Dynamic Viscosity Research Articles

Increasing the efficiency of stimulation of compacted carbonate reservoirs with acid solutions based on methyl acetate

The development of oil and gas deposits in compacted rocks is a promising area of development in the oil and gas industry. The object of research in this paper is the filtration properties of compacted rocks. To develop such deposits, special extraction technologies are required. Compacted carbonate rocks are easily dissolved by most acids, but for effective use, it is necessary that working solutions have very low viscosity and surface tension coefficient. Special filtration equipment has been developed for the research, which allows pumping various liquids and gases through rock samples and measuring permeability at pressures up to 1,000 bar. To determine the effectiveness of the acid solution, three groups of samples were studied: silty sandstone with clay-carbonate cement with a permeability of 0.2–0.95 mD, compacted organogenic-detrital light gray limestone with a permeability of 0.001–0.004 mD, and organogenic-detrital gray limestone with a permeability of 0.04–0.06 mD. In the course of the study, the stimulation fluid was pumped through the samples at a pressure of 200–300 bar and a temperature of 120 °C. The efficiency was determined by the change in nitrogen permeability of the samples before and after the experiments. In general, the studied stimulation fluid allowed increasing the permeability of rocks up to 3–7 times, depending on the rock and research conditions. The solution retains its reactivity for a long time and, due to its low viscosity and surface tension, penetrates deeply into the rock and significantly increases the well treatment radius compared to conventional acid treatments. The use of the developed acid solution for well stimulation will increase the efficiency of hydrocarbon production from compacted reservoirs without the use of hydraulic fracturing

Effect of porosity and temperature on viscosity and diffusivity of benzene liquid containing nanobubble with molecular dynamics

Introduction of nanobubble (NB) into liquid can significantly affect the transport properties such as viscosity and diffusivity, being important in the design and optimization of many liquid-related industrial processes. The present paper reports the atomistic insights into influence of porosity (volume fraction of NBs in solution) and temperature on viscosity and self-diffusion coefficient in benzene liquid containing NBs by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with the COMPASS force field. We make molecular modeling of NB-containing benzene liquid using the cubic box with porosities increasing from 0 to 24.6% and conduct a series of MD simulations as increasing temperature from 298 to 343 K. Our simulations reveal that as increasing the porosity the viscosity decreases according to the cubic polynomial while the self-diffusion coefficient increases rapidly. When compared with high polar NB aqueous solutions, although the changing tendencies of transport properties are similar, the changing degrees in benzene liquid are clearly higher, indicating that NB creation has a stronger influence on transport properties of non-polar benzene liquid due to the weaker intermolecular interaction. Meanwhile, as increasing temperature, the viscosity decrease while the self-coefficient increases, both according to the Arrhenius equation. Such temperature dependence is similar to aqueous solution, meaning that temperature affects the transport properties of polar and non-polar liquids alike. This work will contribute to developing NB utilization to practical applications.

Performance and Antiwear Mechanism of 1D and 2D Nanoparticles as Additives in a Polyalphaolefin.

This work is focused on the thermophysical and tribological study of eight nanolubricant compositions based on a polyalphaolefin (PAO 20) and two different nanoadditives: multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). Regarding the thermophysical properties, density and dynamic viscosity of the base oil and the nanolubricants were measured in the range of 278.15-373.15 K, as well as their viscosity index, with the aim of evaluating the variation of these properties with the addition of the nanoadditives. On the other hand, their lubricant properties, such as contact angle, coefficient of friction, and wear surface, were determined to analyze the influence of the nanoadditives on the tribological performance of the base oil. The results showed that MWCNTs and h-BN nanoadditives improved the wear area by 29% and 37%, respectively, at a 0.05 wt% concentration. The density and dynamic viscosity increased compared with the base oil as the nanoadditive concentration increased. The addition of MWCNTs and h-BN nanoparticles enhanced the tribological properties of PAO 20 base oil.

