Dynamic Heat Research Articles

Measurement of temperature dependent shear modulus using frequency dependent SAWs ToF delay in laser-induced temperature gradient

Phase velocity of surface acoustic waves(SAWs) is frequency dependent when propagate on medium with inhomogeneous elasticity over depth. In this work, frequency dependent Time-of-Flight (ToF) variation of SAWs induced by a local and dynamic heating was applied for measurement of temperature dependent shear modulus. Laser-generated broad-band SAWs propagated through the material with elastic properties and density modified by dynamic inhomogeneous temperature field induced by a millisecond laser heating. Sample with spatial dependent material properties introduces phase velocity dispersion in the SAW propagation. As consequence, ToF of SAW becomes frequency dependent. Frequency dependent ToF variation curves at two time instants respected to laser heating were measured by time–frequency analysis together with a differential technique. Free fitted parameters, temperature dependent shear modulus and surface temperature distribution were evaluated by solving the inverse problem by fitting the experimental ToF variation curves into the theoretical ones by means of the differential evolution method. The inversed temperature dependent parameter of shear modulus of Ti–6Al–4V alloy was in good agreement with literature value.

EFFECTIVENESS OF HEAT AND TRANSFER E-BOOKBASED ON DYNAMIC MULTIREPRESENTATION TO IMPROVE STUDENTS CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS

The development of E-book teaching materials for heat and displacement based on dynamic multi-representation has been carried out to improve students critical thinking skills. The development was carried out using the ADDIE model with the One Group Pretest-Posttest experimental design method. The problem discussed in this case is how effective the E-book teaching material is heat and displacement based on dynamic multirepresentation to improve students critical thinking skills. The research was conducted in class VII E of SMPN 10 Jember for the 2022/2023 academic year, which consisted of 32 students. Data was collected using pretest and posttest questions. The effectiveness of the E-book is measured through the pretest and posttest given to students and analyzed using the n-gain test. The results showed an increase in pretest and posttest scores and an n-gain of 0.65. Due to the acquisition of 0.3 ≤ g < 0.7, it can be concluded that the E-book teaching material based on dynamic multi-representation heat and displacement is effective in improving students critical thinking skills with moderate improvement categories.

Prediction identification method of time-varying internal heat source based on inverse heat transfer problem

Purpose This paper aims to discuss the inverse problems that arise in various practical heat transfer processes. The purpose of this paper is to provide an identification method for predicting the internal boundary conditions for thermal analysis of mechanical structure. A few examples of heat transfer systems are given to illustrate the applicability of the method and the challenges that must be addressed in solving the inverse problem. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the thermal network method and the finite difference method are used to model the two-dimensional heat conduction inverse problem of the tube structure, and the heat balance equation is arranged into an explicit form for heat load prediction. To solve the matrix ill-conditioned problem in the process of solving the inverse problem, a Tikhonov regularization parameter selection method based on the inverse computation-contrast-adjustment-approach was proposed. Findings The applicability of the proposed method is illustrated by numerical examples for different dynamically varying heat source functions. It is proved that the method can predict dynamic heat source with different complexity. Practical implications The modeling calculation method described in this paper can be used to predict the boundary conditions for the inner wall of the heat transfer tube, where the temperature sensor cannot be placed. Originality/value This paper presents a general method for the direct prediction of heat sources or boundary conditions in mechanical structure. It can directly obtain the time-varying heat flux load and thtemperature field of the machine structure.

Spray and dynamic heat transfer induced by 2-methylfuran transient spray impingement on piston surface

In the face of increasing air pollution and stricter emission requirements, it is very important to reduce particulate matter emissions in engine exhaust. The presence of the attached liquid film in gasoline direct injection engines produced by spray impingement is an important reason for the increase in engine particulate emissions. The dynamic heat transfer induced by the spray impingement is a key factor affecting the evaporation and existence time of liquid film. In this paper, a single-hole injector was used to carry out 2-methylfuran (MF) spray impingement experiments. The macroscopic morphological characteristics and the dynamic heat transfer of transient spray impingement under different conditions were systematically studied. Spray particle size distribution and spray impact force were also measured to assist in explaining the underlying mechanism responsible for the dynamic heat transfer. The results show that the surface heat flux increases with the rise of initial piston surface temperature. Increasing the injection pressure makes the droplets have a stronger impact force and smaller average diameter, which enhances the heat flux and also produces more bounce and splash of droplets on piston surface. Both the number of small-size droplets and impact force are reduced by the intense evaporation caused by increasing the injection temperature, resulting in the decrease of heat flux and surface temperature reduction. Increasing the distance decreases the droplet diameter and impacting force, as a result, the heat transfer intensity is weakened.

