Dynamics Of Norms Research Articles

Динамические процессы в этикете профессиональной и деловой коммуникации

The research focuses on the study of the dynamics of etiquette norms in the innovative communicative space. The paper considers the factors which may condition changes in etiquette norms and stimulate formation of new norms and rules. The contribution explains the importance of taking into account theoretical foundations of etiquette studies while considering innovative norms, and lays special emphasis on comparison of traditional and innovative norms. The article reveals the role of socio-cultural context in the process of implementation of etiquette norms, and outlines the factors which determine the variability of their functioning. The study highlights specific features of innovative etiquette norms: the focus of attention is on etiquette norms regulating behaviour in the online communicative environment – with special reference to business interaction, in particular, business interaction in the format of zoom conferences. The paper suggests classification of innovation norms, outlines etiquette gaps and ways of their elimination. The publication also explains the importance of practical valiability of the study, and accounts for the need in optimization of business etiquette training – with special reference to up-to-date conditions of professional interaction.

Why Local Adaptation Sometimes Fails to be Effective for MNEs: Exploring the Dynamics of Collective Bonuses, Egalitarianism, and Informal Norms

AbstractPast literature has documented the liability of foreignness (LOF) that foreign MNEs face when they introduce organizational practices abroad that work well in their home countries, particularly practices that conflict with local cultural norms. However, when foreign MNEs adopt practices that resemble those of their local counterparts, whether and why foreign MNEs still face a LOF is unclear. This study explores why foreign MNEs that implement a compensation practice used by local counterparts – collective bonuses – may not experience the same performance benefits. Our data consists of interviews and longitudinal survey data of the organizational practices of MNEs in France, a country where commitment to egalitarian resource distribution is culturally strong. We find that foreign MNEs, especially those from countries where egalitarian commitment is relatively low, benefit significantly less in terms of productivity when implementing collective bonuses than do their French counterparts. We show how even when foreign MNEs adopt local practices, they can subtly transfer the cultures of their home countries. In other words, they transfer informal, elusive norms (e.g., non‐egalitarian attitudes of top management) that can be problematic. Tension persists between the informal requirements to facilitate the practice in the host country and the MNE’s home‐country culture, a core part of their tacit knowledge. It is one of the first pieces to show that imitating local practices may not suffice to reduce LOF because cultural conflicts make such imitation ineffective. Our findings shed light on how MNEs’ cultural heritage can shape the effectiveness of their practices abroad.

Legal regulation of the taxation regime of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine

The paper highlights the legal basis for the activities of agricultural enterprises in line with changes in tax legislation. It is pointed out that the dynamics of legal norms results in the imperfection of the legal regulation of taxation of agricultural enterprises, while the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with the law of the European Union is a necessary condition for our country's accession to the European community. Thus, as a result of the administrative reform and decentralization processes in Ukraine, communities function as the main foundations of the activities of collectives of settlements, Starostyn districts. We have established that an agricultural enterprise in modern communities is an enterprise whose main activity is the supply of agricultural goods (services) produced (provided) by it on its own or leased fixed assets, as well as on toll terms, in which the share of agricultural goods/services is not less than 75 percent of the value of all goods/services delivered during the previous 12 consecutive reporting tax periods combined. In the case of creation of a new agricultural enterprise, which operates for at least 12 months, the specified share is determined for each individual reporting tax period. In addition, this does not include taxable transactions for the supply of fixed assets that were part of its fixed assets for at least 12 consecutive reporting tax periods in total, if such transactions were not permanent and did not constitute a separate business activity. Such enterprises have the right to choose a general or simplified system of taxation. Prospective directions of further improvement of the national legislation are offered taking into account necessity of understanding of features of realization of agricultural activity, a disparity of the prices for production and means of its manufacture, dependence on natural and climatic conditions, profitability of separate branches of agriculture, prevention of discrimination between agricultural commodity producers for the taxation of small agricultural producers.

Perceived social norm and behavior quickly adjusted to legal changes during the COVID-19 pandemic

Exploring the joint dynamics of laws and social norms helps understand when social norms are sticky or adaptive. Using the example of the social and physical distancing measures introduced to contain the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, we studied whether introducing, and then lifting, distancing regulations led individuals to quickly change their habits, not only by modifying the monetary incentives of rule violators but also by shifting the individuals’ perception of the appropriateness of social encounters. We conducted an online incentivized experiment in France, where we elicited the same participants’ perceived norm and social distancing behavior every week for three months. We find that both norm perception and behavior shifted as soon as the government introduced or removed social distancing measures. This effect was fast acting and long lasting, a result that highlights the importance of the expressive power of the law for norm formation and behavior.