Synthesis of polyesters derived from glycerol and phthalic anhydride and its application for bitumen modification

AbstractThis study introduces phthalic anhydride (P) and glycerol (G)‐based polyester as an additive for upgrading lower‐grade bitumen to higher‐grade bitumen. The different colorless polyesters were synthesized using polycondensation of P and G as a monomer in the ratio of 1:1 and polymerization time of 1, 3, 5, and 7 h. A rheological analysis was performed on all the synthesized polyesters to check their performance with respect to their use in bitumen modification. The polyesters were blended with base bitumens (VG10) to obtain the modified bitumens that were tested for the rheological and physicochemical properties and to assess the performance based on the grade quality test. The quality test of the modified bitumens includes softening point (SP), penetration (PEN), kinematic viscosity (KV), dynamic viscosity (DV), and rheological properties as per standard ASTM test methods. Based on the performance evaluation, P1G1H3 polyester was found suitable for blending with bitumen, and further study was carried out with blending of P1G1H3 with 3, 6, 10, and 15 wt%. The finding illustrates that 6.0 wt% of polyester‐modified bitumen show an enhanced SP, KV, and DV by 23.6, 86, and 30%, respectively, while decreasing the PEN by 49% with respect to VG10. Polyester blending also improved the rheological parameters in terms of deformation resistance, load‐bearing capacity, and the viscoelastic nature of bitumen. The investigation concluded that 6 wt% P1G1H3 polyester on blending in VG10 meets VG30 bitumen specification as per IS:73:2013.

Effect of Calcium Chloride on Chitosan Behavior in an Acidic Water Mixture for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications

The present article reviews the uses of the biopolymer chitosan (CH) and its derivatives as versatile biomaterials for potential drug delivery systems, as well as for tissue engineering applications, analgesia and treatment of arthritis. CH and its derivatives, as natural antimicrobial agents, can be applied in biomedical, biotechnological, and pharmaceutical applications. Its antimicrobial activity depends on many factors, such as its molecular size, source, associated components, concentration and type of microorganism. In addition, in our research described here, we prepared and characterized the dynamic viscosity and the rheological properties of a biopolymer material based on CH/CaCl2 in solution. The dynamic viscosity and shear stress were measured under the influence of an increasing CH concentration of 1 to 10 g/l and an increasing temperature of 288.15 to 318.15 K.

Global strong solutions to the 3D incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with zero heat conduction

This paper concerns the global regularity of strong solutions to the Cauchy problem of inhomogeneous incompressible Navier–Stokes fluids with vacuum, zero heat conduction, and density–temperature‐dependent viscosity. The existence of global‐in‐time strong solutions is proved when the initial energy is suitably small or the lower bound of the viscosity coefficient is large enough. Moreover, some exponential decay‐in‐time rates of strong solutions are obtained via time‐weighted a priori estimates.

Self-Modification of Defective TiO2 under Controlled H2/Ar Gas Environment and Dynamics of Photoinduced Surface Oxygen Vacancies.

In recent years, defective TiO2 has caught considerable research attention because of its potential to overcome the limits of low visible light absorption and fast charge recombination present in pristine TiO2 photocatalysts. Among the different synthesis conditions for defective TiO2, ambient pressure hydrogenation with the addition of Ar as inert gas for safety purposes has been established as an easy method to realize the process. Whether the Ar gas might still influence the resulting photocatalytic properties and defective surface layer remains an open question. Here, we reveal that the gas flow ratio between H2 and Ar has a crucial impact on the defective structure as well as the photocatalyic activity of TiO2. In particular, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) revealed a larger width of the defective surface layer when using a H2/Ar (50 %-50 %) gas mixture over pure H2. A possible reason could be the increase in dynamic viscosity of the gas mixture when Ar is added. Additionally, photoinduced enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PIERS) is implemented as a complementary approach to investigate the dynamics of the defective structures under ambient conditions which cannot be effortlessly realized by vacuum techniques like TEM.

