points with increasing speed, particularly within the 120–160 km/h range. In the high-frequency domain, axle stresses display characteristic frequencies that remain unchanged with speed, attributed to the coupled vertical bending vibration modes of the wheel–rail system. These research results offer foundational support for predicting fatigue damage to axle-end components, assessing axle stress, and establishing tolerances for tread defect limits.

Dual Control Strategy for Non-Minimum Phase Behavior Mitigation in DC-DC Boost Converters Using Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control and Proportional–Integral Controllers

Model Predictive Control (MPC) has emerged as a promising alternative for controlling power converters, offering benefits such as flexibility, simplicity, and rapid control response, particularly when short-horizon algorithms are employed. This paper introduces a system using a short-horizon Finite Control Set MPC (FCS-MPC) strategy to specifically address the challenge of non-minimum phase behavior in boost converters. The non-minimum phase issue, which complicates the control process by introducing an initial inverse response, is effectively mitigated by the proposed method. A Proportional–Integral (PI) controller is integrated to dynamically adjust the reference current based on the output voltage error, thereby enhancing overall system stability and performance. Unlike conventional PI-MPC methods, where the PI controller has an influence on the system dynamics, the PI controller in this approach is solely used for tuning the reference current needed for the FCS-MPC controller. The PI controller addresses small deviations in output voltage, primarily due to model prediction inaccuracies, ensuring steady-state accuracy, while the FCS-MPC handles fast dynamic responses to adapt the controller’s behavior based on load conditions. This dual control strategy effectively balances the need for precise voltage regulation and rapid adaptation to varying load conditions. The proposed method’s effectiveness is validated through a multi-stage simulation test, demonstrating significant improvements in response time and stability compared to traditional control methods. Hardware-in-the-loop testing further confirms the system’s robustness and potential for real-time applications in power electronics.

Plane Wave Finite Element Method for the Dynamic Response of the Periodic Pile-Type Composite Ground Under a Harmonic Concentrated Load

In this study, a simplified model for the pile-type composite ground, namely, the periodic pile-type composite ground (PPCG) model is proposed. The PPCG in this study is assumed to be periodic in the horizontal directions and finite in the vertical direction. For investigation of the dynamic response of the PPCG to a harmonic concentrated load, a plane wave finite element (PWFE) method for the PPCG under the load is developed in this study. To develop the method, the concentrated load is decomposed into its wavenumber domain components by the 2D Fourier transform first. The response of the PPCG to a wavenumber domain load component is represented by a set of plane waves, and the variables associated with each plane wave are discretized via the FEM along the vertical direction of the PPCG. The finite element equations for each plane wave of the PPCG are developed via the virtual work principle. To obtain the overall dynamic response of the PPCG to the concentrated load by synthesizing the responses due to all load components effectively, the mode superposition method is used to construct the response of the PPCG to the load component, and the polar coordinate system-based inverse Fourier transform method is developed for the inversion of the 2D Fourier transform with respect to the wavenumber. With the developed method, some numerical results about the dynamic response of the PPCG to the concentrated load are presented.

Structural damage detection using a sensitivity-based model updating approach with autocorrelation function data

ABSTRACT This study presents a novel sensitivity equation for estimating structural parameters using autocorrelation function (ACF) data of dynamic responses. The proposed method reduces the need for extensive excitation frequencies, making structural parameter identification more practical and cost-effective, especially for large-scale structures. Furthermore, due to the quadratic relationship between ACF and the structural dynamic response, this approach exhibited greater sensitivity to damage than time-history-based methods. The method’s effectiveness was evaluated using simulated data from truss and offshore jacket platform models. Incomplete measurements were addressed by using partially measured structural characteristics without model reduction and data expansion processes. Measurement and modelling errors were simulated by adding uniformly distributed random error into the damaged structure data. The low values of the coefficient of variation indicated the method’s robustness against these errors. The accuracy of the method was confirmed through low root mean square error (RMSE) values and high variance accounted for (VAF) values.

Tailored ultrasound propagation in microscale metamaterials via inertia design.

