Dynamic Material Model Research Articles

Deformation Stability of GH4033 Superalloy in the Hot Continuous Rolling Process Based on Dynamic Material Model and Finite Element Model

Deformation Stability of GH4033 Superalloy in the Hot Continuous Rolling Process Based on Dynamic Material Model and Finite Element Model

Hot deformation behavior of nanostructural oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) Mo alloy

The hot deformation behavior of nanostructural oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) Mo alloy was investigated in the temperature range of 1200–1500 °C and strain rate range of 0.001–1 s−1 with a constant strain of 0.50 by analyzing constitutive equations, hot processing maps, and microstructure evolution. The results show that the flow behavior is greatly affected by the deformation temperatures and strain rates, exhibiting typical hardening, softening, and steady stages. The constitutive equation is established, which can predict the flow stress precisely. The stress exponent n and the apparent activation energy Q are estimated to be 5.44 and 384.26 kJ·mol−1, respectively, revealing that the deformation mechanism is dominated by the dislocation climb. Furthermore, the hot processing maps of ODS Mo alloy are developed based on the dynamic materials model, presenting two stability zones of 1350–1450 °C/0.001 s−1 and 1450–1500 °C/0.1–1 s−1. By observing microstructures, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization occur in the stability zone 1500 °C/1 s−1, and the mechanism of the stability zone 1400 °C/0.001 s−1 is dominated by dynamic recovery and grain growth.

Hot deformation behavior of multilayered Ti/Ni composites during isothermal compression

The hot deformation behavior of multilayered Ti/Ni composites was studied by isothermal compression tests in the temperature range of 500–700 °C and strain rate range of 0.001–10.0 s−1. The Arrhenius-type constitutive model was constructed and the constants were determined for the composites. In addition, the processing maps were constructed using the principle of the dynamic materials model (DMM). The results show that the Arrhenius-type model can provide an accurate prediction of the flow behavior of the multilayered Ti/Ni composites under different conditions. The higher energy dissipation efficiency is observed at medium & high temperature/low strain rate. The unstable region of the multilayered Ti/Ni composites is large due to the presence of interfaces. At strain of 1.0, the optimum processing parameters of the multilayered Ti/Ni composites are at 630–700 °C/0.001–0.003 s−1 with a peak power dissipation of 0.40. Additionally, the deformation mechanism of Ni layers is mainly work hardening at 500–700 °C/0.001–10.0 s−1, whereas the deformation mechanism of Ti layers is mainly dynamic recovery at 700 °C/0.001 s−1 and work hardening at 500–600 °C/0.001 s−1 and 700 °C/0.1–10.0 s−1.

Hot deformation behavior and processing maps of BG801 bearing steel

The hot deformation behavior and processing maps of BG801 bearing steel were studied by isothermal compression test on temperatures ranging from 900 to 1150 °C and different strain rates varying from 0.01 to 2 s−1. The results showed that unstable regions with flow localization and microcrack appear on microstructure at low temperature and high strain rates. The mixed grain and large grain were observed at relatively high temperatures (1090–1150 °C) and low strain rates (0.01–0.05 s−1). The true stress-strain curves exhibit serrated flow behavior when the strain rates of 1 s−1 and 2 s−1. It may be due to the interaction effect of dislocation and solute atoms atmosphere such as the high content of Co and Mo element. Using the dynamic material modeling (DMM), the 3D processing map was constructed using flow stress data to reveal the hot workability. It reveals that the two available hot processing parameter ranges were at a temperature of 1060–1150 °C with a strain rate of 0.1–0.63 s−1 and 970–1080 °C with a strain rate of 0.01–0.23 s−1. However, the carbides in BG801 steel will dissolve in the matrix at a temperature of 1090 °C leading to a grain growth sharply and a poor mechanical property. Combine with the size of grain size and production processing, the most optimized processing conditions for BG801 steel can be defined as the temperature of 970–1080 °C and strain rate of 0.01–0.23 s−1.

