Dynamic Navigation Research Articles

Accuracy of immediate dental implant placement with task-autonomous robotic system and navigation system: An in vitro study.

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of dental implant placement in a single tooth gap, including the postextraction site and healed site, using a task-autonomous robotic system and a dynamic navigation system. Forty partially edentulous models requiring both immediate and conventional implant placement were randomly divided into a robotic system group and a navigation system group. The coronal, apical, and angular deviations of the implants were measured and assessed between the groups. The deviations in immediate implant placement were compared between the robotic system and dynamic navigation system groups, showing a mean (±SD) coronal deviation of 0.86 ± 0.36 versus 0.70 ± 0.21 mm (p = .101), a mean apical deviation of 0.77 ± 0.34 versus 0.95 ± 0.38 mm (p = .127), and a mean angular deviation of 1.94 ± 0.66° versus 3.44 ± 1.38° (p < .001). At the healed site, significantly smaller coronal deviation (0.46 ± 0.29 vs. 0.70 ± 0.30 mm, p = .005), apical deviation (0.56 ± 0.30 vs. 0.85 ± 0.25 mm, p < .001), and angular deviation (1.36 ± 0.54 vs. 1.80 ± 0.70 mm, p = .034) were found in the robotic system group than in the dynamic navigation group. The position in both immediate and conventional implant placement was more precise with the task-autonomous robotic system than with the dynamic navigation system. Its performance in actual clinical applications should be confirmed in further trials.

Doppler Positioning of Dynamic Targets with Unknown LEO Satellite Signals

A new concept of global navigation based on Doppler measurements from a large low Earth orbit (LEO) constellation is investigated that has potential to serve as a complement or backup to global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) to provide navigation and positioning services in GNSS denial environments. In this work, we investigate the potential of LEO communication satellite opportunity signals in dynamic navigation, establish LEO satellite Doppler positioning equations, derive the main error sources affecting the Doppler positioning results of a dynamic target, and analyze the impact of each error source on positioning accuracy through a simulation. The results show that the orbit error and clock drift had a large impact on positioning accuracy. This navigation scheme would be more competitive if it could provide high-precision satellite orbits and accurate Doppler measurements. The obtained results show that the LEO satellite signals used as navigation opportunity signals are an attractive alternative in GNSS rejection environments for high dynamic targets.

Comparison of the accuracy of dental implant placement using dynamic and augmented reality-based dynamic navigation: An in vitro study

Background/purposeAugmented reality has been gradually applied in dental implant surgery. However, whether the dynamic navigation system integrated with augmented reality technology will further improve the accuracy is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the accuracy of dental implant placement using dynamic navigation and augmented reality-based dynamic navigation systems. Materials and methodsThirty-two cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans from clinical patients were collected and used to generate 64 phantoms that were allocated to the augmented reality-based dynamic navigation (ARDN) group or the conventional dynamic navigation (DN) group. The primary outcomes were global coronal, apical and angular deviations, and they were measured after image fusion. A linear mixed model with a random intercept was used. A P value < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. ResultsA total of 242 dental implants were placed in two groups. The global coronal, apical and angular deviations of the ARDN and DN groups were 1.31 ± 0.67 mm vs. 1.18 ± 0.59 mm, 1.36 ± 0.67 mm vs. 1.39 ± 0.55 mm, and 3.72 ± 2.13° vs. 3.1 ± 1.56°, respectively. No significant differences were found with regard to coronal and apical deviations (P = 0.16 and 0.6, respectively), but the DN group had a significantly lower angular deviation than the ARDN group (P = 0.02). ConclusionThe augmented reality-based dynamic navigation system yielded a similar accuracy to the conventional dynamic navigation system for dental implant placement in coronal and apical points, but the augmented reality-based dynamic navigation system yielded a higher angular deviation.

