Dynamics Of Different Groups Research Articles

Cooperation in the management of charitable resource flows

Charitable resources, as a special type of public good, need effective management to harness public charitable energy, ensure the smooth flow of resources, and promote efficient use of charitable assets. This paper uses systematic management theory and evolutionary game theory to analyze how to manage the flow of charitable resources. The study focuses on the behaviors and cost-benefit dynamics of different groups involved in the charitable resource flow, aiming to find the best management methods to support public welfare charities and maximize benefits. The research assumes three key groups in the charitable resource system: managers, users, and suppliers. It then examines the basic elements of their interactions. By exploring how these groups optimize their strategies and affect each other’s decisions and benefits, the study establishes replicator dynamic equations. Through theoretical analysis using Lyapunov stability theory, it identifies the system’s evolutionary stable strategies, assessing if a stable equilibrium can be achieved among charitable organizations. The numerical simulations verify the theoretical findings and demonstrate the impact of different management methods on the strategies of the three stakeholders. The results provide valuable insights for managers to optimize the flow and management of charitable resources.

Distinct regulatory pathways contribute to dynamic CHH methylation patterns in transposable elements throughout Arabidopsis embryogenesis.

CHH methylation (mCHH) increases gradually during embryogenesis across dicotyledonous plants, indicating conserved mechanisms of targeting and conferral. Although it is suggested that methylation increase during embryogenesis enhances transposable element silencing, the detailed epigenetic pathways underlying this process remain unclear. In Arabidopsis, mCHH is regulated by both small RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM) and RNA-independent Chromomethylase 2 (CMT2) pathways. Here, we conducted DNA methylome profiling at five stages of Arabidopsis embryogenesis, and classified mCHH regions into groups based on their dependency on different methylation pathways. Our analysis revealed that the gradual increase in mCHH in embryos coincided with the expansion of small RNA expression and regional mCHH spreading to nearby sites at numerous loci. We identified distinct methylation dynamics in different groups of mCHH targets, which vary according to transposon length, location, and cytosine frequency. Finally, we highlight the characteristics of transposable element loci that are targeted by different mCHH machinery, showing that short, heterochromatic TEs with lower mCHG levels are enriched in loci that switch from CMT2 regulation in leaves, to RdDM regulation during embryogenesis. Our findings highlight the interplay between the length, location, and cytosine frequency of transposons and the mCHH machinery in modulating mCHH dynamics during embryogenesis.

Co-occurrence of multiple cyanotoxins and taste-and-odor compounds in the large eutrophic Lake Taihu, China: Dynamics, driving factors, and challenges for risk assessment

Cyanobacterial blooms producing toxic metabolites occur frequently in freshwater, yet the environmental behaviors of complex cyanobacterial metabolites remain largely unknown. In this study, the seasonal and spatial variations of several classes of cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins) and taste-and-odor (T&O) compounds (β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol) in Lake Taihu were simultaneously investigated for the first time. The total cyanotoxins were dominated by microcystins with concentrations highest in November (mean 2209 ng/L) and lowest in February (mean 48.7 ng/L). Cylindrospermopsins were abundant in May with the highest content of 622.8 ng/L. Saxitoxins only occurred in May (mean 19.2 ng/L) and November (mean 198.5 ng/L). Extracellular T&O compounds were most concentrated in August, the highest being extracellular β-cyclocitral (mean 240.6 ng/L) followed by 2-methylisoborneol (mean 146.6 ng/L). Environment variables play conflicting roles in modulating the dynamics of different groups of cyanotoxins and T&O compounds. Total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria density were important factors affecting the variation of total microcystins, β-cyclocitral and β-ionone concentrations. In contrast, total cylindrospermopsins, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin concentrations were significantly influenced by water temperature and TP. There was a significant and linear relationship between microcystins and β-cyclocitral/β-ionone, while cylindrospermopsins were positively correlated with 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. The perceptible odors may be good indicators for the existence of cyanotoxins. Hazard quotients revealed that potential human health risks from microcystins were high in August and November. Meanwhile, the risks from cylindrospermopsins were at moderate levels. Cylindrospermopsins and saxitoxins were first identified in this lake, suggesting that diverse cyanotoxins might co-occur more commonly than previously thought. Hence, the risks from other cyanotoxins beyond microcystins shouldn't be ignored. This study also highlights that the necessity for further assessing the combination effects of these complex metabolites.

China’s America: The Chinese View the United States, 1900–2000, by Jing Li

Reviewed by: Kai Chen, Xiamen University, ChinaHow have understood United throughout twentieth century? How have those perceptions changed? How do China's domestic politics interact with Sino-US relations? It is increasingly impossible to ignore these questions. From a number of perspectives (historical, cultural, and political), China's America by Jing Li points out that Chinese interpretations often deviated from realities (167) because of cultural and political differences, and that groups often differed on what to make of United States (229).This well-documented book has eight chapters, organized chronologically. Chapter 1 surveys views toward United from 1900 to 1949. The following three chapters analyze dynamics of different groups (politicians, intellectuals, and general population) of Chinese, their attitudes toward United States, and impact of China's domestic affairs on Sino-US relations from early 1950s to 1979. In chapters 5-7, Jing Li focuses on attitudes of same three groups in post-Mao era (1979-1989). The final chapter stresses emerging factors in perceptions of United from 1989 to 2000.One of book's most significant contributions is author's re-examination of views of selected groups China. As Jing Li argues, attitudes toward United are conditional, balancing prospective benefits and costs and reflecting the dual influence of nationalism and liberalism (224). Historically, anti-Americanism would not exist without existence of pro-Americanism. If prospective benefits of pro-Americanism exceed those of anti-Americanism, pro-Americanism will prevail; if prospective cost of pro-Americanism exceeds that of anti-Americanism, anti-Americanism will prevail. It is worth noting that politicians, intellectuals, and general population use different standards to measure these prospective benefits and costs.For politicians, national interests and political stability must be priorities, while influence should be kept within certain bounds (123). For instance, although Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong were both skeptical of values, they chose context-sensitive policies toward United States. However, politicians have found it difficult to maintain both positive Sino-US relations and revolutionary morale among people (114).Due to presence of numerous charitable organizations (educational, religious, and medical), intellectuals seem relatively positive in balancing prospective benefits and costs. In general, they consider American ideas to be valuable stimulation for changes and improvement in China (229). …

Picoplankton dynamics and picoeukaryote diversity in a hyper-eutrophic subtropical lagoon

Picoplankton (cells with a diameter of 0.2–3.0 μm) is the dominant contributor to both primary production and biomass in the ocean. Most of the previous studies on picoplankton have been conducted in the oligotrophic open sea with few in the eutrophic area. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of different groups of picoplankton and the diversity of picoeukaryote (based on 18S rDNA) in a hyper-eutrophic marine coastal lagoon. The results indicated that temperature and phosphate concentration were most responsible for the dynamics of different picoplankton groups. Examination of 135 clones revealed 27 different Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) patterns. At least 7 high-level taxonomic groups of picoeukaryote were recorded. The picoeukaryotic diversities included Alveolates, Stramenopiles, Haptophyceae, and Viridiplantae, with Stramenopiles being the most diverse group. Overall the results of this study indicated that picoplankton diversity was low relative to studies conducted in more oligotrophic waters.

ISSR-PCR AND MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS IN GENOMES OF FARM MAMMALIAN SPECIES

Current transition from genetics to genomics, from the study of individual genetic elements to the comparative analysis of entire genomes in nanometric scale opens up new possibilities for investigating genetic structures and their dynamics in different groups of living organisms. Genomic scanning is becoming of particular importance as a basis for the analysis of gene pools of