Strain-rate dependent workability and plastic flow instability of a (Nb+V) stabilized microalloyed steel

In the current work, the strain-rate dependent workability and flow instability has been investigated in a (Nb+V) stabilized microalloyed steel. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted in intercritical and single phase austenitic temperature domain (700–1100 °C) at several strain-rates (0.01–10 s−1), using a thermo-mechanical simulator (Gleeble®−3800). The results show that the flow stress increases at higher strain-rates. A good sample processing window arises at medium strain-rates (0.1–1 s−1); whereas, flow instability (serrations) at high (10 s−1) and low (0.01 s−1) strain-rate plastic deformations. After a detailed sample characterization, it appears that the reasons for flow instability during the hot and warm deformations are the formation of micro-cracks or void nucleation at low (0.01 s−1) strain-rate; whereas, flow localization and shear banding by adiabatic heating at a higher strain-rate (10 s−1). In both cases (0.01 and 10 s−1), the serration arises at periodic intervals with negative strain-rate sensitivity. At a higher strain-rate (10 s−1), the flow instability dominates till 1100 °C, because of relieving the deformation-induced stored energy mainly by dynamic recovery. At lower deformation temperatures (i.e., 700–800 °C), fine ferrite grains nucleate around shear bands by the diffusional transformation of austenite. The dynamic recrystallization is either absent or incomplete in agreement with the experimental determination of Tnr (non-recrystallization temperature) and texture analysis. The overall flow instability characteristics in terms of temperature, strain and strain-rate substantiate well with the dynamic materials model, by the superposition of flow instability and power dissipation efficiency, on revisiting the processing map.

Multi-directional forging of large-scale Mg-9Gd-3Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy guided by 3D processing maps and finite element analysis

The three-dimensional (3D) processing maps of cast Mg-9.0Gd-3.0Y-2.0Zn-0.5Zr alloy were established based on isothermal compression tests and dynamic material model (DMM). The stable and power-efficient forming domains were determined by considering both the instability and power dissipation efficiency maps. Multi-directional forging (MDF) was then simulated by employing finite element (FE) analysis in the Deform-3D software, using the 3D power dissipation efficiency maps as input. The optimal forging parameters were thus obtained for a large-scale ingot with 430 mm in diameter and 440 mm in height, i.e., a forging temperature of 450 °C and forging speed of 10 mm/s. Finally, a Mg-9.0Gd-3.0Y-2.0Zn-0.5Zr cake-shaped forged part with 900 mm in diameter and 100 mm in height was produced. After T6-heat treatment, the edge and center of the forged part exhibit homogeneous microstructure and relatively consistent properties, with the tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation being about 400 MPa, 320 MPa, and 14.0%, respectively. Using transmission electron microscopy, the main strengthening phases were revealed to be the dense nano-scale β′ phases that are uniformly distributed inside the material.

Numerical investigations on rock breaking mechanism and parameter influence of torsional percussive drilling with a single PDC cutter

Torsional percussive drilling tool was designed to reduce the risk of stick-slip and improve drilling efficiency, but there are few studies on the influence of torsional impact parameters, including amplitude, frequency, waveform, on the rate of penetration (ROP) while drilling the hard rock. The design of the torsional percussive drilling tool was proposed, and the mathematical model of torsion hammer movement was developed, the Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma (RHT) rock dynamic material model was applied to analyze the rock-breaking process of the tool. A numerical model of hard rock cutting with a single polycrystalline diamond composite (PDC) bit cutter was established, the influences of amplitude, frequency, time parameters, and waveforms on the penetration depth of the PDC bit cutter were analyzed in the process of torsional percussive drilling. The results showed that the numerical simulation results were in good agreement with the indoor test results, which verified the correctness of the numerical simulation. Compared with conventional drilling, the penetration depth of torsional percussive drilling was increased by 20.0%, and the cutting debris particles were smaller, which was conducive to improving ROP and reducing stick-slip vibration of the bit. With the increase of the peak value of torsional percussive amplitude, the penetration depth of the cutter first increased and then decreased. When the ratio of torsional impact load to axial static load was 1.0, the penetration depth of the drilling cutter reached a maximum. When the torsional impact frequency was 40 Hz–100 Hz, the penetration depth decreased with the increase of the frequency, but the diameter of cuttings became smaller and smaller, which was conducive to cleaning the wellbore with drilling fluid. The latter has the highest rock-breaking efficiency compared with triangular, sine, and rectangular waves. Finally, suggestions are given on how to adjust these parameters by adjusting engineering parameters and tool structure parameters to optimize the efficiency of the torsional percussive drilling tool.

