Dynamic Source Routing Protocol Research Articles

Extended Comparison and Performance Analysis for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Routing Protocols Based on Different Traffic Load Patterns and Performance Metrics

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a network of mobile nodes that dynamically form a transitory network lacking any existence of infrastructure and any form of centralized management. Nodes in ad hoc networks are powered by batteries with a limited lifespan and communicate in a restricted bandwidth. The unpredictable environment of a MANET may run into a major concern in the routing mechanism, therefore the need for a routing protocol with robust performance is still one of the key challenges in MANET deployment. In this work, a comparative comparison and extensive simulation analysis have been carried out for three major routing protocols: destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), dynamic source routing (DSR) and ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). Protocol evaluation has been extended by considering several simulation arrangements, different classes of traffic load patterns and diverse performance metrics. Based on packet rate change, node quantity and node speed, simulation scenarios were generated. Protocols were investigated against energy consumption, throughput, lost packets, routing load and packet delivery fraction for three types of traffic load patterns regular, irregular and joint traffic. DSR and AODV protocols proved to be more reliable when joint traffic was implemented when node speed and packets variations are considered. DSDV protocol verifies outstanding response over other protocols in terms of energy consumption when either regular or irregular traffic is applied. The simulation results for DSR protocol have verified the superiority over other protocols in 9 simulation scenarios when diverse metrics are considered. DSDV showed optimal performance in 7 cases, especially at low packet rates and in networks with minimum number of nodes. Similarly, AODV protocol showed outstanding performance in 6 scenarios, when higher packet rates and node mobility are considered.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PROACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS (DSDV, OLSR) & REACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS (AODV, DSR) IN MANET USING NS-3

The abstract outlines a comprehensive analysis focusing on routing protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Ad-hoc networks are dynamic wireless networks without a central infrastructure. This analysis compares two types of routing protocols—proactive (table-driven) and reactive (on-demand)—using simulation analysis. The protocols DSDV, OLSR, AODV, and DSR are evaluated using NS-3, considering various performance metrics under different scenarios. The research aims to provide insights into protocol strengths and weaknesses, aiding network protocol selection and potential enhancements. This investigation contributes to understanding routing behaviours in ever-changing MANETs, benefiting network design and optimization efforts. Keywords: MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network), DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector), OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing), AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

Trust-Based Routing Selection Policy on Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Using Aodv Routing Protocol

This study presents an enhanced Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, termed Proposed_TAODV, designed to improve security in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) of 150 nodes by incorporating trust-based mechanisms. Through a comprehensive simulation, the Proposed_TAODV is evaluated against existing AODV and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols under conditions of increasing malicious node presence. The results reveal that Proposed_TAODV maintains a higher Packet Delivery Ratio, experiences lower Average End-to-End Delay, and achieves greater Throughput compared to the benchmarks, indicating its superior performance and robustness. The integration of Direct Trust Evaluation, Indirect Trust Evaluation, and Trust Aggregation methods into the AODV protocol clearly enhances the MANET's resilience to security threats, establishing the Proposed_TAODV as a promising approach for securing MANETs against various forms of attacks and network disruptions.

Comparative Performance Analysis on the Standard and Revised Routing Models of the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol

Comparative Performance Analysis on the Standard and Revised Routing Models of the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol

Impact of Jellyfish attack on routing protocols in TCP-based MANETs

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are self-organized infrastructure-less network of mobile wireless devices that could be deployed for communication. Due to the insecure wireless communication medium, multi-hop routing communication process, and dynamic behavior of the nodes in MANETs, routing protocols are vulnerable to various security attacks, such as Jellyfish attacks. A Jellyfish node targets TCP-based MANET and exploits its working mechanism to degrade the communication performance. This attack is hard to detect since it is a TCP protocol compliant methodology.In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Ad hoc on-demand vector (AODV), Dynamic source routing (DSR), Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA), Geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols under the Jellyfish delay variance attacks for TCP-based MANETs. Further, the TAHOE, RENO, and SACK variants of TCP protocol are considered for comparison. These routing protocols are simulated using the OPNET simulator to compare their performance, using specific performance metrics on the network. The experimental results show that the AODV protocol performs better than the DSR, TORA, OLSR, and GRP protocols under the jellyfish delay variance attack. Further, the SACK TCP variant performs better than the other TCP variants under the Jellyfish delay variance attack.

