Power Dynamic Range Research Articles

Multioctave Interference Detectors With Sub-Microsecond Response

High-power interferers are one of the main hurdles in wideband communication channels. To that end, this article presents a wideband interferer detection method. The presented technique operates by sampling the incoming signal as an input, and produces the frequency and the power readings of the detected interferer. The detection method relies on driving an open circuit stub, where the voltage is proportional to the power of the interferer, and the standing wave pattern is an indicator of its frequency. This approach is feasible over multioctave bandwidth with a wide power dynamic range. The concept is analyzed for design and optimization, and a prototype is built for a proof-of-concept. The measured results demonstrate the ability to detect an interferer within the 1–16 GHz frequency range, with a power dynamic range between <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 20 and 20 dBm. The detection concept is also fit with different types of tunable bandstop filters (BSFs) for automatic detection and suppression of the interferer if its power exceeds a programmable threshold. With a measured response time of 500 ns, the presented method is a technology enabler for wideband receivers.

A High-Power Capacity Transistor-Based Rectifier With Wide Input Power Range

This letter proposes a methodology for realizing the rectifier with a wide radio frequency (RF) input power range for large power capacity applications. The comprehensive analysis is given in this letter under the condition of class-F operation mode. The optimum conduction angle of the transistor corresponding to the maximum input power dynamic range is determined. Theoretical rectification efficiency of over 60% can be obtained in a 30 dB in-depth input power level. For validation, an RF-dc rectifier operating at 2.45 GHz is designed based on the GaN transistor. Measurements demonstrate that the rectification efficiency of between 60.4% and 82.1% is realized with a fixed dc load of 115 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Omega $</tex-math> </inline-formula> when the RF input power is from 18 to 43 dBm. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first realization of a transistor-based RF-dc rectifier with a large input dynamic range of over 25 dB. The proposed rectifier shows great potential to be used in future high-power wireless power transfer (WPT) applications.

Flexible broadcast UWOC system using an LCVR-based tunable optical splitter.

For underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems, using an omnidirectional light source to construct a broadcast system will require considerable energy due to high geometric loss and water attenuation. In addition, high-sensitivity photon detectors usually have a limited dynamic range, therefore limiting communication distance. In this Letter, a broadcast UWOC system, based on liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs) and polarization beam splitters (PBSs), is proposed to allocate user power in accordance with user-specific channel conditions. By adjusting the driving alternating current (AC) voltage of LCVRs to change the input light polarization, different proportions of light can be allocated to different PBS ports before broadcasting to different users. In a dual-user transmitter for the proof-of-concept, the output power dynamic range and the additional insertion loss for the first user are 19.17 dB and 0.91 dB, respectively. For the second user, the performance degrades to 17.33 dB and 1.26 dB, respectively. The step size of power adjustment is less than 0.063 dB. To verify the effectiveness of power adjustment in UWOC systems, a 7-m/243.2-Mbps single-user UWOC system is designed with a water attenuation coefficient ranging from 0.50 dB/m to 2.35 dB/m. All bit error rates (BERs) can decrease to below the forward error correction (FEC) limit by adjusting the LCVR driving voltage. The adjustable range of communication distance could be extended from 4.2 m to 13.19 m with a channel attenuation coefficient of 1.44 dB/m. Finally, a dual-user UWOC experiment is conducted and proves that the proposed system can still work in a multi-user system. The proposed system is proven to be effective for improving the anti-jamming capability and flexibility of UWOC networks.

Design and analysis for the SPICE parameters of waveform-selective metasurfaces varying with the incident pulse width at a constant oscillation frequency

In this study, we numerically demonstrate how the response of recently reported circuit-based metasurfaces is characterized by their circuit parameters. These metasurfaces, which include a set of four diodes as a full wave rectifier, are capable of sensing different waves even at the same frequency in response to the incident waveform, or more specifically the pulse width. This study reveals the relationship between the electromagnetic response of such waveform-selective metasurfaces and the SPICE parameters of the diodes used. In particular, we draw conclusions about how the SPICE parameters are related to (1) the high-frequency operation, (2) input power requirement and (3) dynamic range of waveform-selective metasurfaces with supporting simulation results. First, we show that reducing a parasitic capacitive component of the diodes is important for realization of the waveform-selective metasurfaces in a higher frequency regime. Second, we report that the operating power level is closely related to the saturation current and the breakdown voltage of the diodes. Moreover, the operating power range is found to be broadened by introducing an additional resistor into the inside of the diode bridge. Our study is expected to provide design guidelines for circuit-based waveform-selective metasurfaces to select/fabricate optimal diodes and enhance the waveform-selective performance at the target frequency and power level. Our results are usefully exploited to ensure the selectivity based on the pulse duration of the incident wave in a range of potential applications including electromagnetic interference, wireless power transfer, antenna design, wireless communications, and sensing.