Application and development of alveoloplasty in implant-supported full-arch fixed prosthesis

Implant-supported full-arch fixed prosthesis is hot in edentulous therapy currently. Appropriate contour of bone is the premise of good restoration outcome. Alveoloplasty is an important part during treatment procedure. Alveoloplasty can be used to obtain bone platform for implant insertion, create adequate prosthetic space, achieve good Aesthetic effect, and form appropriate soft tissue morphology. The design of alveoloplasty has evolved from traditional plaster models and cone beam CT to three-dimensional (3D) virtual patients. The surgical techniques of alveoloplasty have also undergone the evolution from free-hand to static guide or dynamic navigation. This article elaborates on the concept, purpose and significance of alveloplasty in implant supported full-arch fixed restoration, technology evolution and process to provide reference for clinical practice.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ДИНАМІЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ ДОВКІЛЛЯ ПІД ЧАС РУХУ СУДНА З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ РІС ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ

Remote methods of Earth’s surface research have become widely used in the 21st century, as they allow for a larger and more comprehensive observation area. These methods can provide valuable information about various Earth objects and phenomena, such as the changes in bottom topography in shallow water under navigation conditions. This article presents a novel approach to forecasting these changes by using natural processes as indicators and developing programs that can track and display them on electronic devices. The article introduces the concept of “scale factor” to determine the significance of different dynamic processes for the research, depending on their spatial and temporal dimensions. The article also proposes a dynamic map modelling method that can predict the siltation of the sea/river bottom for a given period of time and improve the model by comparing the forecast with the actual result. The article suggests that research should take into account the changes in the object over time and under the influence of various factors in a dynamic way. Based on the research, we draw the following conclusions: 1. The “scale factor” should be applied in dynamic navigation map research and compilation using different-scale data of the water surface and bottom topography; 2. A dynamic component should be added to the information block of the navigation cartographic systems ECDIS and Inland ECDIS, enabling the navigator to see the position of the vessel, taking into account the wave height relative to the bottom in real time; 3. The methods of parallel bottom topography transferring rely only on the data of statistical observations using iterations. These methods usually work well on sandy and silty soils, where the relief has clear wave-like forms, as well as frequent external influences following the main general direction. Keywords: RIS, dynamic processes, "scale factor", "chart dynamic model", ECDIS.

Analysis of the accuracy of a dynamic navigation system in endodontic microsurgery: A prospective case series study

ObjectivesTo evaluate the accuracy of a dynamic navigation system (DNS) for guided osteotomy and root-end resection during endodontic microsurgery (EMS) and assess its prognosis. MethodsNine patients who met inclusion criteria underwent DNS-guided EMS. Osteotomy and root-end resection were performed with assistance of DNS (DHC-ENDO1, DCARER Medical Technology, Suzhou, China). The preoperative virtually planned path and postoperative cone-beam computed tomography images were superimposed using DNS software. Accuracy was assessed based on deviations in the platform, apex, and angle of the osteotomy, as well as in the length and angle of the root-end resection. Follow-up evaluations were performed after at least a year postoperatively. ResultsAmong the nine patients (11 teeth with 12 roots), the mean platform, apex, and angular deviation of the osteotomy were 1.05 mm, 1.2 mm, and 6.24°, respectively. The mean length and angle deviation of the root-end resection were 0.46 mm and 4.9°, respectively. Significant differences were observed according to tooth position. The platform and apex deviated significantly less in the posterior than in the anterior teeth (p < .05). No significant differences were observed according to arch type, side, and depth of the surgical path (p > .05). Eight patients were evaluated after at least a year postoperatively; clinical and radiographic evaluation revealed a 90% success rate (9/10 teeth). ConclusionsThis study demonstrated high accuracy of DNS in EMS. Furthermore, DNS-guided EMS had a success rate similar to that of freehand EMS over a short-term follow-up. Further study with a larger sample size is necessary. Clinical significanceThe present novel DNS technology is a viable method for guided osteotomy and root-end resection in EMS. Clinical trial registration numberChiCTR2100042312

Static and Dynamic Navigation - “The Future Stars”

Over the last few decades technological advancements have led to a significant impact over dentistry and the field of endodontics is no exception to it. It has covered a long way from apex locators and microscopes to digital radiography and intraoral scanners and finally navigation. “Guided Dentistry” term is used explicitly for navigation in dentistry. In the 19th century, navigation in the medical sciences first appeared and it was used to perform stereotactic surgery on the human brain. It was first used in dentistry in the year 2000 to facilitate the placement of dental implants. Navigation in endodontics is based on the concept of minimally invasive endodontics. Guided endodontics can also be called as “Targeted endodontic treatment”. Compared to standard treatment methods, guided endodontics can produce more predictable treatment results. Guided navigation in endodontics is of two types-Static and Dynamic. In Static Guided Endodontics (SGE) the CBCT scan is merged with optical scan to design a virtual drill path using a planning software following which a template is fabricated using 3-D printing. In Dynamic Navigation System (DNS), the virtual drill path is converted into a real time drill path using navigation software. Keywords: [Guided Endodontics, minimally invasive dentistry, Navigation, Static guided endodontics, Dynamic guided endodontics.]