Influence of materials and processes on the robustness of apparent porosity control methods for fair-faced concrete

Fair-faced concrete is a new type of concrete that directly uses the surface of concrete as the facing, with good surface integrity, no chiseling and repairing after forming, and no need for decoration. In recent years, it has developed rapidly after being introduced into China, but there are some problems, the stability of pore control is difficult and the formation mechanism is insufficient. It also exists chromatic aberration. Aiming at the formation mechanism of apparent pores in fair-faced concrete, by changing raw materials and mix ratio of fair-faced concrete, adjusting raw materials, construction process and formwork parameters, this paper put forward the control interval of high robustness parameters of fair-faced concrete with few apparent pores and excellent aesthetic grade. It makes it possible to prepare fair-faced concrete repeatedly and stably with a good economy. It also has good guiding significance for practical projects. The material parameters included initial gas content, maximum particle size of coarse aggregate, plastic viscosity coefficient, initial dynamic yield stress and bleeding rate. Construction process parameters included vibration frequency, vibration time and vibration amplitude. Formwork parameters included release agents with different contact angles. The results show that the initial gas content of the fair-faced concrete slurry was 2%–3%, the particle size of the coarse aggregate was 5 mm–25 mm, the plastic viscosity coefficient of the fair-faced concrete slurry was 5 Pa·s-10 Pa s, the yield stress was 100 Pa–200 Pa, the water secretion rate was 8%–10 %, and the vibration frequency was 10,000 times/min-12,000 times/min. When the vibration time was 20 s–25 s, the vibration amplitude was 1.0 mm–1.2 mm, and the contact angle was 102°–112°, the apparent porosity of the fair-faced concrete could be controlled well.

Laser-powder bed fusion of Y2O3 nanoparticle modified CoCrNi matrix composites: Parameter optimization, microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanisms

Laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) delivers significant advantages in manufacturing metal matrix composites due to its micro-sized molten pool and fast cooling rate. In this work, a simple two-step process including the ultrasonic dispersion of ceramic particles and the volatilization of liquid medium by stirring was employed to synthesize Y2O3 nanoparticle modified CoCrNi matrix (Y2O3/CoCrNi) composite powders, which were subsequently processed for L-PBF to make samples. The effects of laser power (P) and hatch spacing (h) on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the L-PBF processed (L-PBFed) Y2O3/CoCrNi composites were investigated comparatively. The results confirm that the high P (350 W) and low h (60 μm) promoted the uniform dispersion of Y2O3 particles (∼50 nm) by altering the Marangoni flow, reducing the dynamic viscosity and increasing the remelting area. The L-PBFed Y2O3/CoCrNi composites under optimized condition exhibited a superior strength-ductility synergy, in which the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and fractured strain were 647 MPa, 858 MPa and 42.2 %, respectively. It is demonstrated that a metallurgical defect-free hierarchical microstructure that involved dislocation-formed cellular structures, dispersion of Y2O3 particles and various crystallize defects (i.e. stacking faults, Lomer-Cottrell locks, and deformation twins) were responsible for the superb mechanical properties.

Effects of cellulose nanofibrils on rheological and mechanical properties of 3D printable cement composites

This study explores the effects of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), a relatively new type of nanocellulose material, on the rheological and printability characteristics of cementitious mixtures, and the mechanical properties of 3D printed specimens. The rheology of the mortar mixtures with varying ratios of CNF is thoroughly assessed first. Two testing protocols, stress growth test and ramp test, are followed for rotational measurements using a shear rheometer with a building cell and vane motor. Stress growth tests are carried out to quantify the static yield stress of the cementitious mixtures. Ramp tests are conducted to determine dynamic yield stress and plastic viscosity of the mixes using the Bingham visco-plastic material model. As oscillatory measurements, amplitude sweep tests are carried out to determine the viscoelastic properties of the mortar mixes, including storage modulus and critical strain that are found to be essential for buildability. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is conducted to assess the effects of CNF on the hydration characteristics of the mixtures. The printability and the buildability of the mortar mixtures incorporating CNF are assessed using a 3D concrete printer equipped with a 10 mm diameter nozzle and screw pump mechanism. Tensile, flexural, and compressive strength tests are conducted to determine the mechanical properties of 3D printed specimens with varying ratios of CNFs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to conduct the microstructural analysis on fractured surfaces of the mechanically tested specimens. Results indicate that adding CNF at least 0.3 wt% of cement has a favorable effect on the rheological properties of cement composites.