Divisional Load-Modulated Balanced Amplifier With Extended Dynamic Power Range

With the prevalence of complex modulated signals, it is of utmost significance to research the extension of the dynamic power range of radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs). This article proposes a divisional load-modulated balanced amplifier (DLMBA) for extending the high-efficiency power range. The proposed DLMBA is composed of a local modulated Doherty PA (DPA) and a class-C biased balanced PA (BPA) pair. The output signal of the local DPA is fed into the isolation port of the output coupler of the BPA pair, forming a global load modulation. The design parameters of the DLMBA are derived after a comprehensive analysis. It is illustrated that the dynamic power range of the DLMBA can be extended beyond 12 dB by combining a local DPA and a BPA pair. Meanwhile, each subamplifier of the DLMBA is presented with a modulated impedance over the whole dynamic power range, avoiding voltage oversaturation. As a validation, a DLMBA operating over 1.85–2.05 GHz is fabricated and measured in this article. The fabricated DLMBA delivers a maximum output power of more than 44.8 dBm, a saturation drain efficiency (DE) of more than 53%, and a 13 dB back-off DE of more than 44% in the interested frequency band. Meanwhile, when the DLMBA is excited by a 20-MHz wideband signal with a peak-to-average ratio of 10.2 dB, the measured adjacent channel leakage ratio reaches <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 47.4 dBc after digital predistortion.

Design of a Compact Analog Complex Correlator for Millimeter-Wave Radiation Temperature Measurement System.

Human body temperature is a fundamental physiological sign that reflects the state of physical health. It is important to achieve high-accuracy detection for non-contact human body temperature measurement. In this article, a Ka band (32 to 36 GHz) analog complex correlator using the integrated six-port chip is proposed, and a millimeter-wave thermometer system based on the designed correlator is completed for human body temperature measurement. The designed correlator utilizes the six-port technique to achieve large bandwidth and high sensitivity, and miniaturization of the correlator is achieved through an integrated six-port chip. By performing the single-frequency test and the broadband noise measurement on the correlator, we can determine that the dynamic range of input power of the correlator is -70 dBm to -35 dBm, and the correlation efficiency and equivalent bandwidth are 92.5% and 3.42 GHz, respectively. Moreover, the output of the correlator varies linearly with the input noise power, which reveals that the designed correlator is suitable for the field of human body temperature measurement. Then, a handheld thermometer system, with a size of 140 mm × 47 mm × 20 mm, is proposed using the designed correlator, and the measurement results show that the temperature sensitivity of the thermometer is less than 0.2 K.

Analysis and design of dual‐input Doherty power amplifier with enhanced efficiency for broadband application

SummaryThere is a large efficiency degradation between the two efficiency peaks in a broadband Doherty power amplifier (DPA) when the working frequency deviates from the center point. In this paper, dual‐input technique is adopted to improve the conversion efficiency over the dynamic power range in broadband DPAs. The efficiency between the two efficiency peaks in the DPA is enhanced through dynamically control the input power levels of the carrier and peaking power amplifiers (PAs) as well as the phase difference between the two sub‐amplifiers. As a proof of concept, a broadband dual‐input DPA (DI‐DPA) operating over 1.1–2.2 GHz is fabricated and measured in this paper. Experimental results show the fabricated DI‐DPA delivers a saturation output power of 43.5–44.7 dBm with a gain of 9.6–11.5 dB and a drain efficiency of 50.5%–58.6% in the interested frequency band. Meanwhile, a 6 dB back‐off drain efficiency of 40.4%–65.8% is also obtained by the DI‐DPA over 1.1–2.2 GHz.

