Dynamics Of International Migration Research Articles

Mobility patterns in Austrian and Italian municipalities in the decade before and during the COVID‐19 era

AbstractIn European countries, where the demographic transition has reached advanced stages and the natural increase has fallen below zero, migration constitutes a significant component of local population change. We investigate to what extent the dynamics of international migration and internal mobility changed during the first waves of the COVID‐19 pandemic, compared to the previous decade. We focus on Austrian and Italian municipalities to assess the contribution of migration components to local population growth, using official data provided by National Statistical Institutes on inflows and outflows of migrant and native populations, from 2010 to 2020. The adoption of harmonized degrees of urbanization allows us to profile spatial and demographic patterns of mobility, in the Austrian and Italian territories. We apply Bayesian‐Geostatistical models, and Artificial Neural‐Networks to investigate the potential determinants of mobility variability. The results reveal Austrian and Italian population‐specific migration trends. Overall, the trends observed in the decade before the pandemic were either confirmed or further accentuated during the COVID‐19 era. Although rural‐urban mobility generally persisted in both countries, counter‐urbanization trends were detected among Austrian populations during the initial period of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Conversely, urban and intermediate municipalities in Italy maintained their attractiveness and capacity to retain Italian populations. These findings offer new empirical insights into urbanization dynamics in a comparative perspective, which are particularly relevant for the definition of European regional policy aimed at matching local needs with national social cohesion goals.

Analyzing Mexico's Indigenous internal migration dynamics through network centrality measures, 1990–2020

AbstractThis study examines the internal migration patterns among Mexico's Indigenous population from 1990 to 2020. We begin by estimating the total interstate migration flows for Indigenous groups and employ an advanced interaction component model to identify migration flows that exceed expectations. This model allows us to detect significant deviations and patterns within the migration data. Additionally, we apply network analysis techniques to identify states that are central to these migration flows and categorize states into distinct communities based on their migration interactions. Our findings reveal that Indigenous migration exhibits higher‐than‐expected flows, particularly from the West Central and North regions of Mexico. By contrast, non‐Indigenous migration shows greater flows, predominantly in the southern and central states. Through network analysis, particularly the use of eigenvector centrality, we identify Nayarit and Durango as key hubs for Indigenous migration, whereas Estado de Mexico and Ciudad de Mexico emerge as central nodes in non‐Indigenous migration. Our study highlights the growing significance of Mexico's northern region, with Nuevo León playing a crucial role in Indigenous and non‐Indigenous migration flow networks. This study's findings contribute valuable insights regarding the spatial dynamics of internal migration and the evolving migration patterns of Indigenous populations in Mexico.

INTERNAL MIGRATION DYNAMICS AND LABOR FORCE CHALLENGES IN KAZAKHSTAN

This study examines the dynamics of internal migration and its impact on labor force challenges in Kazakhstan. Internal migration plays a crucial role in shaping demographic patterns and labor market dynamics in different regions of the country. By analyzing data on internal migration flows and labor force trends, this study aims to shed light on the factors driving internal migration and its implications for the labor market. The findings suggest that internal migration in Kazakhstan is influenced by various factors, including economic opportunities, demographic trends, and government policies. Internal migrants often face challenges in accessing employment, housing, and social services, which can impact their well-being and integration into the labor market. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that considers the needs of internal migrants and promotes inclusive growth across regions. By understanding the dynamics of internal migration and its impact on the labor force, policymakers can develop effective strategies to address labor market challenges and promote sustainable development in Kazakhstan.

Unpacking the Dynamics of Internal Migration in India: A Focus on Government Initiatives and Girl Child Migrants

Migration is a process and an event. This paper tries to discuss the rights that often get disturbed while on the move. It also discusses the challenges involved thereof while relocating. Establishing a linkage between migration and education, the paper tries to cover the challenges faced by migrant children in the face of this whole process of migration and how it effects not only the education system of our country, but the very manpower that are its real strength.