Analysis of the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol on the Performance of File Transfer Protocol and Video Conference Services in the Mobile AdHoc Network Simulation

Current technological advancements make it easier for users to do their work effectively and efficiently, including the use of wireless networks to exchange data via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and video conferencing services (VCS). A Mobile AdHoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network technology that applies a dynamic set of nodes. Data transmission on the MANET does not require the use of devices such as base stations. Because each node on the MANET can act as a router in determining the direction of the data sent, the number of nodes in the MANET will influence the quality of the data sent. Using the OPNET Modeler simulator, this paper shows how to assess the quality of FTP and VCS based on delay, jitter, and packet loss parameters. The simulation scenario employs five, fifteen, and thirty nodes with low, medium, and high traffic loads, using the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol. According to the measurement results, the FTP service with the bad category is the packet loss parameter in high traffic loads, which has the highest packet loss value of 56.6 percent with 15 nodes. In contrast, good results for VCS are only produced on the delay parameter. The jitter increases with the number of nodes, and it is 5 in this case. In all scenarios, the packet loss parameter yields poor results, with the highest packet loss value approaching 100%.

Dynamic source routing protocol with transmission control and user datagram protocols

Dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) is a common routing protocol in wireless network without infrastructure, called ad-hoc network, DSR used just above internet protocol (IP) at the network layer. The upper transport layer provides reliability by transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP). The choice between DSR/TCP and DSR/UDP is an actual issue for network designers and engineers. The question arises: which one provides better quality of service (QoS) parameters, less delay and jitter, greater throughput, and data rates. This paper focuses on the study and analysis of DSR and comparison of DSR/TCP and DSR/UDP by simulation in network simulator (NS2) environment. Another comparison of DSR and ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) is provided. Design and simulation of the protocols in ad hoc network accurately describe the behavior in real system and QoS parameters are obtained.

Performance evaluation of dynamic source routing protocol with variation in transmission power and speed

<span lang="EN-US">Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a set of mobile wireless nodes (devices) which is not rely on a fixed infrastructure. In MANETs, each device is responsible for routing its data according to a specific routing protocol. The three most common MANET routing protocols are: dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR), and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). This paper proposes an efficient evaluation of DSR protocol by testing the MANETs routing protocol with variation in transmission power at different speeds. The performance analysis has been given using optimized network engineering tools (OPNET) modeler simulations and evaluated using metrics of average end to end delay and throughput. The results show that the throughput increases as the transmission power increases up to a certain value after which the throughput decreases, also the network work optimally at a certain transmission power which varied at different speed.</span>

Design and analysis of energy aware interior gateway routing algorithm with particle swarm optimization

SummaryIn wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the data must reach a processing node with less energy consumption and delay rate. However, with the specific consideration of the unique properties of sensor networks such as limited power, stringent bandwidth, dynamic topology due to node failures, adding/removing nodes, or even physical mobility, high network density and large‐scale deployments have posed many challenges in the design and management of sensor networks. These challenges have demanded energy awareness and robust protocol design. Efficient utilization of the sensor's energy resources and maximizing the network lifetime were the primary design considerations for the proposed work. As a result, the new interior gateway routing with particle swarm optimization (IGRPSO) is presented with minimal latency and a higher packet delivery ratio in WSN; optimum link weights are calculated in a fraction of the original data to the new protocol. Network entropy maximization is a conceptual framework that guides the development of the protocol and the computational techniques required to determine which traffic distributions are not only best but also realizable through link‐state routing. Therefore, a routing algorithm provides the optimal and economically optimal route. We used the MATLAB simulation environment to compare and contrast the performance of the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol and enhanced interior gateway routing protocol, DSR protocol with particle swarm optimization with that of the IGRPSO protocol, which has the maximum packet delivery ratio of 75.74% and less packet drop of 25.37%, less energy consumption of 0.3674 J.