A 24.25–30 GHz radio frequency up‐down converter with harmonic distortions rejection for 5G millimeter wave radio channel emulator applications

AbstractIn this paper, a 24.25–30 GHz fully integrated radio frequency (RF) up‐down converter with harmonic distortions rejection for 5G millimeter wave radio channel emulator applications is proposed and implemented in a 0.1‐μm GaAs pseudomorphic high‐electron‐mobility transistor technology. The RF up‐down converter integrates a frequency doubling amplifier chain local oscillator, a harmonic suppression mixer, and three frequency selective filters for unwanted harmonics suppression. To prevent the unwanted harmonics from leaking into the RF band, a higher sideband and high‐intermediate frequency mixer core with harmonic suppression filters is proposed. With this method, the unwanted harmonics are well suppressed. To effectively reduce the chip area, a miniaturized Marchand Balun based on a folded structure is proposed. The measured results demonstrate good in‐band spectral purity with more than 70 dB suppression of unwanted harmonics. Benefit from the high‐side injection mixing scheme and harmonics suppression method, the presented up‐down converter achieves a dynamic power range of −100 to −5 dBm with a conversion loss of 10 dB. The implemented RF up‐down converter occupies only 0.9 × 2.7 mm2 in size, with a power consumption of 400 mW under 4‐V supply.

Single-Carrier, Single-λ Full-Duplex Analog Radio Feed Over a Single-Port RRH Transceiver

The densification of radio access and the massive deployment of radio heads calls for efficient optical fronthaul technologies. The adoption of analogue radio-over-fiber schemes promises greatly simplified equipment that can be distributed at the antenna sites for the purpose of radio signal conditioning and electro-optic conversion. Towards this direction, we propose and experimentally evaluate a full-duplex interface at the intersection between the optical and the radio frequency layer, aiming at bidirectional radio signal transmission over a single wavelength (1577 nm) and a single carrier frequency (5.375 GHz). Analogue coherent optical reception is performed through an electro-absorption modulated laser, which is employed as multi-functional element that accomplishes wavelength re-use for full-duplex radio-over-fiber transmission. The directional split is shifted to the electrical domain through adoption of a crosstalk-cancelling circulation stage, ensuring compatibility with a high dynamic power range for the simultaneous transmission and reception of up- and downlink radio signals, respectively, without the need for further duplexing methods subject to frequency translation or time slotting. We prove that margins of >2% in terms of error vector magnitude can be accomplished for an unpaired spectral configuration, where down- and uplink radio signals share the same spectrum in the optical and electrical domains.

Area-Efficient 28-GHz Four-Element Phased-Array Transceiver Front-End Achieving 25.2% Tx Efficiency at 15.68-dBm Output Power

An area-efficient 28-GHz four-element phased-array transceiver front-end (TRx FE) is proposed in this article. Transmitter/receiver (T/R) switch, phase shifter (PS), and power combining/splitting network all use customized coupler-based structures to replace area-consuming quarter-wavelength ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> /4) transmission line (T-line) structures. In Tx mode, a three-stage power amplifier (PA) is designed by cascading a class-AB predriver amplifier, a deep class-AB driver amplifier, and a class-A output amplifier for high output power. In Rx mode, a two-stage low noise amplifier (LNA) is designed with a 3-bit resistive adjusting load for high dynamic range of input power. A coupler is adopted in the variable gain amplifier (VGA) to achieve constant phase during gain adjustment. The proposed TRx FE is fabricated in a 40-nm CMOS process. Measurement results show that output 1-dB compression point (OP1dB) of 14.99 dBm and saturated output power (OPsat) of 15.68 dBm with 25.2% power efficiency are achieved in each Tx element. In each Rx element, noise figure (NF) of 4.54 dB, input 1-dB compression point (IP1dB) of −10.15 dBm, and maximum gain of 26.3 dB with 56.1-mW power consumption are realized. The gain range of Rx/Tx mode is 9.9–26.3 dB/24.2–44.6 dB with a resolution of 0.3 dB and phase variation less than 2° at 28 GHz. Thanks to the area-efficient coupler-based structures, the phased-array TRx FE occupies an area of 0.42 mm2 for each element and 0.084 mm2 for total area of combiner/splitter, achieving high area efficiency for Ka-band phased-array TRx FEs.