Investigation on the accuracy of implant surgery in dynamic navigation: metanalysis and systematic review of literature

The object of this study was to compare, through meta-analysis, the accuracy in implant placement obtained in Dynamic Navigation (DN) with Static Navigation (SN) and with Conventional Free-Hand Surgery (CS) and to provide some useful clinical parameters to consider during the planning phase of the intervention. A meta-analysis was performed, dividing the selected studies into two groups based on the statistical technique adopted: DN vs CS and DN vs SN. The heterogeneity between the various studies was assessed with the homonymous test and quantified with I2. The results were graphically represented using a forest plot. Egger’s test and funnel plot was used to investigate the “small study effect”. The search was performed through the PubMed database, and the Cochrane Library database identified 448 articles. After applying the inclusion criteria, 14 articles were selected and used for quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). From the results obtained from this meta-analysis, it can be stated that the DN mode allows for better accuracy than conventional surgery, the most used type of surgery, and is comparable to static navigation, the gold standard for accuracy.

Magnetic Resonance Tractography and Intraoperative Direct Electrical Stimulation in Eloquent Area Glioma Surgery for 102 Cases: A Tertiary Care Center Experience From Northwest India.

Surgery of eloquent area gliomas is challenging and requires monitoring of the nearby white fiber tracts. In the present study, we analyzed 102 patients with eloquent region gliomas and discussed the concept of intraoperative dynamic white fiber tract navigation and monitoring. A total of 102 patients with an eloquent area glioma (52 insular, 29 motor area, 21 temporoparietal) were evaluated. The position of the white fiber tracts (corticospinal tract [or motor fiber; CST], inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus [ventral language fiber; IFOF], superior longitudinal fasciculus [SLF], and arcuate fasciculus [dorsal language fiber; AF) was recorded. Awake mapping of the cortical and subcortical eloquent structures was performed for all 102 patients. The suction stimulator was coregistered and used as a dynamic stimulator navigator. Of the 102 patients, 60 were men and 42 were women, with an average age of 39.8 years. Most of the white fiber tracts were normal (CST, 31.3%; IFOF, 39.2%; SLF/AF, 40.19%) or displaced (CST, 59.8%; IFOF, 47.05%; AF/SLF, 44.11%). A few were disrupted (CST, 8.8%; IFOF, 13.7%; SLF/AF, 15.7%). The extent of tumor resection was 82.8%, 86.5%, and 94% for those with insular glioma, motor area glioma, and temporoparietal glioma, respectively. Of the 102 patients, 18 had developed transient speech and language disturbances with improvement, and 14 had developed motor deficits, of whom, all except for 2, had shown gradual improvement. When the dynamic suction stimulator navigator was used, the extent of resection was 96.5%, without any added deficits. The use of intraoperative neuronavigation and neurophysiological assessment can help achieve maximal tumor resection of eloquent area gliomas. Use of the integrated suction stimulator navigator provided dynamic navigation and mapping of the peritumoral eloquent fibers.

Feedback on dental implants with dynamic navigation versus freehand.

The Aim of the study is to understand and identify if Dynamic Navigation (DN) has an upper hand to provide ease and comfort to the patients during and after surgery. 60 patients requiring 120 Implants, were randomly allocated in 2 groups (Group 1- Freehand surgery, Group 2- Dynamic navigation surgery) requiring dental implant therapy. Patients in both the groups were given a Patient satisfaction questionnaire assessing the following domains: comfort, fear, prior experience with robotics, dental anxiety and pain perception. Patient related Experience measures (PREM's) were assessed using the following domains: experience with robotics, pain perception and comfort of using various instrumentations during the surgery. The pre and post CBCT were compared using EVALUNAV application of the Navident software. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between the two groups in the patient outcomes pertaining to the future of robotics in medicine (group 1: 2±1.259, group 2 :4.8±0.484) and Patients reliability to a specific procedure due to the less surgical time taken (group 1:3.3±0.651, group 2: 4.63±0.556). The post-operative pain between the groups was also assessed with VAS scale.