Constitutive Model Parameter Identification Based on Optimization Method and Formability Analysis for Ti6Al4V Alloy.

Titanium alloy is widely applied in aerospace, medical, shipping and other fields due to its high specific strength and low density. The purpose of this study was to analyze the formability of Ti6Al4V alloys at elevated temperatures. An accurate constitutive model is the basic condition for accurately simulating the plastic forming of materials, and it is an important basis for optimizing the parameters of the hot forging forming process. In this study, the optimization algorithm was used to accurately identify the high-temperature constitutive model parameters of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy, and the hot working diagram was established to optimize the hot forming process parameters. The optimal forming conditions of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy are given. Ti6Al4V alloy was subjected to high-temperature compression tests at 800–1000 °C and at strain rates of 0.01–5 s−1 on a Gleeble-1500D thermal/mechanical simulation machine. Each parameter of the Hansel–Spittel constitutive model was taken as an independent variable, and the accumulated error between the stress calculated by the constitutive model and the stress obtained by experimentation was used as an objective function. Based on response surface methodology, an inverse optimization method for identifying the parameters of the high-temperature constitutive model of Ti6Al4V alloy is proposed in this paper. An orthogonal test design was adopted to obtain sample point data, and a third-order response surface approximate model was established. The genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to reversely optimize the parameters of the constitutive model. To verify the accuracy of the optimized constitutive model, the average absolute relative error (AARE) and correlation coefficient (R) were used to evaluate the reliability of optimized constitutive model. The R value of the model was 0.999, and the AARE value was 0.048, respectively, indicating that the established high-temperature constitutive model for Ti6Al4V alloy has good calculation accuracy. The flow stress behavior of the material could be accurately delineated. Meanwhile, in order to study the formability of Ti6Al4V alloy, the hot processing map of the alloy, based on a dynamic material model, was established in this paper. The optimum hot working domains of the Ti6Al4V alloy were determined within 840–920 °C/0.01–0.049 s−1 and 940–980 °C/0.11–1.65 s−1; the hot processing map was verified in combination with the microstructure, and the fine and equiaxed grains and a large amount of β phase could be found at 850 °C/0.01 s−1.

Study on hot deformation behavior of as-cast 22%W high-density steel

The hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of newly developed as-cast high-density steel were investigated by performing hot compression tests in the temperature range of 1000–1200 °C and strain rate range of 0.001–10 s−1. Flow stress data using hyperbolic sine equation was performed to obtain the constitutive relationship and the activation energy for the hot deformation of the steel. The novel steel shows higher activation energy due to the high tungsten content. The workability of as-cast steel was studied through processing map approach based on dynamic material model. When the strain is 0.8, the optimum procession condition is around 1160 °C/0.001 s−1 with a peak efficiency of 0.52. With the increase of temperature and decrease of strain rate, the degree of dynamic recrystallization increases.

Hot deformation characteristics of NiTiV shape memory alloy and modeling using constitutive equations and artificial neural networks

In this study, an alloy conforming to the composition Ni50Ti48V2 (at. %)was cast in a vacuum induction melting furnace, and hot deformation tests were performed on the samples using a GLEEBLE 3800 thermomechanical simulator over a range of strain rates (0.01 s−1, 0.1 s−1, 1 s−1, 10 s−1) and temperatures (1073 K, 1173 K, 1273 K, 1373 K). Deformation processing maps, which are a combination of instability map and efficiency map, were derived based on dynamic materials model. The mechanisms of deformation were interpreted based on stress-strain plots, kinetic analysis, process maps and microstructure. Material constants along with activation energy, which was found out to be 205.58 kJ/mol., were calculated. Since strain also plays a major role in this analysis, a Strain-Compensated Arrhenius-Type (SCAT) model was developed. A comparison between strain-compensated Arrhenius type and artificial neural network models (ANNM) was made through the use of relative error, adjusted R2 values and root mean square errors between the predicted and experimental stress values. All three parameters unanimously indicated the use of ANNM for predicting the stresses developed in the material during hot deformation process. Finally, the flow stress required for the onset of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was calculated using work hardening theory and correlated with the power dissipation efficiency generated from processing maps. Results show that Ni50Ti48V2 exhibits the highest power dissipation efficiency of 43.50% when deformed at 1173 K and 0.01 s−1. The least critical stress of 58.014 MPa was also captured under the same working conditions. Results are elaborately discussed in the paper.