High-dynamic-range microwave sensing using atomic Rabi resonances.

Detection of the microwave (MW) field with high accuracy is very important in the physical science and engineering fields. Herein, an atomic Rabi resonance-based MW magnetic field sensor with a high-dynamic-range is reported, where α and β Rabi resonances are used to measure MW fields. In MW measurement experiments, the sensor successfully measured a magnetic field of about 10 nT at 9.2GHz using the α Rabi resonance line on the cesium clock transition and continuously detected the MW magnetic field in the X-band over a high dynamic power range of >60 dB from the β Rabi resonance. Finally, the MW power frequency shift and power broadening are investigated to support more sensitive field measurements. The proposed MW detection method can be extended to cover a higher dynamic range and a wider frequency band by applying stronger excitations and exploring non-clock atomic transitions, respectively. In addition to MW magnetic field sensing, other potential application of the proposed method can be explored, including SI-traceable MW calibration and atomic communication.

Single Band EBG Antenna for Wireless Power Transfer Applications

This work demonstrates the design of a single band Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) antenna by employing an open stub EBG microstrip of a patch antenna for better achievements in terms of its performance to be utilized in a reconfigurable harvester to operate over a wide input power range. The EBG antenna has been used to gather RF energy and a FET-transistor has been obtainable to determine and control the power flow with the intention to operate at the same time for a different level of input power. The measured data of the EBG antenna shows a directivity of 8.52 dBi, a gain of 7.18 dBi, a return loss of −27 dB with a radiation efficiency of 84.3%, showing a clear enhancement in directivity, peak realized gain, and radiation efficiency by 41.76%, 25.61%, and 17.12% respectively compared with a regular reference antenna; without utilized the EBG structure. Moreover, the harvester design accomplishes 40% of RF-DC power conversion efficiency over a wide dynamic input power range from −15 to 27 dBm, and its peak is around 78%. The harvester is designed to work at the ISM band for 915 MHz and is suitable for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) uses.

Cascaded Rectifiers for Energy Harvesting With a Wide Dynamic Power Range

This work presents a novel RF energy harvesting system at 2.45 GHz, operating over a wide dynamic RF range (44 dB), starting from ultra-low power. It consists of three rectification branches, each one optimized for a selected power interval, between <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$- 20\,\,\div \,\,+$ </tex-math></inline-formula> 24 dBm. Through an automatic distribution network, the incident RF power is routed to the most efficient rectification branch, with no need for external control circuits. The first branch is optimized for low-power conditions, in the range <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$- 20\,\,\div \,\,0$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dBm, and the second and third branches for 0 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\div $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 9 dBm and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$9~\div ~24$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dBm, respectively. For branch decoupling, an original strategy, based on the concurrent nonlinear design of power-dependent matching networks and self-powered switches, is used. To maximize each rectifier performance, Enhancement-mode High Electron Mobility transistors (HEMT) are adopted by means of the self-biasing mechanism. In this way, for any possible incoming RF power, only the most suitable rectifier path is active and the maximum RF-to-dc conversion efficiency is preserved. The system has been fabricated and tested demonstrating a conversion efficiency higher than 30% from −13 dBm to 24 dBm, with the lowest and highest measured dc output voltage of 0.1 and 13 V, respectively.

Phase rearrangement shell mapping in single-span nonlinear optical fiber communication system

The importance of single-span systems is emphasized by the fact that they currently constitute the fastest growing section of the fiber communication markets. In such systems, the correlation time of the nonlinear phase noise is too short to allow the nonlinear phase-noise mitigation such as adaptive phase-recovery or equalization, while it is sufficient for the shaping approaches. The multi-dimensional (MD) coded-modulation based standard shell mapping (SM) algorithm can realize signal shaping and mitigate the nonlinear phase noise in single-span optical fiber transmissions. However, the standard SM algorithm has poor performance resulted from the decoding penalty in two-dimensional (2D) decoding with a low signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. In this paper, we propose a phase rearrangement shell mapping (PRSM) algorithm to improve the 2D decoding performance by rearranging the constellation sequence in order of signal phase for each shell. This proposed technique is verified through the simulation of a 5 × 70-GBaud 4D/8D modulated signal in a 5-channel wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system after a single span transmission of 100-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF). We also conduct an experiment to verify the performance of 3 × 45-GBaud 4D/8D-16QAM with PRSM algorithm after unrepeated transmission of 100-km SSMF. The simulation and experimental results show that the Q2 factor gain of PRSM-4D/8D-16QAM is about 0.2∼0.3 dB compared with standard SM-4D/8D-16QAM using 2D decoding. There is about 1.6-dB or 1.8-dB launch optical power (LOP) dynamic range improvement by PRSM compared with standard SM for 4D/8D-16QAM, respectively.