Virtual Local Area Network Performance Improvement Using Ad Hoc Routing Protocols in a Wireless Network

Wireless Communication has become one of the most popular types of communication networks because of the many services it provides; however, it has experienced several challenges in improving network performance. VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a different approach which enables a network administrator to create a logical network from a physical network. By dividing a large network into smaller networks, VLAN technology improves network efficiency, management, and security. This study includes VLAN for wireless networks with mobile nodes integration. The network protection was improved by separating the connections and grouping them in a way that prevents any party from being able to contact unauthorized stations in another party using VLAN. VLAN demonstrated restricted access to private server data by managing traffic, improving security, and reducing levels of congestion. This paper investigates the virtual local area network in a wireless network with three ad hoc routing protocols in a number of different scenarios, using the Riverbed Modeler simulation, which was used as a simulation program in this study. It was found from the investigation process that adopting VLAN technology could reduce delay and data of the network and considerably lower throughput, which is a major drawback of VLAN. Ad hoc routing algorithms, including AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), and OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) routing protocols, were used to improve the delay and throughput of the network. Routing methods with VLAN were tested across the WLAN to obtain the best throughput gain performance. The findings also revealed that these ad hoc routing protocols improved the Wireless Sensor Network performance as an additional investigation for the improvement of any network’s delay and throughput.

Energy Based Random Repeat Trust Computation in Delay Tolerant Network

As the use of mobile devices continues to rise, trust administration will significantly improve security in routing the guaranteed quality of service (QoS) supply in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) due to the mobility of the nodes. There is no continuance of network communication between nodes in a delay-tolerant network (DTN). DTN is designed to complete recurring connections between nodes. This approach proposes a dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) based on a feed-forward neural network (FFNN) and energy-based random repetition trust calculation in DTN. If another node is looking for a node that swerved off of its path in this situation, routing will fail since it won’t recognize it. However, in the suggested strategy, nodes do not stray from their pathways for routing. It is only likely that the message will reach the destination node if the nodes encounter their destination or an appropriate transitional node on their default mobility route, based on their pattern of mobility. The EBRRTC-DTN algorithm (Energy based random repeat trust computation) is based on the time that has passed since nodes last encountered the destination node. Compared to other existing techniques, simulation results show that this process makes the best decision and expertly determines the best and most appropriate route to send messages to the destination node, which improves routing performance, increases the number of delivered messages, and decreases delivery delay. Therefore, the suggested method is better at providing better QoS (Quality of Service) and increasing network lifetime, tolerating network system latency.

Authentication of WSN for Secured Medical Data Transmission Using Diffie Hellman Algorithm

The applications of wireless sensor network (WSN) exhibits a significant rise in recent days since it is enveloped with various advantageous benefits. In the medical field, the emergence of WSN has created marvelous changes in monitoring the health conditions of the patients and so it is attracted by doctors and physicians. WSN assists in providing health care services without any delay and so it plays predominant role in saving the life of human. The data of different persons, time, places and networks have been linked with certain devices, which are collectively known as Internet of Things (IOT); it is regarded as the essential requirement of people in recent days. In the health care monitoring system, IOT plays a magnificent role, which has produced the real time monitoring of patient’s condition. However the medical data transmission is accomplished quickly with high security by the routing and key management. When the data from the digital record system (cloud) is accessed by the patients or doctors, the medical data is transferred quickly through WSN by performing routing. The Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) is utilized, which authenticates the shortest path to reach the destination and its performance is identified by comparing it with the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol and Energy aware and Stable Routing (ESR) protocol. While performing routing, the secured transmission is achieved by key management, for which the Diffie Hellman key exchange is utilized, which performs encryption and decryption to secure the medical data. This enables the quick and secured transmission of data from source to destination with improved throughput and delivery ratio.

A Cross-Layer Solution for Contention Control to Enhance TCP Performance in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

With the development of wireless technology, users not only have wireless access to the Internet, but this has also sparked the emergence of Wireless Ad-hoc Networks (WANETs); this promising networking paradigm has the potential to adopt the shape of new emergent networks such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). However, channel contention (CC) is one of the key reasons why the TCP performs poorly in WANETs. This paper presents a mechanism called Cross-layer Solution for Contention Control (CSCC) to enhance TCP performance in WANETs. Each node starts marking packets in the proposed mechanism when its CC level reaches a certain threshold. As a result, the source node adjusts the congestion window (cwnd) size to a good state to control the insertion ratio of packets into the network. To provide a fair share to each flow, the flow having a large cwnd is penalized more. Numerous simulations have been conducted across several topologies to clarify the performance of the suggested mechanism. The simulation findings show that, in the presence of the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols, the proposed CSCC mechanism outperformed TCP NewReno in terms of throughput and fairness. In comparison to TCP NewReno, the suggested mechanism has fewer retransmitted packets.