Spatially-Periodic Solutions for Evolution Anisotropic Variable-Coefficient Navier–Stokes Equations: I. Weak Solution Existence

We consider evolution (non-stationary) spatially-periodic solutions to the n-dimensional non-linear Navier–Stokes equations of anisotropic fluids with the viscosity coefficient tensor variable in spatial coordinates and time and satisfying the relaxed ellipticity condition. Employing the Galerkin algorithm with the basis constituted by the eigenfunctions of the periodic Bessel-potential operator, we prove the existence of a global weak solution.

An Integral-like Numerical Approach for Solving Burgers’ Equation

The Burgers’ equation, commonly appeared in the study of turbulence, fluid dynamics, shock waves, and continuum mechanics, is a crucial part of the dynamical core of any numerical weather model, influencing simulated meteorological phenomena. While past studies have suggested several robust numerical approaches for solving the equation, many are too complicated for practical adaptation and too computationally expensive for operational deployment. This paper introduces an unconventional approach based on spline polynomial interpolations and the Hopf-Cole transformation. Using Taylor expansion to approximate the exponential term in the Hopf-Cole transformation, the analytical solution of the simplified equation is discretized to form our proposed scheme. The scheme is explicit and adaptable for parallel computing, although certain types of boundary conditions need to be employed implicitly. Three distinct test cases were utilized to evaluate its accuracy, parallel scalability, and numerical stability. In the aspect of accuracy, the schemes employed cubic and quintic spline interpolation perform equally well, managing to reduce the <i>ӏ</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>ӏ</i><sub>2</sub>, and <i>ӏ</i><sub>∞</sub> error norms down to the order of 10<sup>−4</sup>. Parallel scalability observed in the weak-scaling experiment depends on time step size but is generally as good as any explicit scheme. The stability condition is <i>ν</i>∆<i>t</i>/∆<i>x</i><sup>2</sup> > 0.02, including the viscosity coefficient <i>ν</i> due to the Hopf-Cole transformation step. From the stability condition, the schemes can run at a large time step size ∆<i>t</i> even when using a small grid spacing ∆<i>x</i>, emphasizing its suitability for practical applications such as numerical weather prediction.

Computational fluid dynamics based multi-species transport simulation of auxiliary energy systems for friction stir welding of dissimilar materials

This research compares auxiliary energy-assisted friction stir welding (FSW) techniques with conventional FSW when joining dissimilar materials. Specifically, it conducts numerical modeling and experimental validation for the effectiveness of plasma-assisted FSW and induction-assisted FSW for DH36 steel and 6061-T6 aluminum alloy. Fully coupled 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, incorporating the multi-species transport method, were developed, where the species mass fractions of the workpieces are transported through diffusion, convection, and reaction sources for individual species. Based on the temperature validation, the dedicated heat flux based on the rectangular heat flux and Gaussian heat flux distribution were considered for induction coil and plasma arc heating on the DH36 steel side, respectively. The established conventional and auxiliary energy-assisted FSW models were validated against experimentally observed temperature fields and the joints’ material features. Results indicate that the assistance of plasma and induction auxiliary energy sources increased the temperature field, strain rate, and flow velocity without forming stagnant zones on the steel side caused by reduced dynamic viscosity. In plasma arc-assisted FSW, the steel could not extrude effectively from the base steel sheet due to deficient heat and flow velocity input; therefore, defect-prone coarse steel fragments were blended with the Al matrix. In induction-assisted FSW, the uninterrupted steel layer was extruded from the steel side and placed on the Al side, which was caused by enhanced heat build-up and flow velocity. Moreover, induction-assisted FSW achieved symmetric material flow on both advancing and retreating sides, resulting in defect-free welds.