Hot-deformation characteristics of Al-alloyed δ-ferritic and martensitic dual-phase steel

The hot working behavior of Al-alloyed δ-ferritic/martensitic dual-phase steel was investigated using a Gleeble-3800 thermomechanical simulator and compression tests at deformation temperatures and strain rates ranging from 800 to 1100 °C and 0.1 to 3 s−1, respectively. The shape of the flow stress curve of the experimental steel resembled that of traditional dynamic recovery (DRV) flow stress curves produced by work hardening, ferritic DRV, ferritic dynamic recrystallization (DRX), and austenitic dynamic phase transformation (DPT). Additionally, constitutive equations were established to predict the steady-state stress. The apparent deformation activation energy of the steel was approximately 264.7 kJ/mol. Moreover, the microstructure following deformation was investigated using electron backscatter diffraction. The primary dynamic restoration mechanisms of δ-ferrite comprised DRV and DRX at temperatures below and above 900 °C, respectively. However, with increasing deformation temperature and strain rate, the primary dynamic restoration mechanism of δ-ferrite shifted from continuous DRX (CDRX) to discontinuous DRX (DDRX). Additionally, the processing maps of the steel were established using the dynamic materials model. Further, based on the microstructure results, it was found that the power dissipation efficiency of ferritic CDRX, ferritic DDRX, ferritic DRV, and austenitic DPT gradually decreased. Additionally, only one domain of flow instability was identified, and it was located at 1025–1075 °C/0.6–3 s−1. Thus, to avoid unstable deformation regions, a two-stage design of the optimal process parameters for industrial processing is highly essential.

An investigation on the hot deformation behavior and processing maps of Co-Ni-Cr-W-based superalloy

The hot deformation behavior of Co-Ni-Cr-W-based superalloy was investigated by means of hot compression tests at the temperature range of 1000–1200 °C with strain rate range of 0.01–10 s−1. Processing maps were developed on the basis of experimental data and the employing principles of the dynamic materials model (DMM). The hot deformation activation energy is calculated about 522.37 kJ/mol. At strain above 0.1, the maps present two domains. Microstructural observations revealed that the partial dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurred in the domain I (at 1025–1115 °C and 0.01–0.03 s−1), and the full DRX occurred in the domain II (at 1120–1180 °C and 0.08–0.8 s−1) at strain of 0.7. The domain II in the processing maps corresponding to different strains revealed the different microstructural evolution mechanism. The domain at strain 0.3 represents work hardened and partial DRX or/and DRV. That at strain of 0.5 is mainly related with DRV and DRX. The fraction of Σ3 twins was increased with the increasing of strain. The Σ3 twins help to lead to the grain refinement and homogenization during the hot deformation. On the basis of the analysis of the processing maps and microstructure evolution, the optimum hot working conditions were determined to be 1120–1180 °C, 0.08–0.8 s−1 and the strain above 0.5.

HOT DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR AND PROCESSING MAP OF A Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr ALLOY

Compression tests of a Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy were carried out on a Gleeble-1500D thermo-mechanical simulator within a temperature range of 420–500 °C and strain rate of 0.001–5 s–1 so that the corresponding flow behavior was investigated. The Zener-Hollomon parameter Z was used in a hyperbolic-sine-type equation to express the relationships between the peak stress, deformation temperature and strain rate. Work hardening, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization were the main characteristics affecting the plastic-deformation behaviors. The activation energy Q was calculated to be 208.2 kJ/mol and processing maps at strains of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 were generated based on a dynamic material model. The optimum processing parameters were obtained with a power-dissipation analysis.