Improved malicious node detection method for detecting a bait in an extensive network for getting the maximum throughput

AbstractMobile Ad‐hoc Network (MANET) is an ad hoc Wireless subset with a unique dynamic geometry of the system and movable nodes. The MANETs are auto‐organized networks that permit mobility without infrastructure. Specific protocols for MANET routing are provided with these attributes. The benefits such as infinite stability and the essential organizational characteristics of MANET are advantageous in circumstances where crisis and military use arise. In the light of malicious nodes, this necessity can lead to real safety threats and interfere in routing. In this specific case, it is a challenge to avoid or identify malicious nodes that initiate grey hole attacks or collective blackhole attacks. This paper addresses and analyzes the risks and security policies of MANET. This method is mainly directed at the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR). MANET's malicious nodes have been used with schematics such as Control, Two Acknowledgement IDS (TWOACK), Adaptive Acknowledgement IDS(AACK), and Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement IDS (EAACK). This research aims to identify trends, difficulties, and possible recommendations for use with MANET using the malicious node detection tool. To fix efficiency, monitoring, and overhead analysis limitations and resolve existing security problems related to MANET. The goal is to offer an Improved Cooperative Malicious Node Detection System (ICMNDS) to detect malicious nodes, which keeps overhead minimum.

Energy-Saving Routing Protocols for Smart Cities

In recent decades, expansion in urban areas has faced issues such as management of public waste, noise, mobility, and air quality, among others. In this scenario, Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) scenarios are being considered for Smart Cities solutions based on the deployment of wireless remote sensor nodes to monitor large urban areas. However, as the number of nodes increases, the amount of data to be routed increases significantly as well, meaning that the choice of the data routing process has great importance in terms of the energy consumption and lifetime of the network. In this work, we describe and evaluate the energy consumption of routing protocols for WSN-based Smart Cities applications in LoRa-based mesh networks, then propose a novel energy-saving radio power adjustment (RPA) routing protocol. The Cupcarbon network simulator was used to evaluate the performance of different routing protocols in terms of their data package delivery rate, average end-to-end delay, average jitter, throughput, and load consumption of battery charge. Additionally, a novel tool for determining the range of nodes based on the Egli propagation model was designed and integrated into Cupcarbon. The routing protocols used in this work are Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Distance Vector Routing (DVR). Our simulation results show that AODV presents the best overall performance, DSR achieves the best results for power consumption, and DVR is the best protocol in terms of latency. Finally, the proposed RPA routing protocol presents power savings of 11.32% compared to the original DSR protocol.

Dynamic source routing protocol for robust path reliability and link sustainability aware routing in wireless communication

Routing is the method of determining the most efficient route between transmitter and the receiver which is enhanced by taking into account the node's energy. The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol is presented in this work to increase quality-of-service (QoS) by calculating path reliability and link sustainability criteria in which node energy, node centrality, node degree, and link cost are used to choose the relay nodes. Qualified relaying nodes are used for transmission from the source node to the cluster head (CH). One node is utilized to send data packets to its destination and the relay nodes are chosen in the optimum manner. In terms of packet loss ratio, energy consumption and delay, the suggested technique outperforms other existing routing protocols which has the lower packet loss ratio of about 4 % which is 3 % lesser than existing method.

Interpretation and Investigations of Topology Based Routing Protocols Applied in Dynamic System of VANET

The intelligent transportation system is necessary for smart connection among vehicles and roadways equipment. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) where vehicles are linked together through a wireless link is an emerging research area and gaining attention for this smart connection where each vehicle is a node in the ad-hoc network consists of groups of stationary or moving vehicles. This dynamic system of VANET provides an infrastructure that builds new solution for safety and comfort but this implementation presents a hurdle in the selection and designing of a routing protocol which is capable of providing reliable and efficient transportation of packets. The prior objective of this research is to select and suggest reliable routing protocol and gives a performance assessment of the topology based protocol’s properties in terms of high-density dynamic systems of vehicles i.e., Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector on the grounds of simulation parameters (packet delivery ratio (PDR), overhead (OH), throughput ratio (TR)). The performance is evaluated using network simulator and mobility simulator the Simulation of Urban Mobility. The result shows that in case of TR and OH, protocol DSR outperforms but in case of PDR, protocol AODV outperforms. From the above, conclusion is that this research will assist the researchers in selecting the better routing protocol in the implementation of dynamic system of VANET infrastructure.