Energy saving at work: Understanding the roles of normative values and perceived benefits and costs in single-person and shared offices in the United States

Developing and maintaining efficient energy-saving behaviors in the workplace is an important factor in reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Building on integrated theories, including a recently developed theoretical approach to studying the dynamics of social norms and decision-making, the theory of planned behavior, the norm activation model, and the motivation-opportunity-ability model, this study analyzes the influence of normative values, office design, and perceived benefits and costs on energy-saving behaviors in different office settings. Based on a survey from 555 U.S. employees, this study found that occupants in single-person offices were influenced by a combination of descriptive, injunctive, and personal norms, while those in shared offices tended to align their actions with injunctive norms and ascription of responsibility. Descriptive norms had a stronger effect on energy-saving behaviors in single-person offices than in shared offices. Ascription of responsibility, however, had a stronger effect on energy-saving behaviors in shared offices. The perceived ease of access to building control features significantly influenced energy-saving behaviors of shared-office occupants only. Time availability had no significant effect on energy-saving behaviors of occupants in both single-person and shared offices. This study provides policy recommendations for building architects, engineers, managers, and policymakers to enhance energy-saving behaviors.

Dynamics of stylistic norms in the artistic discourse of the xx century

Ukrainian literary language is a complex communicative system, synchronous-diachronic section of which is informative regarding the state of development of national consciousness, intellectual level of society, and in a broader sense – concerning inscribing of the language in the history of national and world culture. This article is devoted to tracing the temporal and conceptual dynamics of the stylistic norm in the work of Ukrainian writers of the 20th century. The methodological basis for the study was made by such methods as comparison and analysis of literary works of Ukrainian writers of the XX century. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that the linguistic norm is a cognitive reference point for the scientific parameterization of the style norm of artistic discourse. The authors also emphasize that the dynamism of the stylistic artistic norm lies in the ability of the poetic language to respond to the development of artistic and linguistic consciousness, thinking of both the author and the reader in various manifestations.

The Need to Act: Incest as a Crime Given Low Priority—A View with India as an Example

Background: Incest is a form of sexual activity that occurs within family or kinship systems. It is prohibited by religion and law in most countries as well as by social mores or taboos. Data from various parts of the world indicate, however, that it appears to be a relatively common event, although there is reason to believe that the actual frequency is unknown. Most available data focus upon children as victims, although we note that incest also occurs between adult family members. Methods: A systematic review was performed using PRISMA guidelines. With a focus upon India, the search tools of Academic Search Complete, Google Scholar and PUBMED were used to identify articles that legally defined incest; frequency; barriers to disclosure; the dynamics of incest and social norms. Results: The available data were very limited, making a systematic review unachievable within the narrow confines of incest. Conclusions: The literature is sparse. This led to a discussion of definitional issues; barriers to disclosure; and challenges with measuring the problem of incest and the impact of social norms. Questions of law and efforts at reform were also considered. The article considers what steps might be appropriate.

Achievements of the academic grammar school

This study aims at investigating the development of grammatical theory at the Institute of the Ukrainian Language for the last 30 years. The paper summarizes achievements in grammar theory from applying the functional, i.e., semantic and grammatical, approach developed by I.R. Vykhovanetsʹ to differentiating units into word and nonword classes and distinguishing morphological categories of major word classes. This facilitated the establishment of the theoretical basis of functional and categorical morphology. The author analyses studies in formal grammatical, semantic, functional, categorical, deri vational, and anthropocentric syntax that attest to the multidimensional growth of a syntactic theory and main aspects of the Ukrainian word formation on the basis of semantic and categorical syntax and a formant- and stem-based derivatology. Some of the latest multi-pronged processes in word formation reflect dynamics of word formation rules, the replenishment of word formation resources, and the development of the word-formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The solving of a complex set of theoretical issues in the modern Ukrainian word-formation introduced the methodological foundations for the recent normative description of the word formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The article addresses issues in studies on applied grammar determined by the process of glo balization and democratization of the Ukrainian society and the needs of Modern Ukrainian language practice to be met. Particular importance is attached to the grammatical prescriptive norms in the professional use, the actualization of case forms appearing in the passive vocabulary, and the dynamics of morphological and syntactic norms in various functional and stylistic dimensions of Standard Ukrainian. Keywords: functional grammar, functional morphology, functional syntax, categorical grammar, categorical syntax, categorical word formation, classification of parts of speech, morphological categories.

