Dynamic Light Scattering Research Articles

Combating Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Moringa-Synthesized Silica Nanoparticles and Its Combination with Some Insecticides.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a major agricultural pest known for developing resistance to insecticides. This study investigated a novel approach to manage FAW by silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) synthesized from eco-friendly leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae). This green synthesis method offers a sustainable and potentially safer alternative to traditional chemical processes. SiNP formation was confirmed by various techniques: UV-visible spectrophotometer, X-ray spectroscopy with energy-dispersive (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The effectiveness of SiNPs alone and their combination with three common insecticides (emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, and chlorpyrifos) were evaluated against third instar larvae of fall armyworm. While SiNPs after 24h by leaf dipping method recorded limited insecticidal activity (LC50 = 9947.59mg/L), it significantly enhanced the potency of all three insecticides. Combining SiNPs with emamectin benzoate resulted in the most dramatic increase in effectiveness compared to the insecticide alone with LC50 = 0.295mg/L and 0.42mg/L, respectively. This research suggests that moringa extract can be a valuable resource for the green synthesis of nanoparticles potentially useful in pest control. This approach could potentially reduce the amount of insecticide needed for effective pest control, leading to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practice.

Beyond conventional therapy: Synthesis of multifunctional nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent inflammatory illness that causes joint destruction and dysfunction due to the activation of macrophages and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Current therapy choices frequently limit the effectiveness of targeting the inflammatory areas. To reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in RA, this research will create and assess multifunctional nanoparticles that selectively target inflammatory cells and deliver therapeutic medicines. Tannic acid, ferric chloride hexahydrate, methotrexate (MTX), and bovine serum albumin were conjugated using sonication and centrifugation to create the nanoparticles. Folic acid was added to improve the ability to target. Transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-vis spectroscopy, and in vitro release experiments were used to characterize the nanoparticles. RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were used to test the cellular uptake of the nanoparticles using confocal microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). TFMBP-FA achieved 65.56%, and TFMBP reached 68.96%, indicating a high drug delivery rate for the synthesized nanoparticles. Confocal microscopy showed that the TFMBP-FA group had a greater density of fluorescent markers, indicating that the cells effectively targeted and absorbed the inflammatory environment. These results imply that the created nanoparticles may improve how medications are delivered during RA therapy.

Stability Assessment Through Dynamic Light Scattering and Rheological Study of Hexanoic Acid-Surface-Modified Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Cyclohexane at Low Concentration

The stability of 1wt% cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles in cyclohexane is assessed in this paper. To do so, first, n-hexanoic acid (C6-) surface-modified CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by heating the aqueous Ce(OH)4 suspension at 400 °C and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high regulation transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). XRD pattern indicated the crystalline structure and TEM showed the cubic shape of the synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles with an average size of 4.5 nm. Next, 1 wt% CeO2–cyclohexane dispersion (nanofluids) was prepared simply by dispersing the required amounts of CeO2 nanoparticles in cyclohexane. Finally, the stability of CeO2–cyclohexane was assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheological study. DLS measurement revealed that the 1wt% CeO2–cyclohexane nanofluid has good dispersibility with a small DLS diameter (~6 nm) comparable to that of the pristine particle diameter measured by TEM. Also, the rheology study depicted the Newtonian behavior of prepared nanofluids which indicated its excellent stability. Jagannath University Journal of Science, Volume 11, Number 1, June 2024, pp. 23−30

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Forced Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Measurement of Silver-Water Nanofluids at Laminar Flow