The quasi-static properties of micro-architected (meta)materials have been extensively studied over the past decade, but their dynamic responses, especially in acoustic metamaterials with engineered wave propagation behavior, represent a new frontier. However, challenges in miniaturizing and characterizing acoustic metamaterials in high-frequency (megahertz) regimes have hindered progress toward experimentally implementing ultrasonic-wave control. Here, we present an inertia design framework based on positioning microspheres to tune responses of 3D microscale metamaterials. We demonstrate tunable quasi-static stiffness by up to 75% and dynamic longitudinal-wave velocities by up to 25% while maintaining identical material density. Using noncontact laser-based dynamic experiments of tunable elastodynamic properties and numerical demonstrations of spatio-temporal ultrasound wave propagation, we explore the tunable static and elastodynamic property relation. This design framework expands the quasi-static and dynamic metamaterial property space through simple geometric changes, enabling facile design and fabrication of metamaterials for applications in medical ultrasound and analog computing.

Source–Sink Structural Coupling Within Forest-Clustered Landscapes Drives Headstream Quality Dynamics in Mountainous Sub-Watersheds: A Case Study in Chongqing, China

Water environment quality is profoundly driven by a series of landscape characteristics. However, current knowledge is limited to the independent response of water quality to single landscape elements; this has led to poor knowledge of the potential role of structural coupling within landscapes in driving water quality changes, especially in those agroforestry-mixed mountainous watersheds with highly embedded forest-clustered landscapes and abundant headstreams. Given this fact, this study aims to evaluate whether and how the source–sink coupling structure of forest-clustered landscapes systematically drives headstream quality dynamics. We first systematically assessed the association pattern of source and sink structures within forest-clustered landscapes, and then innovatively proposed and constructed a functional framework of source–sink coupling structure of landscapes across 112 agroforestry-mixed mountainous sub-watersheds in Chongqing, China. On this basis, we further evaluated the driving pattern and predictive performance of the source–sink coupling structure of landscapes behind headstream quality dynamics. We report three findings: (1) headstream quality varied across agroforestry-mixed sub-watersheds, mapping out the source–sink structures and functions of landscapes; (2) there was significant functional coordination between source–sink structures of the forest-clustered landscapes, which significantly drove headstream quality dynamics; (3) the structural positioning and differences of the forest-clustered landscapes along the multivariate functional axes directly corresponded to and predicted headstream quality status. These findings together highlight a key logic that the response of water quality dynamics to landscapes is essentially that to the functional coupling between the source–sink structures of landscapes, rather than the simple combination of a single landscape contribution. This is the first study on the landscape–runoff association from the perspective of source–sink structural coupling, which helps to deepen understanding of the correlation mechanism between water dynamics and landscape systems, and provides a new functional dimension to the development of future landscape ecological management strategies from a local to a global scale.

Response of tidal dynamics and shear fronts to topographic changes in the Yellow River Delta

In recent years, the position of the Yellow River Estuary (YRE) entrance has changed frequently, and human activities such as land reclamation have contributed to the transformation of the deltaic topography. These combined factors have resulted in altered hydrodynamics and tidal shear fronts (TSFs) in the surrounding sea area. However, there are few studies on the characteristics of the TSFs before and after diversion, so this paper establishes a hydrodynamic model based on the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) for the years 2005, 2014, and 2020 and analyzes the characteristics of the changes in the tidal currents and the TSFs before and after diversion and the long-term evolution trends. The results reveal that the M2 amphidromic point near the YRE shifted eastward by 4.9 km from 2005 to 2014 and migrated southeastward by 6.8 km between 2014 and 2020. Additionally, significant changes were observed in the maximum and residual currents within the active mouth (AM), the old Qing 8 (Q8) channel, the old QingShuiGou (QSG) channel, and the southeastern region. Notably, the residual currents exhibit vertical fronts with substantial current velocity differences across the slopes. After the diversion of the YRE, the northern TSFs disappeared. The TSFs in the AM gradually shifted landward, while the TSFs in the southeastern region shifted offshore. In the vertical direction, the frontal centerlines of the TSFs gradually moved offshore from top to bottom. The intensity of the TSFs at the same latitude was positively correlated with the offshore distance. Generally, steeper slopes were associated with larger bottom stress gradients, which in turn corresponded to stronger TSFs.

Interorganizational systems withouthierarchy: immunizationinformation systems.