Design of High-Efficiency Broadband Rectifier With Harmonic Control for Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting

In this letter, a novel methodology for designing a broadband rectifier with high efficiency and an extended dynamic range of input power is proposed for wireless power transfer (WPT) and energy harvesting (EH). The proposed structure consists of two main networks. The first one reduces diode impedance variation with only two transmission lines (TLINs). The second network deploys a synthesized three-stage, low-pass matching network (MN) to match the reduced-variation fundamental impedance to the source of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$50~\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The harmonic impedances in the stopband of this low-pass MN is manipulated to reshape the diode-across current and voltage following the Class-C or Class-R standard waveforms for power conversion efficiency (PCE) enhancement. For validation, a HSMS2860-based rectifier prototype is tested showing a bandwidth of 43.5% from 1.8 to 2.8 GHz with 72%-above PCE at an input power of 14 dBm. In addition, the PCE of over 70% is achieved across a bandwidth of 48.9% (1.7–2.8 GHz) with the highest of 82.5% at 12 dBm while the measured PCE can remain above 47% within the same bandwidth at a low input power of 0 dBm. Furthermore, the proposed rectifier has a comparative size of 46 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times32$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm.

PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF AVERAGE POWER OF REAL SPEECH SIGNALS

It is known that many real signals, such as speech signals, are non-stationary processes that express theirfeature through changes in parameters over time. By observing speech in shorter time intervals, the property ofstationarity can be notice. This characteristic enables the application of techniques for adaptation to local signalcharacteristics in signal processing algorithms. Many of these algorithms are described by standards, and in additionto intensive development in this area in last decades, there is a constant need for the development of new solutionsand standards. One of the most used parameters of the speech signal for adaptation is the mean (average) signalpower. The change of speech in time results in a wide dynamic range of average power. In addition to the predicteddynamics of average power, in the design of systems with adaptive techniques it is important to include otherparameters, among which is the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the average power. The goal of the researchpresented in this paper is the analysis of the probability distribution of the average power of speech signals, based onwhich the adaptability in the development of algorithms in digital processing would be improved, which wouldensure higher quality and less requirements in data transmission and storage. In addition to the theoreticalconsideration, the research was conducted on real speech signals of different speakers. In modern technical systems,where Internet technologies are prominent, processing, transmission and memorization of speech is executed frameby frame. Therefore, an analysis of the probability density of the average power for different frame lengths wascarried out in the experiment. In the experimental part, for each of the speech signals of the speech corpus, theProbability Density Function that best describes the average power values per frame was determined. Experimentalresearch results indicate that the function that best describes the average power is different for different speakers. Inaddition, when observing one speaker, the Probability Density Function is different for different frame lengths. Itcan be concluded that when it comes to adaptive techniques in the digital processing of the speech signal, it isimportant to consider the characteristics of the average power, among which is the Probability Density Function ofthe average power

A Sub-nW 93% Peak Efficiency Buck Converter With Wide Dynamic Range, Fast DVFS, and Asynchronous Load-Transient Control

This article presents a highly efficient buck converter with sub-nW quiescent power and wide dynamic range for ultra-low-power (ULP) Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems-on-chip (SoCs). To optimize the SoC power consumption and performance, this buck converter supports fast dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) and fast load-transient response (FLTR) using an asynchronous control scheme. To achieve robust and high-efficiency power delivery over process, voltage, and temperature variations, an adaptive deadtime controller (ADTC) is proposed with minimized area and power overhead. The power stage and gate drivers are optimized by a length split technique and a strong-up weak-down (SuWd) scheme to achieve low quiescent power. In addition, the buck converter is fully self-contained with a bias generator (BG), clock, and power-on-reset (PoR) integrated on-chip. Fabricated in 65-nm CMOS, measurement results show that the buck converter achieves 802-pW quiescent power and 93% peak efficiency at 1.5-V input voltage. The measured dynamic range is from 0.5 to 2.75 mW, which is over six orders of magnitude. The measured voltage droop is 56 mV for a 45-nA-to-1-mA load current step and DVFS up- and down-tracking takes 10.57 and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$19.81~\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for an 88- and 92-mV reference step, respectively. This sub-nW buck converter integrates fast DVFS and FLTR features with a wide dynamic range making it suitable for ULP IoT applications.