The kinetics of dynamic recrystallization and construction of constitutive modeling of RAFM steel in the hot deformation process

The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of austenite in reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel was investigated by isothermal compression tests and constitutive modelling. The flow stress decreases with deformation temperature increasing and strain rate decreasing. The constitutive equations were constructed based on the analysis by Arrhenius equations. Based on the dynamic material model, the hot processing map was constructed. In the stability region, the power dissipation efficiency (η) increases with increasing strain, and the softening is dominated by DRX when η grows to a specific value. However, η decreases as strain increases further after the complete evolution of DRX, indicating coarsening of DRXed grains. As the strain increases, the processing stability region shifts to the low temperature and high strain rate region. A novel recrystallization kinetics model was developed by considering the characteristics of the recrystallization velocity with strain increasing. It can reflect the "slow-rapid-slow" growth trend of recrystallization volume fraction (XDRX). The relationship between XDRX and D¯ (average grain size of austenite) was constructed, which indicates that D¯ decreases with strain increasing after the onset of DRX. When XDRX is greater than 50%, the decrease rate of D¯ slows down until the steady-state is reached. Although strain increase further, the grain size remains constant. This suggests that the expected D¯ can be obtained by controlling XDRX during hot deformation.

Three-dimensional hot processing map of a nickel-based superalloy (Alloy 925) established by modified artificial neural network model

The hot deformation behavior of Alloy 925 in the temperature range of 900–1150 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–10s−1 was investigated through the isothermal hot compression tests. Based on the artificial neural network model, the stress distribution in the three-dimensional (3D) space consisted of deformation condition parameters was reconstructed. Afterwards, the 3D distribution maps of strain rate sensitivity (m) and power dissipation efficiency (η) were proposed to reveal the effect of deformation parameters on the hot workability. Furthermore, a novel 3D processing map was established by combining the traditional dynamic materials model and the corresponding data set. Through the microstructural characterization, it can be found that the instability regions exhibit inhomogeneous microstructure with massive distorted grains and few dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains, while the stable regions are characterized by various DRX mechanisms, including discontinuous dynamic recrystallization, continuous dynamic recrystallization, and twin-DRX. Noteworthily, the relatively low η-value (<22%) was revealed in the high temperature-high strain rate domain caused by substantial occurrence of DRX. Finally, the optimum processing parameters at the true strain of 0.85 can be determined to be 970–1150 °C and 0.01–1.08s−1 with the η-value of 30.6–42.3%. In contrast, the construction method of novel 3D processing map can effectively avoid data distortion and also demonstrate a better validity for predicting hot workability. Through the present work, the feasibility of artificial neural network for learning complex hot deformation behavior has been illustrated. It not only has better prediction of typical microstructure, but also can reproduce the adiabatic heating law, which is convenient to be used in actual industrial production.

Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Low‐Carbon Steel during the Flexible Rolling Process: Modeling and Characterization

Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is the predominant softening mechanism under high‐temperature large‐plastic deformation and determines the microstructure evolution of steel. Herein, an equivalent substitution method is proposed to investigate the coupling effect of deformation conditions on microstructural evolution during the flexible rolling process. Low‐carbon steel is compressed using a Gleeble 3800‐GTC thermal–mechanical physical simulation system at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1100 °C and strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 10 s−1. The flow stress behaviors under different deformation conditions are discussed. Accordingly, the relationship between strain rate and temperature is established using the Zener–Hollomon equation. Further, a new DRX model is proposed by combining the theoretical implications of previous models. The effectiveness of the experimental model and predicted model is statistically evaluated to accurately determine the DRX volume fraction of the experimental steel. Based on the dynamic material model, a hot processing map of the experimental steel is also developed to evaluate the steel's hot workability. Finally, the microstructure of the experimental steel is analyzed under specific deformation parameters. The results demonstrate that DRX behavior decreases as the upper roller is raised and the lower roller is lowered during the flexible rolling process.

An Innovative Approach of Parameter Loading Path Design for Grain Refinement and Its Application in Ni80A Superalloy.