Dynamics of Internal Migration in the Southwest Region of Bangladesh

Dynamics of Internal Migration in the Southwest Region of Bangladesh

FEATURES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN THE MODERN WORLD

Research on the patterns of international migration, along with the economic, social, and cultural transformations resulting from the reorientation of regional migration flows in the 21st century, is of paramount relevance for countries actively modernizing their migration policies. This article aims to identify the fundamental regularities of migration dynamics in both donor and recipient countries, based on an assessment of the macroeconomic impact of international migration over the period from 1990 to 2020. The study utilized quantitative measurement methods from organizations such as the World Bank, the United Nations, the International Organization for Migration, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, along with analytical and statistical information. The research reveals that recent migration flows consist of a combination of enduring trends, despite obstacles imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, which are anticipated to strengthen in the coming decades, as well as sporadic surges triggered by crises and natural disasters. Various demographic trends, climate-induced stressors, transformative technologies, and growing inequalities within and between countries serve as driving forces in contemporary international migration. Simultaneously, violence, conflicts, and despair have led to sudden and substantial population movements, including those from Syria, South Sudan, Myanmar, Venezuela, and more recently, Ukraine. The findings emphasize the complexity and unpredictability of international migration dynamics. However, the ever-expanding and improving data and information resources may enhance our understanding of the critical aspects of migration in increasingly uncertain times. The primary research findings, which offer scientific novelty, introduce a fundamentally new approach to comprehending the role of factors regulating migration processes. The practical significance of the results lies in the development of recommendations and proposals that can be useful in shaping and implementing national migration policies.

Challenges of international migration in Georgia

In the era of globalization, international migration has become massive. International labor and education markets allow people to study and work in a country of their choice. The right to move freely between countries is an essential human rights element. However, if migration processes are illegal, it can turn into a severe problem. Evaluating the political, cultural, and socio-economic consequences of international migration processes, promoting legal migration, developing a migration policy tailored to the country's interests, and creating the legal basis for its implementation are significant priorities of the state policy in any country. The paper identifies the main challenges of international migration in Georgia and discusses the legislation regulating migration processes. The dynamics of international migration, its positive and negative aspects, and the socio-economic problems of emigration and immigration are analyzed based on statistical-quantitative research methods. Opinions are expressed to perfect migration policy and overcome its challenges.

IMR Country Report — The Changing Dynamics of International Migration in Ethiopia

Over the last 50 years, Ethiopia has experienced several socio-economic, environmental, and political crises, leading to significant migration internally and across borders. The IMR Country Report provides a concise overview of Ethiopia's migration history and the present state of international migration trends, which is a crucial migration hub in the Horn of Africa region. The report examines the changing dynamics of migration to, from, and through Ethiopia, including crucial insights from the complex migration journeys of individuals over the years. Migration outflows and drivers have shifted in scale, and the demographic profile of migrants, their countries of origin and destination, has also evolved. Additionally, over the last decade, there has been an increase in the involuntary repatriation of Ethiopian domestic workers from Gulf countries.

Keeping in Motion or Staying Put: Internal Migration in the United States and China

The rate of people moving within the United States is at one of its lowest points in U.S. history, while China has experienced unprecedented levels of domestic migration. While both are world-leading economies, these countries demonstrate stark contrasts in geographic mobility, urbanization, and economic growth. Despite these differences, social factors affect migration capabilities in both places, with some people more mobile than others. This study assesses internal migration and highlights the structural and social determinants of mobility in both countries. This article’s analysis reveals an accentuated downturn and the longest annual decline recorded in the U.S. Evidence shows declining internal migration in the U.S. primarily occurring at the local level and amongst renters. Large and expensive American cities have had significant losses of residents in recent years. By contrast, China’s “floating population” has increased as migrants move to cities. This study examines trends from 2010 to 2020 to compare the two countries regarding internal migration, urbanization, housing, social mobility, and economic growth. However, rather than simply comparing them, the paper argues that the internal migration dynamics in both countries are, to a degree, connected.

Internal migration dynamics of native and foreign workers: an impulse–response analysis of perturbation and resilience by means of a spatial vector autoregressive model

ABSTRACT Why are certain labour markets more resilient to economic shocks? Why are some economies deeply affected by migration? Modern migration theory remains based on simplistic neo-classical utility maximizing assumptions, despite a failure to fully answer real-world migration questions. The aim of this paper is to show that neo-classical dynamics are differentiated between subpopulations that make up the workforce. Using disaggregated data from Germany and a dynamic spatial vector autoregressive model that allows for spillovers, the paper teases out several aspects of regional labour market resilience. Results highlight that regions stand to benefit from supporting place-specific policies tailored to local circumstances.