Comparison the accuracy of a novel implant robot surgery and dynamic navigation system in dental implant surgery: an in vitro pilot study

BackgroundTo compare the accuracy of dental implant placement using a novel dental implant robotic system (THETA) and a dynamic navigation system (Yizhimei) by a vitro model experiment.Methods10 partially edentulous jaws models were included in this study, and 20 sites were randomly assigned into two groups: the dental implant robotic system (THETA) group and a dynamic navigation system (Yizhimei) group. 20 implants were placed in the defects according to each manufacturer’s protocol respectively. The implant platform, apex and angle deviations were measured by fusion of the preoperative design and the actual postoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using 3D Slicer software. Data were analyzed by t - test and Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsA total of 20 implants were placed in 10 phantoms. The comparison deviation of implant platform, apex and angulation in THETA group were 0.58 ± 0.31 mm, 0.69 ± 0.28 mm, and 1.08 ± 0.66° respectively, while in Yizhimei group, the comparison deviation of implant platform, apex and angulation were 0.73 ± 0.20 mm, 0.86 ± 0.33 mm, and 2.32 ± 0.71° respectively. The angulation deviation in THETA group was significantly smaller than the Yizhimei group, and there was no significant difference in the deviation of the platform and apex of the implants placed using THETA and Yizhimei, respectively.ConclusionThe implant positioning accuracy of the robotic system, especially the angular deviation was superior to that of the dynamic navigation system, suggesting that the THETA robotic system could be a promising tool in dental implant surgery in the future. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the current results.

Diving Deep into the Concepts of Dynamic Navigation System in Implant Dentistry: A Review

Diving Deep into the Concepts of Dynamic Navigation System in Implant Dentistry: A Review

Multi-USV Dynamic Navigation and Target Capture: A Guided Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach

Autonomous unmanned systems have become an attractive vehicle for a myriad of military and civilian applications. This can be partly attributed to their ability to bring payloads for utility, sensing, and other uses for various applications autonomously. However, a key challenge in realizing autonomous unmanned systems is the ability to perform complex group missions, which require coordination and collaboration among multiple platforms. This paper presents a cooperative navigating task approach that enables multiple unmanned surface vehicles (multi-USV) to autonomously capture a maneuvering target while avoiding both static and dynamic obstacles. The approach adopts a hybrid multi-agent deep reinforcement learning framework that leverages heuristic mechanisms to guide the group mission learning of the vehicles. Specifically, the proposed framework consists of two stages. In the first stage, navigation subgoal sets are generated based on expert knowledge, and a goal selection heuristic model based on the immune network model is used to select navigation targets during training. Next, the selected goals’ executions are learned using actor-critic proximal policy optimization. The simulation results with multi-USV target capture show that the proposed approach is capable of abstracting and guiding the unmanned vehicle group coordination learning and achieving a generally optimized mission execution.

Accuracy of computer-aided static and dynamic navigation systems in the placement of zygomatic dental implants

BackgroundZygomatic implants are widely used in the rehabilitation of severely atrophic maxillae, but implant placement is not without risks, and it can potentially cause damage to related anatomical structures. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the accuracy of static navigation systems in placing zygomatic dental implants in comparison to dynamic navigation systems.MethodsSixty zygomatic dental implants were randomly allocated to one of three study groups, categorized by which implant placement strategy was used: A: computer-aided static navigation system (n = 20) (GI); B: computer-aided dynamic navigation system (n = 20) (NI); or C: free-hand technique (n = 20) (FHI). For the computer-aided study groups, a preoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan of the existing situation was performed in order to plan the approach to be used during surgery. Four zygomatic dental implants were inserted in each of fifteen polyurethane stereolithographic models (n = 15), with a postoperative CBCT scan taken after the intervention. The pre- and postoperative CBCT scans were then uploaded to a software program used in dental implantology to analyze the angular deviations, apical end point, and coronal entry point. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the results.ResultsThe results found statistically significant differences in apical end-point deviations between the FHI and NI (p = 0.0053) and FHI and GI (p = 0.0004) groups. There were also statistically significant differences between the angular deviations of the FHI and GI groups (p = 0.0043).ConclusionsThe manual free-hand technique may enable more accurate placement of zygomatic dental implants than computer-assisted surgical techniques due to the different learning curves required for each zygomatic dental implant placement techniques.

Minimally Invasive Navigation-Guided Quad Zygomatic Implant Placement: A Comparative In Vitro Study.