Rectangular Orthogonal Digital Filter Banks Based on Extended Gaussian Functions

Rectangular orthogonal digital filter banks (ODFBs) based on square-root-raised-cosine (SRRC) functions are widely utilised to realise flexible and elastic multi-channel aggregations for fixed and mobile networks. However, long digital filter lengths are required to minimize digital filtering-associated signal distortions. In this paper, based on the extended Gaussian function (EGF), a novel rectangular ODFB with excellent robustness against the short digital filter length-induced truncation effect is proposed. Optimum digital filter parameters of the EGF-based ODFBs are identified and verified in multi-channel hybrid OFDM-digital filter multiple access (DFMA) PONs based on intensity modulation and direct detection (IMDD). By making use of the identified optimum digital filter parameters, extensive comparisons of digital filter characteristics and corresponding multi-channel upstream PON performances are made between the EGF-based ODFBs and the SRRC-based ODFBs. It is shown that to achieve a similar aggregated upstream signal transmission capacity, the EGF-based ODFB reduces the digital filter DSP complexity by a factor of 4. For a digital filter length as short as 8, in comparison with the SRRC-based ODFB, the EGF-based ODFB introduces &gt;1.5 dB (&gt;0.8 dB) improvements in upstream receiver sensitivity for 5-bits (8-bits) DACs&#x002F;ADCs, increases the aggregated upstream signal transmission capacity by &gt;5.5&#x0025;, enlarges the ONU launch power dynamic range by &gt;2.5 dB and improves the frequency offset tolerance by a factor of &gt;1.5. In addition, the EGF-based ODFB also enhances upstream performance robustness against ONU symbol timing offsets.

Broad Dual-Band Rectifier With Wide Input Power Ranges for Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting

This letter presents a broad dual-band rectifier with a wide input power range that employs a dual-band matched voltage doubler (DMVD). The DMVD is composed of a voltage doubler and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -type matching networks connected with each diode; it transforms the input reactance of each diode independently over wide input power and broad dual-band ranges, thereby widening the dynamic input power range. The proposed rectifier was implemented with the dimensions of 40 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times15$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm. Measurements reveal that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) was maintained at over 50% in the wide input power ranges of 10.3–32 dBm and 13.5–31.5 dBm at 0.915 and 2.45 GHz, respectively. PCEs exceeding 50% were measured over frequency ranges of 0.3–1.1 GHz and 1.5–2.6 GHz.

A 66-76 GHz Wide Dynamic Range GaAs Transceiver for Channel Emulator Application.

In this study, we developed a single-channel channel emulator module with an operating frequency covering 66–67 GHz, including a 66–76 GHz wide dynamic range monolithic integrated circuit designed based on 0.1 µm pHEMT GaAs process, a printed circuit board (PCB) power supply bias network, and low-loss ridge microstrip line to WR12 (60–90 GHz) waveguide transition structure. Benefiting from the on-chip multistage band-pass filter integrated at the local oscillator (LO) and radio frequency (RF) ends, the module’s spurious components at the RF port were greatly suppressed, making the module’s output power dynamic range over 50 dB. Due to the frequency-selective filter integrated in the LO chain, each clutter suppression in the LO chain exceeds 40 dBc. Up and down conversion loss of the module is better than 14 dB over the 66–67 GHz band, the measured IF input P1 dB is better than 10 dBm, and the module consumes 129 mA from a 5 V low dropout supply. A low-loss ridged waveguide ladder transition was designed (less than 0.4 dB) so that the output interface of the module is a WR12 waveguide interface, which is convenient for direct connection with an instrument with E-band (60–90 GHz) waveguide interface.