Effects of vertical shear on intensification of tropical cyclones of different initial sizes

Idealized experiments were conducted to examine the impacts of moderate vertical wind shear (VWS, i.e., magnitude of 12 m s−1) on the intensification of tropical cyclones (TCs) of different initial sizes. The results showed that the intensity of all the simulated TCs decreased at the first 12-hour integration after imposing the shear. Larger TCs resumed intensification earlier, whereas smaller ones re-intensified more slowly or even failed to intensify. The differences in the intensification rate are likely due to the tilting magnitude. Under VWS, the upper-level TC center exhibited a horizontal displacement relative to the low-level circulation. In general, this displacement was smaller in larger TCs, indicating that larger TCs are less susceptible to VWS. Thermodynamically, the intrusion of mid-level low moist entropy also played a role in suppressing upshear convection. This negative impact was pronounced in smaller TCs. By using the PV-ω equation, the resilience of TC to VWS was compared. The second circulation forced by both dry dynamic and diabatic heating acted to restore the system to a vertically upright position. For larger TCs, more extensive convection was prolific on the downshear side, and its corresponding forced second circulation offset a larger part of the low-to mid-level environmental shear, which made larger TCs more resilient to VWS; i.e., larger TCs produced stronger low to middle counter shear circulation and facilitated vertical realignment. In contrast, for smaller TCs, the updrafts forced by dry dynamic and diabatic heating were deeper but narrower at the initial time, which did not efficiently reduce the mid-level VWS, resulting in greater tilting of the TC, thus making the smaller TCs more vulnerable to VWS.

A thermal environment prediction method for a mine ventilation roadway based on a numerical method: A case study

Thermal environment prediction has become increasingly significant in recent years with its promise of wide application in underground structures. The current work presents a numerical method for the feasible and effective analysis of the airflow and surrounding rock temperatures in ultralong mine ventilation roadways to understand their dynamic heat transfer. To reduce the modeling effort and computation time with satisfactory accuracy, the ventilation roadway is approximated as a one-dimensional (1D) line element. Still, the surrounding rock of the roadway remains three-dimensional (3D). An equivalent heat transfer coefficient calculates the dynamic heat transfer in the radial direction of the roadway. A case analysis of the Sanhejian coal mine ventilation roadways in China is performed, and a comparison between the simulated results and field measurements indicates that the predicted airflow temperature shows good agreement. The change in the underground thermal environment concerning ventilation time is systematically investigated in detail. The surrounding rock of the roadway adjusts the underground thermal environment through heat absorption or heat release, and the temperature distribution of the surrounding rock presents a "V" shape in winter and a "W" shape in summer. The self-compression of air contributes to a remarkable heat source for the increase in airflow temperature in the air intake shaft. A roadway with a low initial temperature of the surrounding rock after long-term ventilation can effectively cool the high-temperature airflow underground in early summer. The reduction in ventilation volume will increase the cooling degree of airflow by the surrounding rock in long-term ventilation roadways in summer. Still, the airflow will be heated more significantly in short-term ventilation roadways. In addition, the increase in the average annual ambient temperature will result in a linear rise in underground airflow temperature.

Two-dimensional reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrloe-based coating enable superior corrosion protection and photothermal-induced in-situ internal environmental regulation