Investigating internal migration with network analysis and latent space representations: an application to Turkey.

Human migration patterns influence the redistribution of population characteristics over the geography and since such distributions are closely related to social and economic outcomes, investigating the structure and dynamics of internal migration plays a crucial role in understanding and designing policies for such systems. We provide an in-depth investigation into the structure and dynamics of the internal migration in Turkey from 2008 to 2020. We identify a set of classical migration laws and examine them via various methods for signed network analysis, ego network analysis, representation learning, temporal stability analysis, community detection, and network visualization. The findings show that, in line with the classical migration laws, most migration links are geographically bounded with several exceptions involving cities with large economic activity, major migration flows are countered with migration flows in the opposite direction, there are well-defined migration routes, and the migration system is generally stable over the investigated period. Apart from these general results, we also provide unique and specific insights into Turkey. Overall, the novel toolset we employ for the first time in the literature allows the investigation of selected migration laws from a complex networks perspective and sheds light on future migration research on different geographies.

МИГРАЦИОННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В РОССИИ: ПРИЧИНЫ, ФАКТОРЫ И ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ

The article presents the results of a study of migration processes in the Russian Federation, summarizing the indicators of the dynamics of internal migration, average wages by federal districts, migration growth, the number of labor migrants from the CIS countries and far abroad, the number of unemployed in the Russian Federation. The necessity of state regulation of migration processes is substantiated, taking into account the interests of employment of the local population and the productive employment of migrants, and the main directions for the development of the labor market of the Russian Federation are proposed

Global by the Seaside

In a small coastal vacation community heavily dependent upon foreign workers, in-depth interviews with employers, participant observations, and an analysis of social artifacts evidence patterns of neo-assimilation, in the form of fused cuisine on menus, altered attitudes towards native-born workers among employers, and in a small number of cases, intermarriage. Findings also illustrate employer engagement with the culture of their workers and a sophisticated understanding of the global dynamics of international migration and work.

Women, North-South migration and artisanal and small-scale mining in Ghana: Motivations, drivers and socio-economic implications

This paper investigates the internal migration dynamics involving women from the Northern part of Ghana to the South to engage in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) – low-tech mineral extraction and processing. The North-South migration of women to the South is underpinned by socio-cultural and economic reasons, which we found to fall under two broad factors: motivations and drivers. In this paper, the motivations are conceptualised as factors or reasons that propel Northern women to migrate to the South to take up employment in ASM whereas the drivers are defined as the factors that push Northern women away from their villages or towns to Southern Ghana for ASM-related activities. Under the motivations, women from the North moved to ASM communities in the South to obtain income for alternative livelihoods and economic diversity as well as their economic empowerment. Concerning the drivers, poverty, quest for social recognition and contribution to family needs, lack of productive employment opportunities, unattractive nature of agriculture and patriarchal socio-cultural norms explain why Northern women migrate to ASM communities in Southern Ghana. To put this into perspective, the Northern women are driven by certain economic and socio-cultural factors from their urban and rural abodes in the North into ASM spaces in the South. These ASM spaces also present their own gendered struggles for these Northern women who have to navigate the complex transcultural and socio-economic contexts they find themselves. The lives of these Northern women involve moving from one culturally and economically limiting environment, and surviving (or even flourishing) in yet another gendered, patriarchal, statutorily criminalised ASM environment. Therefore, we discuss how these Northern women navigate between these ‘two worlds’– their source regions in the North and their ASM destinations in the South – and the factors within ASM in Southern Ghana that make their survival and flourishing possible. The linkages between Northern women's migration and ASM formalisation are also discussed.