Purpose: Zygomatic implants (ZIs) have been considered a reliable alternative treatment for patients with maxillary atrophy and/or maxillary defects. The use of a navigation system for assisting ZI placement could be a reliable approach for enhancing accuracy and safety. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of a new dynamic surgical navigation system with its minimally invasive registration guide for quad zygomatic implant placement in comparison with a gold standard navigation approach. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 zygomatic implants were placed in 10 3D-printed models based on the CBCT scans of edentulous patients. For registration, a surgical registration guide with a quick response plate was used for the test group, and five hemispheric cavities as registered miniscrews in the intraoral area were used for the control group. In each model, a split-mouth approach was employed (two ZIs in bilateral zygomata) to test both systems. After ZI placement, a CBCT scan was performed and merged with pre-interventional planning. The deviations between planned and placed implants were calculated as offset basis, offset apical, and angular deviation and compared between the systems. Results: The offset basis, offset apical, and angular deviation were 1.43 ± 0.55 mm, 1.81 ± 0.68 mm, and 2.32 ± 1.59 degrees in the test group, respectively. For the control group, values of 1.48 ± 0.57 mm, 1.76 ± 0.62 mm, and 2.57 ± 1.51 degrees were measured without significant differences between groups (all P < .05). The accuracy of ZI positions (anterior and posterior) were measured without significant differences between groups. Conclusion: Two navigation systems with different registration techniques seem to achieve comparable acceptable accuracy for dynamic navigation of zygomatic implant placement. With the test group system, additional pre-interventional radiologic imaging and invasive fiducial marker insertion could be avoided.

Accuracy of dental implant placement with or without the use of a dynamic navigation assisted system: A randomized clinical trial.

To assess dental implant placement accuracy with a dynamic computer-assisted implant surgery (dCAIS) system and a freehand approach. Secondarily, to compare the patients' perception and quality of life (QoL) with the two approaches. A double-arm randomized clinical trial was conducted. Consecutive partially edentulous patients were randomly allocated to the dCAIS or standard freehand approach groups. Implant placement accuracy was evaluated by overlapping the preoperative and postoperative Cone Beam Computer Tomographs (CBCT) and recording linear deviations at the implant apex and platform (in mm) and angular deviations (in degrees). Questionnaires recorded self-reported satisfaction, pain and QoL during surgery and postoperatively. Thirty patients (22 implants) were enrolled in each group. One patient was lost to follow-up. A significant difference (p < .001) in mean angular deviation was found between the dCAIS (4.02°; 95% CI: 2.85 to 5.19) and the FH (7.97°; 95% CI: 5.36 to 10.58) groups. Linear deviations were significantly lower in the dCAIS group, except for the apex vertical deviation, where no differences were found. Although dCAIS took 14 min longer (95% CI: 6.43 to 21.24; p < .001), patients in both groups considered the surgical time acceptable. Postoperative pain and analgesic consumption during the first postoperative week were similar between groups and self-reported satisfaction was very high. dCAIS systems significantly increase the accuracy of implant placement in partially edentulous patients in comparison with the conventional freehand approach. However, they increase the surgical time significantly and do not seem to improve patient satisfaction or reduce postoperative pain.

Proposal and Validation of a New Nonradiological Method for Postoperative Three-Dimensional Implant Position Analysis Based on the Dynamic Navigation System: An In Vitro Study

To propose a novel, radiation-free method for postoperative three-dimensional (3D) position analysis of dental implants based on the dynamic navigation system (DNS) and evaluate its accuracy in vitro. A total of 60 implants were digitally planned and then placed in the standardized plastic models with a single-tooth gap and a free-end gap under the guidance of the DNS. Postoperative 3D positions of the inserted implants were evaluated using specially designed navigation-based software, and its datasets were superimposed onto those of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for accuracy analyses. Deviations at the coronal, apical, and angular levels were measured and statistically analyzed. The mean 3D deviation was 0.88 ± 0.37 mm at the entry point and 1.02 ± 0.35 mm at the apex point. The mean angular deviation was 1.83 ± 0.79 degrees. No significant differences were noted in the deviations between implants placed in the single-tooth gap and the free-end situation (p > 0.05) or between different tooth positions at distal extensions (p > 0.05). This non-radiographic method provides facile, efficient, and reliable postoperative implant position evaluation and may be a potential substitute for CBCT, particularly for implants placed under the guidance of dynamic navigation.