Realizing regulation of internal environment for metal products while ensuring the anti-corrosion performance, especially in severe environment, has always been a challenge in the field of metal materials. Herein, a reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole-polydimethylsiloxane oligomer (rGOPPO) coating is prepared by combining in-situ epitaxial polymerization and interlayer in-situ crosslinking. The coating exhibits an ultrahigh anti-corrosion efficiency of 99.9 % in neutral and oxidizing environment, and showing an approving internal environment regulation ability. The excellent anti-corrosion ability of rGOPPO coating could be attributed to barrier performance (physical barrier, ion selectivity caused by the repulsive coulomb force) and the enhanced anodic protection. The outstanding ability of internal environment temperature (and other parameters induced by heat) regulation is owing to the photothermal performance of rGOPPO coating and the inherent high thermal conductivity of metals (reaches 260.9 °C in the power density of 1.6 W cm−2). Therefore, the coating could be applied to unclog pipes at low temperatures, dehydration of allochroic silicagel in metal container and selective thermal-crosslinking reaction, showing the ability of rapid and dynamic heat regulation for the metal internal environment. Combined with the advantages of low cost, simple preparation and operation, the coating is expected to broaden the use form of metal products and application scenarios, showing great application potential in the manufacturing industry.

Modelling double skin façades (DSFs) in whole-building energy simulation tools: Validation and inter-software comparison of naturally ventilated single-story DSFs

Building energy simulation (BES) tools offer the possibility to integrate double skin façade (DSF) technologies into whole building simulation through dedicated modules or possible workarounds. However, the reliability of such tools in predicting the dynamic heat and mass transfer processes within the DSFs is still to be determined. Therefore, this paper aims to assess the performance of four popular BES tools (i.e. EnergyPlus, TRNSYS, IDA-ICE and IES-VE) in predicting the thermal behaviour of one-storey naturally ventilated DSF in three different ventilation modes. To evaluate their capability to predict thermophysical quantities, we compared the simulation results with experimental data. The results show that it is not possible to identify a tool that outperforms the others for all the analysed quantities, especially for the cavity air temperature, which is the least accurate parameter in all software due to underestimation of the daytime peak. IES-VE seems to be most accurate for Supply Air and Thermal Buffer modes when shading is deployed, while EnergyPlus appears most accurate for Outdoor Air Curtain mode. When it comes to surface temperatures and transmitted solar radiation, TRNSYS appears to be the best-performing software. In addition, this study investigated the challenges that designers may face when modelling a naturally ventilated DSF using whole-building simulation tools. Moreover, the investigation elucidates the challenges that have a more significant effect on the performance of the BES tools in order to reinforce their reliability.

Optimal energy flow in integrated heat and electricity system considering multiple dynamics

Wide promotion of combined heat and power (CHP) units necessitates the combined operation of the power and heating system. However, the dynamics and nonlinearity in integrated heat and electricity systems (IHES) remain an obstacle to efficient and accurate analysis. To handle this issue, this paper constructs an optimal energy flow (OEF) model for the coordinated operation of the IHES considering the multiple dynamics. The dynamic heating system model is formulated as a set of nonlinear partial differential and algebraic equations (PDAE). The dynamic CHP model is formulated as a set of nonlinear differential and algebraic equations (DAEs). Then, the finite difference method (FDM) is adopted to make the dynamics tractable in the OEF. On this basis, a comprehensive OEF model for IHES is proposed. Simulations in two cases verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and highlight the significance of the dynamics in IHES.

Occupant-centric dynamic heating and cooling loads simplified prediction model for urban community at energy planning stage

Simplified and accurate prediction of dynamic heating and cooling loads is the basis for urban energy planning and optimal operation of integrated urban energy systems. Majority existed urban community heating and cooling loads prediction models focus on the effects of building physics, weather conditions, and construction features, barely consider the impact of occupant presence rate, operating schedule, and internal heat gain on heating and cooling loads, which affects the prediction accuracy. Thus, aiming to get the balance of simplification and accuracy, an occupant-centric prediction model of dynamic heating and cooling loads for urban community at energy planning stage with simplified calculation principles, reduced input parameters, improved simulation accuracy, and preserved characteristics of the individual building in the community was proposed. Based on the previously developed building envelope simplification model, internal heat gain modules and operating schedule modules were developed. After verifying the prediction accuracy of the model by comparison with EnergyPlus software, the model was applied to a typical university campus. Case study analysis shows that this model can accurately predict dynamic space heating and cooling loads of urban community with simplified inputs at energy planning stage, which provides theoretical support and convenience for optimizing the urban energy prediction model.