Language aggression in the information space: Between style norm and destruction

This article investigates theoretical issues as well as functional and stylistic manifestations of language aggression in the information space. A genus-species connection is established between the terms ‘evaluation’ and ‘language aggression’. The term ‘evaluation’ refers to the critical analysis of socio-political, economic, and cultural processes and indicates the dynamics of stylistic norms and language aggression which affects genre and style of mass media, aesthetic criterion of standard language norms, and a universal and national values scale. The author analyzes a philosophical and evaluative paradigm of the means of negative axiology to denote the concepts of ‘state,’ ‘power’, and ‘war’ relevant to the conditions of today’s Ukraine. The article concentrates, in particular, on the dynamics of the language aggression expression in the 20th — early 21st century, namely on expanding the role of genre in using the language aggression in which a status of communication participants is shifted to a journalist and its reader. In this sense, the modality of the mass media’s duty is addressed to the processes and phenomena within the state, in particular to the authorities and external challenges of the Russian-Ukrainian war. A special emphasis is placed on the implementation in the mass media of the current functional and stylistic potential of language to express the socio-political and philosophical confrontation of hostile parties in the context of the division of values into their own and others. The paper examines vocabulary, phraseology, metaphors, epithets, means of expressive syntax, the phenomenon of desymantization of terminology, and formation of new synonymous series, which are indicative in modern texts and express linguosophy of universal and national social consciousness. Keywords: language aggression, evaluation, negative evaluative language means, semantics, semantic and stylistic function, synonyms.

Analysis of the dynamics of the norms of russian written speech

Analysis of the dynamics of the norms of russian written speech

A History of Pensions in Ukraine

Starting with the early examples of legal regulation by positive laws, the history of pensions in Ukraine has been studied. It has been found that the history of pension regulation, along with theory, is an integral part of social security law since it illustrates the dynamics of legal norms, which in turn allows lawmakers to avoid errors and predict their consequences during law reforms. It has been proved that the history of social security law should cover not only pensions that were established in the territory of Dnieper and Sloboda Ukraine but also pension regulation in Western Ukraine. Taking into account the fragmentation of the Ukrainian lands in the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, historical development stages of pensions in these territories have been classified into the following periods: (1) during the Russian Empire, which included Dnieper and Sloboda Ukraine; (2) during the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which included Eastern Galicia and Bukovina; (3) development of pensions in Western Ukraine that was part of the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period; (4) pensions during the Soviet period; (5) development of pensions during the modern period (from the declaration of independence of Ukraine to the present day). It has been found that pension regulation in Western Ukraine during the interwar period was one of the most advanced in Europe since it was significantly influenced by Prussian (Bismarck’s) social law. It has been concluded that one of the features of pension regulation during the Soviet period was its discrimination that evolved from non-payments of pensions to some class enemies (the White Guards and their families, the nobility, the clergy, etc.) to discrimination based on profession (workers and peasants). Also, it has been proved that for the first time in the history of social security the latter was used by the Soviet government as an instrument in order to restrain and punish its own citizens. Four development stages of pension regulation, which was established after 1991, have been distinguished. The history of pensions has been defined as part of the social security law doctrine.