The 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic spurred change across multiple healthcare industries. This study explores how managing vaccination data in the United States of America required cooperation among many different organizations necessitated by an emergency response. We studied how individual states interacted with the federal government to address the need for vaccination-related information during the pandemic. In total, 11 interviews were conducted with individuals responsible for collecting vaccination data and reporting it to the US Federal Government. Seven of those individuals were directors of USA jurisdictional Immunization Information Systems (IIS). Archival data were also combined with the interview responses to inform the analysis and development of guidelines. States across the USA had different ways of tracking and storing immunization data that was heavily influenced by state-level and federal legislation. The lack of a universal patient identifier made cross-state patient identification difficult. Federal requirements for reporting dictated much of how the different state-level entities collected, stored and reported data. This study highlights the importance of data interoperability and data sharing by exploring how a loosely coupled set of entities without direct top-down control or a profit motive can govern data effectively. Our analysis provides greater clarity about the interactions between different stakeholders in a complex system. This study presents primary interviews of 11 individuals, each responsible for tracking and reporting immunization information. Analysis of the data expands existing research on IIS on data sharing, system interoperability and dynamic pandemic responses.

Evaluation of SMA-13 Asphalt Mixture Reinforced by Different Types of Fiber Additives

This research aims at systematically evaluating the properties of SMA-13 asphalt mixture reinforced by several fiber additives including flocculent lignin fiber (FLF), granular lignin fiber (GLF), chopped basalt fiber (CBF), and flocculent basalt fiber (FBF). Firstly, the thermal stability, moisture absorption, and oil absorption property of these fiber additives were analyzed. Secondly, the property of SMA-13 reinforced using four types of single fibers and two kinds of composite fibers (FLF + CBF and FLF + FBF) was comprehensively analyzed. Specifically, the high-temperature performance was evaluated using the uniaxial penetration test and the rutting test, the medium-temperature anticracking property was evaluated using the IDEAL-CT test, the low-temperature property was analyzed using the beam bending test, and the water stability was studied by the freeze–thaw splitting test. Thirdly, the dynamic mechanical response of different-fibers-modified SMA-13 was evaluated using the uniaxial compression dynamic modulus test. Finally, correlation analysis between the results of dynamic modulus and the high-, medium-, and low-temperature mechanical performance was carried out. The research results reveal that the stability of CBF and FBF under thermal action is better than that of GLF and FLF, and FBF shows the best thermal stability. The oil absorption property of FLF is better than that of GLF, followed by FBF and CBF. The comprehensive mechanical properties of CBF- and FBF-reinforced SMA-13 are better than those of FLF- and GLF-modified SMA-13. CBF can better reinforce the mechanical property of SMA-13 under low and medium temperature, while FBF can better reinforce the performance of SMA-13 at high temperature. FLF/CBF- and FLF/FBF-composite-modified SMA-13 show better high-temperature mechanical performance than that of the single-fiber-reinforced mixture, and FLF has some negative impact on the properties of FLF/FBF-composite-modified SMA-13 at low temperature. Fibers have no significant influence on the water stability of the mixtures. Meanwhile, the linear correlation between the mechanical performance of all the fiber-reinforced SMA-13 and the dynamic modulus result is good.

Exploring comparative analysis of antibiotic resistance patterns in E.coli bacterial strains through the agar plate method