Effect of terpene alcohol fragment and type of anion in the pyrrolidinium salts on the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity

Pyrrolidinium salts containing in the cation chiral substituent derived from three terpene alcohols: (–)-menthol, (–)-borneol, and (+)-fenchol and consisting of six different anions: chloride [Cl]−, tetrafluoroborate [BF4]−, hexafluorophosphate [PF6]−, trifluoromethanesulfonate [OTf]−, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [NTf2]−, bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide [NPf2]−, and perfluorobutanesulfonate [C4F9SO3]− were compared in terms of physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity. The thermal properties including phase transition temperatures, thermal stability, specific rotation have been taken into consideration. Liquid pyrrolidinium salts with [NTf2]− and [NPf2]− anions, which can be classified as chiral ionic liquids, have also been compared in terms of density, dynamic viscosity, surface tension and contact angle on the surfaces of different polarity. The selected pyrrolidinium salts were evaluated for activity against nine bacterial strains using the agar well diffusion method. The zones of inhibition of bacterial growth were determined for pyrrolidinium salts used at different concentrations and depending on the structure of the cation and anion and compared with benzalkonium chloride as a positive control.

Effect of surface modification on the thermophysical properties of ethylene glycol dispersed with Al2O3 nanoparticles for solar thermal applications

This study focuses on investigating the effects of surface modification on the stability and thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol dispersed with aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles. Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles were dispersed in ethylene glycol after surface modification with the surfactant Cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) at concentrations of 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 mass percent. The thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity at various concentrations were evaluated in the temperature range from 20°C to 170°C, in contrast to prior studies in which the properties were determined in the range from 20°C to 60°C. The stability of the suspension dispersed with CTAB proved to be excellent, and the nanofluids remained stable for one month due to its excellent electrostatic interaction with the surface of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles to ethylene glycol led to a significant improvement in thermal conductivity, which is between 15% and 25%. The influence of the surfactant is clear from the results, and it shows that CTAB is the most suitable surfactant for metal oxide nanoparticles. The experimental data are compared with the data available in the literature in the temperature range from 30°C to 60°C and are found to be in good agreement.

Effect of Silica and Alumina Nanoparticles Addition on the Dielectric and Rheological Properties of Shea Oil Methyl Ester

Study’s Excerpt/Novelty This study introduces a novel green nanofluid by incorporating shea methyl ester (SME) with surface-modified Al2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles, addressing the environmental concerns associated with mineral-based transformer oils. The research highlights that SiO2 nanoparticles significantly enhance the dielectric properties of the base oil while minimally impacting its viscosity, suggesting improved insulation performance. This innovative approach offers a sustainable alternative with superior electrical characteristics, potentially transforming the application of transformer oils in the industry. Full Abstract The increasing environmental and utility concerns of mineral-based transformer oils have impelled research into alternative insulation liquids. This study developed a green nanofluid using a two-step approach, incorporating shea methyl ester (SME) derived from shea butter oil and surface-modified Al2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles. The dynamic viscosity at 25 °C and dielectric properties of the developed nanofluid were investigated in the frequency range of 0.1–15 kHz. Adding nanoparticles into the SME noticeably increased the oil's viscosity, with SiO2 nanoparticles having the least effect on the base liquid's viscosity. The addition of 0.6 wt% of Al2O3 nanoparticles increased the dielectric loss of the SME at all frequencies (0.1–15 kHz), while the addition of 0.6 wt% SiO2 filler nanoparticles reduced the loss of the base oil at frequencies beyond 4 kHz indicative of an improved electrical property. Adding Al2O3 and SiO2 to the base SME oil obtained higher relative permittivity values. This study successfully developed an SME and single nanoparticle-based nanofluid, incorporating a 0.6 wt% weight fraction of surface-modified Al2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles. The addition of these nanoparticles increased the dynamic viscosity of the base methyl ester oil, with approximately 43% and 36% increases, respectively. The nanofluid developed by incorporating SiO2 nanoparticles showed promising dielectric performance for its application as an insulation liquid.

Educational Tool for Determining Viscosity Coefficient of Cooking Oil Using Arduino UNO

Educational Tool for Determining Viscosity Coefficient of Cooking Oil Using Arduino UNO

Modeling Analysis of Complex Deformation of Woven Coating Film during the Cyclic Tensile Process.