Gravity models do not explain, and cannot predict, international migration dynamics

The major social and economic impacts of international migration have led to a strong interest in better understanding the drivers of cross-border movement. Quantitative models have sought to explain global migration patterns in terms of economic, social, climatic, and other variables, and future projections of these variables are increasingly being used to forecast international migration flows. An important implicit assumption in the most widely used class of these approaches, so-called gravity models, is that their parameterisation based on panel data enables them to describe the effects of predictor variables on migration flows across both space and time, i.e., that they explain flow variation both across country pairs at a given time and across time for a given country pair. Here we show that this assumption does not hold. Whilst gravity models describe spatial patterns of international migration very well, they fail to capture even basic temporal dynamics, indeed, often worse than even the time-invariant average of the historical flows. We show that standard validation techniques have been unable to detect this important limitation of gravity models due to the different orders of magnitude of migration flows across spatial corridors, on the one hand, and over time, on the other hand. Our analysis suggests that gravity-model-based inferences about the effects that certain variables have had, or will have, on international migration over time may in reality represent statistical artefacts rather than true mechanisms. We argue that future predictions based on gravity models lack statistical support and that, in its current form, this class of models is not suited for informing policy makers about migration trajectories in the coming years and decades.

Dynamics of internal migration in Bangladesh: Trends, patterns, determinants, and causes.

IntroductionInternal migration is essential to understand the population dynamics and the multifaceted relationship between population and development of a nation. In Bangladesh, the study of international migration is more frequent due to its socioeconomic importance and data availability. However, the study of internal migration is less frequent as there lie complexities in measuring internal migration, and data are less available. Thus, this paper aimed to explore the dynamics of internal in Bangladesh.Data and methodsWe utilized data from the Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 1991–2011. The number of internal migrants was estimated using the United Nations Manual on Methods of Measuring Internal Migration- Manual VI. District-wise lifetime and net internal migration rate were the dependent variables where several socioeconomic variables were used as independent variables. The correlation and the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis were employed.ResultsDhaka, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and all the Divisional cities have the highest in-migration rate, whereas the northern and southern districts of Bangladesh have the highest out-migration rate. The regression model showed that activity rate appeared to be the strongest predictor (β = 0.419, P<0.001) of net migration for 2011, followed by city corporation (β = 0.275, P<0.01) and poverty rate (β = -0.246, P<0.01). However, the lifetime internal migration rate was 9.8% in 2011. The pooled model (1991–2011) for lifetime internal migration showed that activity rate (β = 0.408, P<0.001), population density (β = 0.386, P<0.001), literacy rate (β = 0.341, P<0.001), and city corporation (β = 0.139, P<0.01) were the significant factors of internal migration. Marriage, looking for a job, employment/business, education, and natural calamities were the reasons for internal migration.Discussion and conclusionThe destinations of migrants are few developed and urbanized cities which needs particular attention in policy planning. If the current migration trends continue, few cities will have an excessive population, which will increase density and pollution, thereby decreasing living standards. Thus, along with comprehensive urban planning, decentralization of government and private institutions must be ensured. Since the rural to urban migration rate is high, the findings recommend more development and concentration in the rural area. Finally, education, training, and work opportunities for migrants should be safeguarded in the area of origin.

Erratum to: Mauritania’s internal migration dynamics and trends in response to rainfall variability and change

Erratum to: Mauritania’s internal migration dynamics and trends in response to rainfall variability and change

Mauritania’s internal migration dynamics and trends in response to rainfall variability and change1

The northwest African country of Mauritania is a vast, desert territory, which was historically been dominated by pastoral nomads. Since independence in 1960, the country has witnessed a dramatic sedentarization of its nomadic population, as well as settlements in and movements to urban centers. This vast sedentarization movement coupled with internal and interregional migration has resulted in the growth of Mauritania’s urban population from less than 10 percent of the total population in 1965 to nearly 90 percent in 2013. Factors that have caused this rapid urbanization, include the droughts that spanned the late 1960s through to the early 1980s, and the turbulent transformation of Mauritania’s political economy. The aim of this study is to determine and examine internal migration flows to analyze the relationship between long-term rainfall changes and dynamic spatial demographic shifts in terms of movements toward urban centers. In this regard, we propose an assessment approach that integrates official statistics from the decennial census and rainfall data, with available socioeconomic variables, to characterize interregional migration flows. Our result confirms that rates of interregional migration remain elevated and are expected to increase. In 2013, 702,575 individuals were documented as having participated in interregional migration, comprising 17.5 percent of the total population. In comparison, there were 477,814 individuals, which migrated inter-regionally in 2000, and 208,039 in 1988. These results demonstrate distinct interactions between climate variability and interregional migration in Mauritania throughout the past four decades.