Investigation of heat and mass transfer of flow structures generated by a pulsed surface arc discharge actuator in quiescent air

Pulsed Surface Arc Discharge (PSAD) actuators can improve the aerodynamic performance of aircraft due to their fast response speed and wide frequency band. Understanding the flow structure induced by arc discharge and its transfer process is the key to the sensible use of plasma excitation for flow control. This paper has investigated the dynamic heat and mass transfer process of charged particle clusters generated by arc discharge theoretically and experimentally. The results show that the clusters are composed of charged particles, and the thermal effect is the macroscopic manifestation of the thermal motion of charged particles. The heat and mass transfer processes of charged particle clusters can be expressed as a function of temperature. During heat and mass transfer, the transfer mode of the plasma cluster composed of charged particles will change. The plasma cluster will change from forced convection in the initial stage to natural convection in the final stage, and the Richardson number is different in different stages. The heat released by the gas discharge and the heat released by the plasma mass transfer will form accumulated heat in the space and change the temperature difference, thereby affecting the process of heat and mass transfer. This paper has constructed a model describing pulsed plasma clusters' dynamic heat and mass transfer. Furthermore, the dynamic mode decomposition results of the theoretical model function show that plasma clusters mainly conduct the mass transfer through low-frequency and heat transfer through high-frequency modes.

Isothermal enthalpy relaxation of amorphous polystyrene studied using temperature-modulated fast scanning calorimetry

The kinetics of enthalpy relaxation of atactic polystyrene after temperature jump-down and jump-up in the glass state is studied using temperature-modulated fast scanning calorimetry (T-M FSC). During the isothermal relaxation, the dynamic heat capacity obtained by T-M FSC underwent a systematic change suggesting a shift of relaxation time. The relaxation time in the nonequilibrium glass state is dependent on the sample's actual temperature T and the nonequilibrium structure that has been indexed by a fictive temperature Tf. The changes in the magnitude and phase angle of the dynamic heat capacity on relaxation prove the influence of the nonequilibrium structure. The influence is indexed by an effective temperature Teff, which is derived from the obtained dynamic heat capacity compared with its temperature dispersion in the liquid state. Teff also corresponds to the mean temperature of the actual and fictive temperatures and can be expressed by Teff≅xT+(1−x)Tf with the nonlinearity parameter x of the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan model that partitions the activation factor of relaxation into the contributions of T and Tf. Evaluation of Tf and Teff will provide valuable insights into the relaxation time in glass state, which plays an essential role in the glass transition behaviors of amorphous materials.

Dynamic heat transfer characteristics of ice storage in smooth-tube and corrugated-tube heat exchangers

The ice storage system is one of the most promising techniques for flexibility enhancement of building cooling load. In this paper, the performances of smooth-tube and corrugated-tube heat exchangers for ice storage are compared by experiments and numerical simulation. The heat transfer process of the ice storage and melting within the heat exchangers is numerically analyzed used Python. The fast one-dimensional numerical model is verified by the experimental results. The temperature variation of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) in the corrugated tube is analyzed and compared with that in the smooth tube. The results show that under the same conditions, the ice storage duration of the corrugated tube is shortened by 25% and the melting duration is shortened by 16% compared with those of the smooth tube. During the ice storage process, the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the heat transfer fluid in the corrugated tube is 0.4 °C less than that of the smooth tube on average. The temperature change rate is 30% faster than that of the smooth tube. During the melting process, the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the heat transfer fluid in the corrugated tube is 0.1 °C higher than that of the smooth tube on average, and the temperature change rate of corrugated-tube heat exchanger is 2.5 times and 9 times faster than that of the smooth tube during the ice-storage and melting process. The corrugated-tube heat exchanger has superior performances in ice storage system in the comparison with the smooth-tube heat exchanger.

Numerical simulation on heat transfer characteristics of unstable steam jet condensation under rolling condition

Direct contact condensation technology has been widely used in nuclear power, aerospace, chemical industry, and other fields due to efficient mass and heat transfer characteristics between two phases. Rolling motion applied to offshore cases typically significantly affects dynamic flow and heat transfer characteristics. Thus, investigating the heat transfer characteristics of unstable steam jet condensation is necessary. The present study numerically explored the heat transfer coefficient of main and detached bubbles under rolling and static conditions. The relationship between pressure and heat transfer coefficient was assessed to reveal the pressure generation mechanism. The peak value of pressure oscillation was mainly caused by the rapid collapse induced by intense condensation of detached bubble instead of main bubble. The heat and mass transfer intensity could be fortified under rolling conditions. It would increase as the maximum rolling amplitude rise and the rolling period decrease, while the maximum improvement was up to 30%.