It is difficult for the existing Burgers model to accurately depict the off-axis cyclic drawing process of woven coatings. In this paper, the mechanical deformation of woven PVC (polyvinyl chloride)-coated film at different temperatures is investigated. One-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) constitutive models were established to characterize cyclic deformation processes. The 1D model is an improved Burgers model. The effects of the time dependence of the viscosity coefficient and the ratio of elastic to viscous deformation are considered simultaneously. The accuracy of the 1D model for predicting the cyclic nonlinear deformation at different temperatures and loading rates is improved. The 2D model is a nonlinear orthotropic model using polynomials. On the basis of the single-objective genetic algorithm, the inverse algorithm is used to obtain the shear polynomial coefficients in the tension phase and the shear modulus in the unloading phase, which circumvents performing the difficult shear test. UMAT subroutines of off-axis stretching and off-axis cyclic stretching are written separately. The intelligent inverse algorithm program consists of a single-objective genetic algorithm program, a finite element parametric modelling program, and a UMAT subroutine. The simulation results are compared with the off-axis cyclic tensile test data to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed 2D model for the analysis of the woven PVC-coated films in the tension-shear coupling state.

Thermal and surface properties of AlZnO and surfactant-stabilized AlZnO nanofluids: Influence of sonication duration for heat transfer applications

Research into doped metal oxide nanofluids (NFs) has intensified due to recent breakthroughs in heat transfer applications. This study explores the thermophysical properties of Aluminum Zinc Oxide (AlZnO) at a 0.10 vol% concentration and surfactant-enhanced Aluminum Zinc Oxide (f@AlZnO) at concentrations of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 vol%. Experiments were conducted across a temperature range from 20 to 80°C. The study utilized various analytical techniques such as FT-IR, UV–visible spectroscopy, Powder XRD, SEM, and EDX to examine the effects of volume concentration and sonication duration on stability, particle size, thermophysical properties, contact angle, wettability, and surface tension. It was found that the thermal conductivity of AlZnO and f@AlZnO NFs increases with both volumetric concentration and temperature. Notably, surfactant inclusion significantly enhanced the stability of AlZnO NFs, achieving a high zeta potential after 160 minutes of sonication. The 0.10 vol% f@AlZnO NF displayed optimal stability at this sonication duration, while the 0.10 vol% AlZnO NF showed the smallest particle size distribution after just 20 minutes. Thermal conductivity enhancements of 5 %, 2.5 %, 2 %, and 1.9 % were observed for 0.10 vol% AlZnO NF and 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 vol% f@AlZnO NFs, respectively. Additionally, at 200 minutes of sonication, the 0.05 vol% f@AlZnO NF demonstrated the lowest increase in specific heat capacity. The study also revealed that both surfactant addition and increasing volumetric concentration of AlZnO NFs reduced surface stress and contact angle values. In contrast, dynamic viscosity and density increased with higher nanoparticle concentration and decreased with rising temperature. The Mouromtseff number calculations underscore the potential of AlZnO NFs in thermal applications, meriting further investigation. This comprehensive examination provides critical insights into the effective utilization of hybrid metal oxide NFs in heat transfer applications.

Blood viscometer using capillary blood flow under disposable compliance pump

Blood viscosity is considered a promising indicator of cardiovascular disease and helps predict disease risks. However, conventional methods require two highly precise pumps to maintain consistent flow rates in co-flowing streams. In this study, a low-cost and disposable compliance pump was fabricated by inserting three components (a syringe needle, a blood-loaded syringe, and an air compliance unit [ACU]) into a three-way valve. Since the pump induces transient blood flow, accurately obtaining the transient flow rate is necessary. A correction factor was employed to improve the blood velocity obtained by microparticle image velocimetry. Air pressure inside the ACU was estimated using the ideal gas law. A discrete fluid circuit model was constructed to estimate the flow rate and pressure in a microfluidic channel. Four types of fluid physical properties (fluid resistance, fluid viscosity, time constant, and compliance coefficient) were obtained by analysing flow rate and pressure. The proposed method was employed to detect several types of suspended blood (variations in haematocrit, thermal-shocked RBCs, and RBC aggregation-enhanced blood). From the quantitative comparison, the proposed method provides better results than the previous method. Therefore, the proposed method is a promising tool for detecting biophysical variations in suspended blood.