Guided Lateral Window Osteotomy Using Dynamic Navigation for Maxillary Sinus Augmentation: A Novel Technique.

The size and the position of the sinus antrostomy play a key role in making sinus grafting surgery more predictable and effective with less complications. A cone beam computed tomography and intraoral scan of the maxilla were taken for a patient who is missing maxillary first molar tooth with limited residual bone. Data were exported to the dynamic navigation (DN) system software. Sinus lateral window osteotomy position and dimensions were determined and planned using four 1.5 mm diameter implants placed on the maxillary sinus lateral wall. The osteotomy was initiated following the planned four 1.5 mm implants in a parallel motion to the bone surface using dynamic navigation guidance; thus, creating an outline for the lateral sinus window. Afterword's, the lateral sinus window was greenstick fractured and the membrane was lifted; first molar implant osteotomy done, implant placed, and bone graft material was placed. The flap was sutured, and post-operative instructions and medications were given. No post-operative complications noticed. The outline of the lateral window osteotomy along with implant osteotomy can be accurately planned and executed using DN technology, which may potentially reduce complications and insure accurate placement of the implant and the graft.

Performance of novice versus experienced surgeons for dental implant placement with freehand, static guided and dynamic navigation approaches

Lack of evidence exists related to the investigation of the accuracy and efficacy of novice versus experienced practitioners for dental implant placement. Hence, the following in vitro study was conducted to assess the accuracy of implant positioning and self-efficacy of novice compared to experienced surgeons for placing implant using freehand (FH), pilot drill-based partial guidance (PPG) and dynamic navigation (DN) approaches. The findings revealed that DN significantly improved the angular accuracy of implant placement compared with FH (P < 0.001) and PPG approaches (P < 0.001). The time required with DN was significantly longer than FH and PPG (P < 0.001), however, it was similar for both novice and experienced practitioners. The surgeon’s self-confidence questionnaire suggested that novice practitioners scored higher with both guided approaches, whereas experienced practitioners achieved higher scoring with PPG and FH compared to DN. In conclusion, implant placement executed under the guidance of DN showed high accuracy irrespective of the practitioner’s experience. The application of DN could be regarded as a beneficial tool for novices who offered high confidence of using the navigation system with the same level of accuracy and surgical time as that of experienced practitioners.

The effect of implant surgery experience on the learning curve of a dynamic navigation system: an in vitro study

BackgroundDynamic navigation systems have a broad application prospect in digital implanting field. This study aimed to explore and compare the dynamic navigation system learning curve of dentists with different implant surgery experience through dental models.MethodsThe nine participants from the same hospital were divided equally into three groups. Group 1 (G1) and Group 2 (G2) were dentists who had more than 5 years of implant surgery experience. G1 also had more than 3 years of experience with dynamic navigation, while G2 had no experience with dynamic navigation. Group 3 (G3) consisted of dentists with no implant surgery experience and no experience with dynamic navigation. Each participant sequentially placed two implants (31 and 36) on dental models according to four practice courses (1–3, 4–6, 7–9, 10–12 exercises). Each dentist completed 1–3, 4–6 exercises in one day, and then 7–9 and 10–12 exercises 7 ± 1 days later. The preparation time, surgery time and related implant accuracy were analyzed.ResultsThree groups placed 216 implants in four practice courses. The regressions for preparation time (F = 10.294, R2 = 0.284), coronal deviation (F = 4.117, R2 = 0.071), apical deviation (F = 13.016, R2 = 0.194) and axial deviation (F = 30.736, R2 = 0.363) were statistically significant in G2. The regressions for preparation time (F = 9.544, R2 = 0.269), surgery time (F = 45.032, R2 = 0.455), apical deviation (F = 4.295, R2 = 0.074) and axial deviation (F = 21.656, R2 = 0.286) were statistically significant in G3. Regarding preparation and surgery time, differences were found between G1 and G3, G2 and G3. Regarding implant accuracy, differences were found in the first two practice courses between G1 and G3.ConclusionsThe operation process of dynamic navigation system is relatively simple and easy to use. The linear regression analysis showed there is a dynamic navigation learning curve for dentists with or without implant experience and the learning curve of surgery time for dentists with implant experience fluctuates. However, dentists with implant experience learn more efficiently and have a shorter learning curve.