Heat management in industries and other areas is a major issue currently worldwide. Conventional heat transfer fluids like water and ethylene glycol are not very effective. Nanofluids (NFs), composed of nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed throughout a base fluid (BF), have recently been identified as promising heat management agents for various industrial and other applications. Heat transmission is one of the many uses for AgNPs–water NFs (silver NPs (AgNPs) dispersed in water). The goal of this work was to determine the AgNPs–water NFs' forced convective heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in laminar flow. Due to this, we present the results of the HTC study of AgNPs–water NFs in laminar flow in this paper. First, using AgNO3 as a precursor, a chemical reduction approach was used for facile synthesis of AgNPs in one pot at ambient temperature. Synthesized NPs were examined using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transform electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The average particle size obtained from TEM is 25 nm. The required quantity of AgNPs was added to the water to produce 0.5 and 1.0 vol% of AgNPs–water NFs. Next, zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS), in addition to time-lapse observation and captured picture comparison, were used to assess the stability of the formulated NFs. To calculate the forced convective HTC of prepared NFs in laminar flow, a vertical shell and tube heat transfer apparatus and computer-based data recorder were used. According to the results, in comparison to BF, the HTC of 0.5 and 1.0 vol% NFs was 3.3 and 5 times greater, respectively which encourages the use of AgNPs–water NFs in industry and other heat management. Jagannath University Journal of Science, Volume 11, Number 1, June 2024, pp. 13−22

UV light promoted dihydrolipoic acid and its alanine derivative directed rapid synthesis of stable gold nanoparticles and their catalytic activity

In general, colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been synthesized in heated or boiling water containing HAuCl4 precursor with sodium citrate as reducing stabilizing reagent. Although temperature plays a driving for synthesis of AuNPs, elevated temperature in thermal reduction method causes aggregation of the AuNPs. The preferential, rapid and strong binding of dihydro-lipoic acid and its derivatives on surface of AuNPs via thiol − Au chemistry promote the production of very stable AuNPs. In this study, we have developed citric acid (CA), dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) and DHLA-Alanine (DHLA-Ala) directed rapid synthesis of ultra-stable AuNPs, DHLA@AuNPs and DHLA-Ala@AuNPs, under the UV (311 nm) irradiation at room temperature (RT: 25 °C) in around 10 min (min). CA is used as a potential reducing agent to expedite both reduction of Au3+ ion and AuNP formation, DHLA and DHLA-Ala act as stabilizing agents by replacing CA molecules on surface of AuNPs in order to produce quite stable AuNP. It is worthy to mention that reduction of Au3+ ion, formation and surface stabilization of AuNPs are consequently occurred in one step. We also investigated how experimental parameters including reaction time and temperature, pH of reaction solution, affect formation of the AuNPs. The effects of salt concentration and storage temperature were studied to show stability of the AuNPs. The synthesized DHLA@AuNPs and DHLA-Alanine@AuNPs were characterized via UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential (ZT) devices. The reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) was efficiently catalyzed by the AuNPs in the presence of sodium borohydride in aqueous solution.

Synergistic pH-responsive MUC-1 aptamer-conjugated Ag/MSN Janus nanoparticles for targeted chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, and gene therapy in breast cancer

Drug resistance in cancer treatment, primarily attributed to the overexpression of the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene, significantly hampers the effectiveness of chemotherapy. This mechanism, driven by the increased production of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pumps, highlights the urgent need for innovative strategies to combat drug resistance in cancer patients. This study explores the application of antisense technology to suppress MDR gene expression, while addressing the challenges of instability and limited cellular uptake associated with antisense oligonucleotides. We synthesized Janus silver-mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Ag/MSN JNPs) using a sol-gel method, characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), revealing uniformly sized, dumbbell-shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 285 ± 5.12 nm. Doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded into the porous structure of the mesoporous silica, and JNPs were functionalized with chitosan (CS) to incorporate P-gp antisense and a MUC-1 aptamer, serving as a pH-responsive gatekeeper. Our findings indicate that the Ap-As-DOX-JNPs achieved a remarkable 89 ± 0.59 % cell death in drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cells after 48 h, alongside an 80 % reduction in P-gp expression. The combination of DOX, antisense technology, and photothermal therapy utilizing these JNPs demonstrates a promising strategy to effectively overcome drug resistance. Notably, normal MCF-7 cells exhibited reduced viability from 39.11 ± 1.12 % to 30.05 ± 1.07 % when treated with DOX-JNPs under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. These results underscore the potential of utilizing MUC-1 aptamer-conjugated Janus nanoparticles in conjunction with chitosan as a gatekeeper to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, and gene therapy in overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer treatment.