An approximate analytical solution for dynamic heat transfer of building walls

The present work deals with an approximate analytical solution for the dynamic temperature field due to the coupled effect of building walls to the adjacent environment. The solution is derived within the framework of weighted residuals and can be used as a handy tool to realize a reasonable estimation of the building thermal performance and to elucidate the dependence on the room descriptive parameters. Results from the present model are compared with predictions arising from both a commercial FEM code and the analytical solution from the standard EN 13786, showing satisfactory results. This conclusion is not surprising since it is demonstrable in view of the characteristic-time responses of the climatic forcing and the building walls. Finally, as an example of application of this approach, the model was focused on describing the thermal response of an open-loop regulated indoor environment.

Lattice Boltzmann study of bubble dynamic behaviors and heat transfer performance during flow boiling in a serpentine microchannel

• Mesoscale study of microchannel flow boiling in U bend was conducted. • Detailed bubble dynamics and heat transfer characteristics were presented. • Effect of buoyancy on flow boiling process depends on flow orientation. • The onset of nucleate boiling is delayed as the Re number increases. Understanding the flow boiling process in a serpentine microchannel with U-bends is very important to its design and application in practice. In this study, a hybrid thermal multiphase model consisting of the pseudopotential multiphase lattice Boltzmann model and the finite difference method is employed to investigate the flow boiling heat transfer in a serpentine microchannel. Effects of curvature ratio, flow orientation, heat flux and Reynolds ( Re ) number on the bubble dynamic behaviors and heat transfer performance during flow boiling process are comprehensively evaluated. Bubble behaviors including bubble nucleation, growth, coalescence, departure, recontact, and migration are well captured, and typical flow patterns of bubbly flow and intermittent slug flow are identified. The simulation results show that increasing curvature ratio does not affect the heat transfer performance much, but generates elongated bubbles at the U-bend. Depending on the flow orientation, the buoyancy induced by gravity acceleration has both favorable and unfavorable effects on the bubble dynamic behaviors and local heat transfer characteristics in the serpentine microchannel. In addition, the vapor volume fraction is calculated under different Re numbers and heat fluxes. The lower vapor volume fraction exhibits lower wall superheat and better heat transfer performance.

Suitability of part block switching of ambient air vaporizer for propane vaporization in contrast to cryogenic vaporization

Ambient air vaporizer (AAV) is preferred for cryogenic vaporization due to its low operating cost and nonpolluting operation. Continuous deposition of frost during the operation of an AAV requires periodic melting. Conventional cryogenic vaporizers use two identical blocks of vaporizers and the defrosting is achieved by switching off the flow through one vaporizer block while the other operates. The temperature difference between the ambient and the vaporizing fluid is large for cryogenic fluids, while it is very small in the case of propane vaporization. As a result, the conventional AAV becomes very large and heating by fossil fuel or electricity is often employed for propane vaporization. To overcome this unsustainable process, this paper proposes a novel configuration of AAV called “Part block switching (PBS)” that takes advantage of the lower frost deposition in case of propane AAVs compared to the cryogenic ones. A dynamic heat and mass transfer model is developed and solved implicitly. PBS system for propane vaporization is found to have a size reduction of 21% or more compared to the conventional design of full block switching regardless of the switching time. A short switching time of 4 h or less, however, works well for liquid nitrogen vaporization.