Implementasi Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Pada Daerah Pasca Bencana Dengan Protokol DSR

Indonesia is one of the countries that has a very large potential for disaster. If a disaster occurs then all activities will stop because the infrastructure is damaged. One of the example is digital payment activitiy. It will stop because there are failure because the existing system is loss. The proposed research is to conduct modeling using cellular ad hoc networks (MANET). An Ad-Hoc network is a standalone configuration for configuring the network infrastructure of devices that can self-configure wirelessly connected devices. In its development, Mobile ad hoc networks can be used in many ways. One of the example is in disaster management. In this study, we recommend restructuring the network by using a mobile ad hoc network to replace network infrastructure damaged by disasters. We are trying to design a replacement network infrastructure to replace the damaged network infrastructure so that payment transactions can be carried out continuously until the restoration of the new network infrastructure can be built. The protocol used in this study is the DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) protocol, this protocol has the advantage of finding routes when there is damage to the links between nodes. From the simulation results using NS-2, by increasing the number of nodes in the simulation area, it shows that there is a decrease in packet loss to 0%. There is an increase in delivery success of almost 98% when the number of nodes is increased. And there is a decrease in delay with the addition of the number of nodes

Quality of service assessment routing protocols for performance in a smart building: A case study

ABSTRACT Wireless sensor network (WSN) with several sensors is used to group measurements of certain physical quantities or environmental conditions, including sound, temperature, pressure, vibration, motion, or pollution, at various locations and ranges. In WSNs, several protocols address the issue of routing. Sensor nodes in WSN usually have limited energy resources and storage capacities. Therefore, the issue of energy usage in sensors and protocols is very important. This paper analyzes and compares the quality of service (QoS) performances of three important routing protocols of the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) including Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), in a smart building case study. The QoS evaluation metrics include residual energy of nodes, instant throughput (IT), average throughput (AT), packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), and route discovery latency (RDL) based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol standard. The simulation is carried out using NS2, and the WSN has 16 fixed and 4 mobility nodes with different speeds and paths. The simulation results illustrate that average throughput in AODV is 1.985118 (kbps), however, the figures for DSR and DSDV are 1.977780 and 1.720700 (kbps), respectively. PDR, also, in DSR stands at 1.0, but the figures for AODV and DSDV are lower with the range of 0.999572 and 0.997930, respectively. Overall, The DSR protocol provides a better performance compared to AODV and DSDV routing protocols in terms of PLR and PDR. Also, AODV has better efficiency in RDL and AT compared to other assumed protocols.

Vehicular connectivity algorithm for cooperative transportation systems

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) means connectivity between wireless interface and mobile vehicle equipment which could be of either homogeneous or heterogeneous nature. VANET is an emerging part of research due to its ability to create intelligent transport systems. Roadside fixed equipment (RSU), and on-board unit (OBU) can be either public means of transport service providers or private (belonging to companies or individuals). In this infrastructure, messages flow from vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to roadside via wireless technologies such as IEEE 8.02.11.P and IEEE 1609 WAVE. The main issue in VANET implementation is the design of routing topology that gives accurate vehicle-to-vehicle transmission. In VANET, every participating vehicle node works as a single-vehicle node or wireless router, allowing vehicles that are 100–500 m far from creating a network and connected to each other by a large range using dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol. In this paper, we focus on improving connectivity by integrating simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) with NETSIM and present a new algorithm for packet delivery in different dense environments. In this work, we propose a vehicle connectivity algorithm for less (40), moderate (50), and more (60) number of vehicles and also analyze the threshold value of successfully delivered packets through simulation and the proposed algorithm. In the simulations and proposed method, the overall link and application throughput in VANET is enhanced, and the outcome shows that the connectivity is better than in the other techniques. This study has achieved good throughput in a dense vehicle environment. Performance of the networks has been measured through throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), overhead head transmission for less (40), moderate (50), or more (60) number of vehicles on different road paths.