Culture and Criminalisation: Interdependence and Mutual Influence

Introduction. The relationship between criminal law and culture does not often attract the attention of domestic specialists. Few of the available studies are devoted primarily to the protection of cultural values. Much less often we find works devoted to the socio-cultural conditioning of the criminal law prohibition. However, the integral complex of issues of the relationship between the criminalisation of socially dangerous acts and culture has not yet been presented as an independent object of study, although it is an important research field of criminal-political research. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The research is based on two basic theoretical concepts. Firstly the concept of criminalisation of socially dangerous acts as developed in criminal law science and secondly, the normative theory of culture. Research methods used were analytical, axiological, and systemic. Results. Criminalisation, being a cultural phenomenon in itself, is closely related to other cultural phenomena and processes, which makes it possible to consider criminal law as one of the means of supporting cultural norms. Processes of criminalisation are not only directly influenced by cultural stereotypes and political culture in terms of determining the content of a criminal law prohibition. Criminalisation also has the opposite effect on culture. In particular, it can be used to supplant cultural norms that do not correspond to modern ideas about an ideal society, to preserve the norms and rules that it needs at the moment, to establish cultural norms, conceivable as promising models of social structure, to block individual cultural innovations. Discussion and Conclusion. The study of the relationship between criminalisation and culture opens up broad prospects for discussing the quality of criminal law and normative modeling of socially approved behavior. It serves as additional evidence that crime is a social and cultural construct, that is, an act with relative danger. This is an assessment that can vary with the dynamics of cultural norms. It also proves the inadmissibility of the gross use of legal means (secondary elements of culture) for the formation and imposition of cultural standards.

The politics of gendered space: Social norms and purdah affecting female informal work in Dhaka, Bangladesh

AbstractLabor markets are still heavily gendered everywhere, even when women's participation in the labor market is greater now than at any other time in history. Existing research shows poor women's participation in the informal economy is higher than men's in many parts of the Global South. However, this is not the case in Bangladesh. Poor Muslim women's participation, particularly where they require access to public space, is lower than men due to persistent patriarchal norms, reflected in social and religious expectations of women. Drawing on interview data with female street vendors from a slum in Dhaka, this article explores the dynamics of social and religious norms that constrain poor Muslim women's access to public space to earn income. This article contributes to the literature on gender, religion, and work by highlighting that the parochial realm offers a safer space for operating businesses without breaking social norms and by arguing that poor Muslim women experience social and religious barriers rather than legal ones. Non‐legal barriers are more amenable to change as a result, which is important for empowering women.

Impact of Pharmaceutical Product Dynamics on Social Norms and Values: An Empirical Study from Bangkok-Thailand

This study has examined the relationship between the dynamics of pharmaceutical products and social norms and values in the region of Thailand. The data was collected through questionnaire with a sample respondents of 226. For the analysis purpose, descriptive, frequency distribution, and regression techniques were applied on the collected dataset. Demographic factors cover the gender, age, educational background, and income level. Meanwhile, pharmaceutical dynamics are covered through ten factors ranging from A to J as explained under variable portion. For dependent variables, three factors like normative belief, social norms and attitude were observed. Findings of the study show that from the dynamics of pharma products, significant influence on normative belief, social norms and attitudes was found. In terms of implication, this study is highly suggested to the pharmaceutical managers, key decision makers and other officials who are dealing with the social influence of the pharma products, specifically in Thailand. However, our study is limited in terms of regional implications, sample size, and application of advanced techniques like structural equation modelling. Future studies are highly recommended to cover these limitations for more understanding and better implications.

The dynamics of injunctive social norms.

Injunctive social norms are behaviours that one is expected to follow and expects others to follow in a given social situation; they are maintained by the threat of disapproval or punishment and by the process of internalization. Injunctive norms govern all aspects of our social life but the understanding of their effects on individual and group behaviour is currently rather incomplete. Here I develop a general mathematical approach describing the dynamics of injunctive norms in heterogeneous groups. My approach captures various costs and benefits, both material and normative, associated with norm-related behaviours including punishment and disapproval by others. It also allows for errors in decision-making and explicitly accounts for differences between individuals in their values, beliefs about the population state, and sensitivity to the actions of others. In addition, it enables one to study the consequences of mixing populations with different normative values and the effects of persuasive interventions. I describe how interactions of these factors affect individual and group behaviour. As an illustration, I consider policies developed by practitioners to abolish the norms of footbinding and female genital cutting, to decrease college students' drinking, and to increase pro-environmental behaviours. The theory developed here can be used for achieving a better understanding of historical and current social processes as well as for developing practical policies better accounting for human social behaviour.