Abstract Introduction Antibiotic effectiveness varies across classes and bacteria, complicating the fight against infections. Utilising E. coli as a model organism offers insights into the microbial response to antibiotics. The agar plate method is crucial for visualising and assessing antibiotic resistance efficacy1. The looming threat of antibiotic resistance, with a potential death toll of 10 million by 2050, emphasises the urgency2. Investigating E. coli's role in gut health and its interaction with antibiotics via agar plate assays informs the selective use of broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotics, vital for medical and agricultural applications3. Aim This study aims to explore the differential efficacy of broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotics, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cefoxitin, and erythromycin, against E. coli using the agar plate method. The study aims to evaluate the effects of different antibiotics on E. coli to identify patterns of resistance and susceptibility, providing insights into the bacterial response to these drugs. Methods To maintain aseptic conditions, all equipment was sterilised, and a sterile workspace was established, as illustrated. The agar plates were carefully labelled with the specific bacterial strains and antibiotics slated for evaluation. Employing sterile techniques, the E. coli strains were swabbed onto these agar plates to ensure an even distribution. Antibiotic discs were then methodically placed onto the agar, spaced appropriately to prevent overlap, and gently pressed to ensure contact with the medium. These plates were subsequently incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hours, allowing for bacterial growth and antibiotic diffusion. Post-incubation, the diameters of the inhibition zones around each antibiotic disc were meticulously measured. Following the experimental procedures, biohazard materials were disposed of in accordance with safety protocols, and equipment was re-sterilised. To uphold the experiment’s validity and reliability, it was repeated over four weeks, with the average results compiled and analysed. Results This study evaluates the antibacterial effectiveness of four antibiotics over four weeks, measuring the area of inhibition against E. coli. Ampicillin's inhibition varied significantly, with a peak of 2358.58 mm² in Week 3 after a drop to 1468.46 mm² in Week 2. Chloramphenicol also showed variability, peaking at 897.27 mm² in Week 3. Cefoxitin displayed a consistent increase in effectiveness, with an inhibition area of 2317.44 mm² in Week 2. Erythromycin showed no inhibitory effect throughout the study. The data emphasises the dynamic bacterial response to these treatments. Discussion or Conclusions This study provides valuable insights into the relationship between antibiotic use and bacterial resistance in E. coli strains, utilising the agar plate method to assess antibiotic effectiveness and predict future resistance trends. By analysing inhibition zone patterns over time, the study identifies emerging resistance, suggesting this method’s utility in forecasting bacterial evolution. However, the approach is limited by its focus on in vitro conditions, which may not fully capture in vivo complexities, and it does not consider genetic mutations or environmental influences. These limitations highlight the need for more comprehensive research. The study advocates for integrated global strategies, combining judicious antibiotic use with novel antimicrobial developments.

Numerical prediction and experimental verification of dynamic deflection responses of damaged hybrid (luffa and carbon-nanotube-reinforced) polymeric composite panel structure

Numerical prediction and experimental verification of dynamic deflection responses of damaged hybrid (luffa and carbon-nanotube-reinforced) polymeric composite panel structure

Review of PID Control in Industrial Areas for Tobacco Production, Self-driving Car Technology and Robotic Arm Robots

Abstract. PID control is widely employed across diverse industries such as tobacco production, autonomous car technology, and mechanical arm robotics. This shows that PID control has a substantial developmental potential, so I choose the PID control as the topic. Since few people summarize its different applications in different industries, this study has the motivation to comprehensively summarize the applications of PID. This research provides an in-depth overview and analysis of PID control's varied applications in tobacco production, autonomous car technology, and mechanical arm robotics. It focuses on addressing practical challenges and exploring optimization strategies encountered in these fields. This article is summarized using the methods of the review. PID plays a crucial role in enhancing stability, precision, and response speed in these applications, thereby improving overall control system dynamic response performance. This study consolidated existing literature to offer insights into PID's effectiveness across these industrial sectors, shedding light on its impact and potential for further advancements in control technology.

Dynamic response of rock landslides and avalanche debris flows impacting flexible barriers based on shaking table tests

Flexible barrier structures are commonly installed in mountainous regions to resist the impact effects of rock avalanches. Without reliable physical data, the study of rock landslide initiation and the impact mechanism of avalanche debris flow under seismic excitation remains poorly understood. In this study, a model of rock slope-flexible barrier system was developed to simulate seismic slope failure behavior and debris flow impact on flexible barriers. Seismic waves in shaking table tests were triaxially loaded to effectively simulate actual seismic responses. The results indicate that the response of the Acceleration Amplification Factor (AAF) is closely associated with seismic damage and deformation within the overlying rock layers and differential propagation of seismic energy on either side of the shear band triggers rockslide initiation. Furthermore, the progressive failure mode of modeled slopes under multiple seismic events is slip-compression cracking failure. Crushing spreading at the intersection of the cracking and slip surfaces is the source of the loose fractured rock mass. Finally, this paper examines the impact patterns and dynamic responses of large individual blocks and loose fractured deposits on flexible barriers. Large blocks cause localized strong acceleration in the steel wire nets, increasing the risk of local damage, whereas loose deposits tend to induce overall seismic deformation and instability of the supporting structure. The natural seismic damage mechanisms of the barrier structure are revealed. It is recommended that flexible barrier structures in earthquake-prone mountainous areas incorporate a reasonable footing design to ensure the columns can deflect out-of-plane in response to seismic activity.