Dynamics of internal migration in China and the problem of development of the northeastern regions in 2010-2020

Internal migration in China is a severe problem for ensuring a balanced regional development. Although the authorities are taking active measures to rebalance the situation and creating urban megaclasters with developed infrastructure, the eastern and southeastern regions are noticeably ahead of all other China regions in terms of migration inflow. Simultaneously, the trend of outflow from the northeastern and partly northwestern and central areas remains. Regions that are "donors" of population experience a shortage of professional staff of working age. Three obvious periods of change in migration flows in the 1990-2000s show that the waves of population displacement follow the waves of economic development of the regions. And the northeastern provinces have entered the stage of long-term population outflow both in terms of absolute population size and in terms of talented professional personnel. This is superimposed on the problem of population aging, increasing budgetary expenditures for support of elderly people. Considering that it is the three northeastern provinces that are the most important region of cross-border trade with Russia, primarily with the Russian Far East, in the future, within the framework of development of the Russian-Chinese border relations, it is expedient to take into account the situation and the consequences of the outflow of both population and a number of projects to other regions of China.

Міжнародна міграція у світі: сучасні тенденції розвитку та проблеми глобального управління

Abstract. Introduction. International migration is an important socio-economic indicator of the development of states and a regulator of socio-economic relations in the international economy. Under the modern conditions of development of the world society migration processes are characterized by dynamic development and scale of distribution. Today, international migration is becoming an important factor influencing the formation of international reality, causing social changes and cultural interaction of countries involved in migration process. Purpose. The modern world is diverse in its development and progress. Existing asymmetries and inequalities in most countries, conflicts, poverty, climate change encourage people from the low-income countries to migrate to the economically developed countries in searching of a safer and better life. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic carries great threats to the lives and health of migrants, negatively affects their spatial mobility, and creates the new societal challenges and dangers. That is why the author of the article aims to explore the main trends in the formation of modern migration flows and changes in international migration; to identify global factors influencing the dynamics of international migration and to identify key issues that need to be corrected in the management system of international migration at the global level. Results. The author has analyzed the current trends in the development of international migration in the global space, assesses the formation of the main migration flows in terms of individual sub-regions and countries. According to the results of the analysis, the growing influence of exogenous factors (interstate conflicts, economic and political instability in the world, climate change, etc.) and endogenous factors (low level of social protection of the low-income countries, limited access to vital public resources), high levels of corruption in some countries that cause poverty, carry threat and danger to the lives and health of their citizens) to increase the dynamics of migration flows in the world. During the studying the author has formed the main group of countries (USA, Canada, Luxembourg, Norway, Switzerland, Germany, France, Czech Republic, others), which (according to the long-term UN forecasts) will increase net migration rates and net numbers of migrants; this information is the important indicators for governments of these countries in order to respond in a timely manner and put changes into their existing migration policies. The tools of integration of international migrants into the national societies of the host countries of Europe in terms of employment, education, social inclusion have been considered. The benefits of the host countries from successful integration have been determined. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the change in the dynamics of international migration has been studied and the key problems of international migration development that need to be corrected at the global international level due to the intensification of crisis situations have been identified. Conclusions. Thus, the acceleration of migration processes and the scale of their spread in the world have a great impact on significant changes in foreign economic relations between countries; the macroeconomic dynamics of their development is gaining new momentum. The mechanical movement of the population causes changes in the structure of human capital, affects the quality of its formation and development. Due to the unevenness and the existing asymmetry in the socio-economic development of the world, the migration factor can become a major tool for the destruction of economic stability of many countries, the intensification of crises in the social sphere. Therefore, the existing problems of global cooperation and coordination of international migration, the lack of effective mechanisms for interaction between national and global levels of migration management need to be solved in time. The international regulatory framework for the protection of migrants' rights in the global dimension needs to be improved.