Embodied shame and gendered demeanours in young women in Sri Lanka

In South Asia, shame is valued as a virtue and a means of social control, particularly for women. For Sri Lankan women, shame ( læjja-baya) denotes modesty, purity, innocence, and self-effacement. For unmarried girls, sexual improprieties—rumoured or real—threaten loss of respectability and jeopardise a girl’s marriageability and her family’s honour. We investigated the dynamics of shame and norms of propriety in adolescent girls’ lives by re-analysing a subset of interviews of daughters and mothers (N = 24 pairs) collected in a prior study of nonfatal suicidal acts. Many such acts took place after girls were accused of violating norms of propriety. Other such acts served to ‘blame and shame’ wrongdoers. Girls and their mothers reported further that public knowledge of a suicide-like act sullied a girl’s reputation because onlookers ascribed sexualised meanings to it. We point out the incommensurability between parents’ goals and aspirations for their daughters’ educational and occupation attainments and the rigid demands for respectable comportment to which they must conform.

Evolution of social norms and correlated equilibria

Social norms regulate and coordinate most aspects of human social life, yet they emerge and change as a result of individual behaviors, beliefs, and expectations. A satisfactory account for the evolutionary dynamics of social norms, therefore, has to link individual beliefs and expectations to population-level dynamics, where individual norms change according to their consequences for individuals. Here, we present a model of evolutionary dynamics of social norms that encompasses this objective and addresses the emergence of social norms. In this model, a norm is a set of behavioral prescriptions and a set of environmental descriptions that describe the expected behaviors of those with whom the norm holder will interact. These prescriptions and descriptions are functions of exogenous environmental events. These events have no intrinsic meaning or effect on the payoffs to individuals, yet beliefs/superstitions regarding them can effectuate coordination. Although a norm's prescriptions and descriptions are dependent on one another, we show how they emerge from random accumulations of beliefs. We categorize the space of social norms into several natural classes and study the evolutionary competition between these classes of norms. We apply our model to the Game of Chicken and the Nash Bargaining Game. Furthermore, we show how the space of norms and evolutionary stability are dependent on the correlation structure of the environment and under which such correlation structures social dilemmas can be ameliorated or exacerbated.

Walls all around: barriers women professionals face in high-tech careers in Bangladesh

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to create a nuanced understanding of the barriers women high-tech professionals face in Bangladesh. The main aim is to identify the extent to which these barriers are common across different contexts and to explore the barriers that are unique and situated in the local socio-cultural context.Design/methodology/approachIn-depth interviews with high-tech professionals were conducted to identify and explore the barriers.FindingsAlthough some of the barriers are common across different contexts, most of the barriers women professionals face arise due to the interaction between situated socio-cultural practices and gender. The dynamics of socio-cultural and patriarchal norms reinforce gender biases and gendered practices that afford men with greater control over resources and systematically limit women’s access to opportunities.Research limitations/implicationsThe study recruited 35 participants using snowball sampling. From a methodological perspective, future research could benefit from recruiting a larger, more varied sample using random sampling.Practical implicationsWomen experience barriers due to both internal organizational features and external contextual barriers. The findings suggest that some of these barriers can be removed through governmental and organizational policies and through appropriate intervention strategies delivered in partnership with governmental and non-governmental organizations.Originality/valueThe study makes a unique contribution by using a macro-social lens to analyze the meso-organizational practices and micro-individual phenomena thereby providing a holistic view of the barriers faced by women professionals in Bangladesh.

How Do Social Norms and Expectations About Others Influence Individual Behavior?

Social norms can be understood as the grammar of social interaction. Like grammar in speech, they specify what is acceptable in a given context (Bicchieri in The grammar of society: the nature and dynamics of social norms, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2006). But what are the specific rules that direct human compliance with the norm? This paper presents a quantitative model of self- and the other-perspective interaction based on a ‘quantum model of decision-making’, which can explain some of the ‘fallacies’ of the classical model of strategic choice. By (re)connecting two fields of social science research—norms compliance, and strategic decision-making—we aim to show how the novel quantum approach to the later can advance our understanding of the former. From the cacophony of different quantum models, we distill the minimal structure necessary to account for the known dynamics between the expectations and decisions of an actor. This model was designed for the strategic interaction of two players and successfully tested in the case of the one-shot Prisoners’ Dilemma game. Quantum models offer a new conceptual framework for examining the interaction between self- and other-perspective in the process of social interaction which enables us to specify how social norms influence individual behavior.

An analysis of co-evolution dynamics of norms and cooperation in regular networks

An analysis of co-evolution dynamics of norms and cooperation in regular networks