An approach to thermal modeling of power cables installed in ducts

The power cables laying in the urban areas require utilization of the protective ducts, mainly to facilitate the faulty section replacement. However, the use of cable ducts results in reduced capacity to dissipate generated heat to the surroundings. Thus, the thermal analysis of cables placed in ducts is very important for proper power cable operation. The thermal response of cables laid in mutual and in separate ducts, respectively, is considered at two values of current load. The full-scale field measurement setup is utilized to carry out the analysis of both steady-state and dynamic power cable heating under actual field conditions for the two backfill configurations. The measurement results provide the insight into the power cable heating dynamics related to the situations of a short-term over-loads and fault drive-through responses and also the opportunity to verify the proposed numerical approach based on the use of finite element method and the boundary conditions on the interior duct surface. The approach could be considered as a compromise between the standardized procedure and the tedious procedure involving the computational fluid dynamics simulations due to straightforward implementation and very good accuracy. The results obtained suggest that cables laid in mutual duct lead to a less favorable thermal situation when compared to cables laid in separate ducts. Also, the numerical results suggest that the use of non-uniform heat flux around the inner duct surface results in a significantly better agreement with measurements, compared to the purely numerical approach utilizing the concept of the effective thermal conductivity to model heat transfer in the air gap between cable and duct. Finally, the sensitivity analysis has been carried out to assess the effects of various backfill thermal conductivities and the ground surface temperature on the resulting thermal field. • Full scale field measurements. • Simplified approach for thermal field estimation when cabled are placed in ducts. • Nonuniform heat flux distribution along the cable duct is implemented. • Better agreement with measurements when non-uniform heat flux distribution is used. • Use of effective thermal conductivity results in notable temperature underestimation.

Experimental Evaluation of Thermal Conductivity and Other Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids Based on Functionalized (-OH) Mwcnt Nanoparticles Dispersed in Distilled Water

A possible way to increase thermal conductivity of working fluids, while keeping pressure drop at acceptable levels, is through nanofluids. Nanofluids are nano-sized particles dispersed in conventional working fluids. A great number of materials have potential to be used in nanoparticles production and then in nanofluids; one of them is Multi-Walled Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNT). They have thermal conductivity around 3000 W/mK while other materials used as nanoparticles like CuO have thermal conductivity of 76.5 W/mK. Due to this fact, MWCNT nanoparticles have potential to be used in nanofluids production, aiming to increase heat transfer rate in energy systems. In this context, the main goal of this paper is to evaluate from the synthesis to the experimental measurement of thermal conductivity of nanofluid samples based on functionalized (-OH) MWCNT nanoparticles. They will be analyzed nanoparticles with different functionalization degrees (4% wt, 6% wt, and 9% wt). In addition, it will be quantified other thermophysical properties (dynamic viscosity, specific heat and specific mass) of the synthetized nanofluids. So, the present work can contribute with experimental data that will help researches in the study and development of MWCNT nanofluids. According to the results, the maximum increment obtained in thermal conductivity was 10.65% in relation to the base fluid (water).

Optimal design of liquid cooling structure with bionic leaf vein branch channel for power battery

• ·The liquid cooling plate with BLVB channel for Li-ion battery is proposed. • ·The BLVB cooling system is conducted by using 16 orthogonal test schemes. • ·The liquid cooling influence factors are analyzed by using the range method. • ·Multi-parameter coupling of the liquid cooling plate is optimized based on NSGA-II. Effective thermal management is crucial for the thermal safety and uniformity of lithium-ion(Li-ion) batteries caused by high temperature. However, it is challenging for structural design and optimization method of cooling system especially considering dynamic heat generation of the battery. The liquid cooling plate with the bionic leaf vein branch(BLVB) channel which is sandwiched with a pouch Li-ion battery was proposed. The effects of multi-parameter coupling with inlet flow rate( M ), channel width( D ), channel angle( α ) and channel number( N ) of the cooling plate on the maximum temperature( T max ), the maximum temperature difference(Δ T max ) of battery and the average pressure drop of coolant(Δ P avg ) were investigated by using the orthogonal test range method. Based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II(NSGA-II), the solution sets were optimized. Results show that the proposed BLVB channel is efficient for battery cooling. Even at 3C discharge, T max can be controlled within 33.34℃. Meanwhile, M and D are the main factors affecting the cooling performance, α and N are the secondary factors. However, with the increasing of α or the decreasing of N , T max and Δ T max are decreased due to the enhancement of backflow or vortexes near the outlet. The optimal results are T max =30.31℃, Δ T max =2.78℃ and Δ P avg =0.50kPa; while the optimal parameters are M= 0.10m/s, α= 159°, N= 15 and D= 2.60mm. Compared with the initial BLVB channel and the traditional parallel straight channel, T max with the optimum BLVB channel can be reduced by 0.23℃ and 1.12℃ respectively when M= 0.10m/s. The corresponding Δ T max is declined by 0.28℃ and 1.64℃, and Δ P avg is decreased by 65.56% and 8.77% respectively. The proposed BLVB channel can be used to provide a certain reference for the thermal design of battery liquid cooling system.