In order to obtain the desired mechanical properties of products, an innovative method of loading parameter designs for acquiring the desired grain refinement is proposed, and it has been applied in the compression process of Ni80A superalloy. The deformation mechanism maps derived from processing maps based on the Dynamic Materials Model (DMM) theory were constructed, since the critical indicator values corresponding to dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and dynamic recovery (DRV) mechanisms were determined. The processing-parameter domains with DRX mechanisms were separated from the deformation mechanism map, while such domains were chaotic and difficult to apply in innovative parameter loading path design. The speed-loading path derived from strain rate-loading path in a compression process was pursued. The grain refinement domains are discretized into a finite series of sub-domains with clear processing parameters, and the optimal strain rate of each sub-domain is determined by step-by-step finite element simulation. A 3D response surface of the innovative optimal loading path of strain rate was fitted by interpolating methods. Finally, the isothermal compression experiments for Ni80A superalloy were conducted, and the microstructure observations indicated that the desired grain refinement was achieved. This innovative method of parameter loading path design contributes to the microstructure adjustment of the alloys with DRX mechanism.

High Temperature Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Low-Density Steel Fe30Mn11Al1C Micro-Alloyed with Nb and V.

The thermal processing parameters is very important to the hot rolling and forging process for producing grain refinement in lightweight high-manganese and aluminum steels. In this work, the high temperature deformation behaviors of a low-density steel of Fe30Mn11Al1C alloyed with 0.1Nb and 0.1V were studied by isothermal hot compression tests at temperatures of 850–1150 °C and strain rates between 0.01 s−1 and 10 s−1. It was found that the flow stress constitutive model could be effectively established by the Arrhenius based hyperbolic sine equation with an activation energy of about 389.1 kJ/mol. The thermal processing maps were developed based on the dynamic material model at different strains. It’s shown that the safe region for high temperatures in a very broad range of both deformation temperature and deformation strain and only a small unstable high deformation region, located at low temperatures lower than 950 °C. The deformation microstructures were found to be fully recrystallized microstructure in the safe deformation region and the grain size decreases along with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate. Whereas the deformation microstructures is composed by grain refinement-recrystallized grains and a small fraction of non-recrystallized microstructure in the unstable deformation region, indicating that the deformation behaviors controlled by continuous dynamic recrystallization. The Hall Petch relationship between microhardness and the grain size of the high temperature deformed materials indicates that high strength low-density steel could be developed by a relative low temperature deformation and high strain rate.

Research on the Hot Deformation Behavior of the Casting NiTi Alloy.

The hot deformation behavior and processing maps of the casting NiTi alloy were studied at the deformation temperature of 650–1050 °C and the strain rate of 5 × 10−3–1 s−1 by Gleeble-3800 thermal simulating tester. The variation of the strain rate sensitivity exponent m and the activation energy Q under different deformation conditions (T = 650–1050 °C, = 0.005–1 s−1) were obtained. The formability of the NiTi alloy was the best from 800 °C to 950 °C. The constitutive equation of the casting NiTi alloy was constructed by the Arrhenius model. The processing map of the casting NiTi alloy was plotted according to the dynamic material model (DMM) based on the Prasad instability criterion. The optimal processing areas were at 800–950 °C and 0.005–0.05 s−1. The microstructure of the casting NiTi alloy was analyzed by TEM, SEM and EBSD. The softening mechanisms of the casting NiTi alloy were mainly dynamic recrystallization of the Ti2Ni phase and the nucleation and growth of fine martensite.

Hot deformation behavior and processing map of AZ61/SiC composites

The hot deformation behavior of as-cast AZ61/SiC composites during uniaxial compression test at temperatures ranging from 280 to 440 ℃ and a strain rate of 0.001–1 s−1 was investigated. There was an increase in the flow stress of the composites with a decrease int the temperature and increase in the strain rate. Processing maps were developed based on the dynamic material model (DMM) at a maximum strain of 1.2. The effects of the incorporation of silicon carbide (SiC) particles into the base alloy are discussed. The findings show that the incorporation of SiC particles into the base alloy effectively enhanced its workability in the low temperature domain. The SiC particles promoted the generation and reduced the mobility of dislocations, effectively meeting the energy requirements for dynamic recrystallization (DRX) needed to improve low temperature workability. The optimal processing workability conditions for a AZ61/SiC composite with a higher dissipation efficiency of (PDE) of 39.5% were determined to be 440⁰C/0.001 s−1. The instability domain did not exist in the composite because the material could be deformed without micro cracks or flow visualization. The activation energy was calculated to be 131.5 kJ/mol using a constructive model of the composite.