Dynamic X-ray Coherent Diffraction Analysis: Bridging the Time Scales between Imaging and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy.

The advent of diffraction limited sources and developments in detector technology opens up new possibilities for the study of materials in situ and operando. Coherent X-ray diffraction techniques such as coherent X-ray diffractive imaging (CXDI) and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) are capable for this purpose and provide complementary information, although due to signal-to-noise requirements, their simultaneous demonstration has been limited. Here, we demonstrate a strategy for the simultaneous use of CXDI and XPCS to study in situ the Brownian motion of colloidal gold nanoparticles of 200 nm diameter suspended in a glycerol-water mixture. We visualize the process of agglomeration, examine the spatiotemporal space accessible with the combination of techniques, and demonstrate CXDI with 22 ms temporal resolution.

Decomposition of mixed DMPC-aescin vesicles to bicelles is linked to the lipid's main phase transition: A direct evidence by using chain-deuterated lipid

This work investigates the conversion of bicelles into larger sheets or closed vesicles upon dilution and temperature increase for a system composed of the phospholipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and the saponin aescin. Due to its peculiar amphiphilic character, aescin is able to decompose DMPC bilayers into smaller, rim-stabilized bicelles. Aspects of the transition process are analyzed in an aescin content- and temperature-dependent manner by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), turbidimetry and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Both the conversion of bicelles into vesicles induced by temperature increase and the decomposition process upon cooling are presumably related to the main phase transition temperature Tm of DMPC. Therefore, not only conventional DMPC, but also chain-deuterated d54-DMPC was used due to its significantly lower Tm-value compared to the conventional DMPC. It will be demonstrated that the reconversion of vesicle structures (present at low aescin content) into bicelles shows a strong hysteresis effect whereas this is not observed for the reconversion at high aescin amounts, at which for high temperature still bicelle structures are present. The results indicate formation of a trapped state, correlated with the lipid's Tm and the decomposition of vesicles into bicelles is only possible if the lipid membrane entirely adopts the rigid phase state.

Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles and their promising antimicrobial effects

Silver nanoparticles have garnered significant interest due to their unique properties, such as small size, high specific surface area, and high reactivity, making them valuable in various industries, including medicine, healthcare, consumer products, and food. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been extensively studied, with numerous methods reported, including physical, chemical, and biological routes. These synthesis methods can influence the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles, which is critical in hospital settings where pathogen exposure and antibiotic resistance are prevalent concerns. Notably, hospital environments face high infection risks from pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, necessitating new antibacterial agents. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effects of synthesized silver nanoparticles against the pathogenic microorganisms S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The Silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The nanoparticles had an average size of 52 nm and exhibited an absorption peak at 430 nm. Both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa demonstrated zones of inhibition when exposed to the silver nanoparticles, indicating their potent antibacterial activity. This study highlights the potential of silver nanoparticles as effective antibacterial agents in the healthcare industry, particularly in combating hospital-acquired infections.

Statistical Analysis for Quality Control of Monodispersed Polystyrene Particles Certified Reference Materials

Monodispersed polystyrene latex (PSL) particles serve as certified reference materials (CRMs) for ensuring quality, method validation, and calibration of particle size measuring instruments. They were produced in compliance with ISO 17034:2016 standards. However, limitations arise in the quality control of CRM characteristics due to challenges in synthesizing particles of consistent size across multiple batches. It is widely recognized that variations in particle size homogeneity between batches can occur in the particle manufacturing process even when conducted under identical conditions and ingredients. This paper aims to explain and demonstrate statistical analyses conforming to ISO Guide 35:2017 used for quality control and certifying reference values for monodispersed polystyrene particles. The procedure can be divided into three steps: 1) preliminary check by using dynamic light scattering (DLS), 2) preliminary check by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and 3) final homogeneity testing, along with short-term and long-term stability assessment and characterization. The described protocol can control the quality of particles from multiple batch productions by establishing criteria at each step to ensure particle size consistency. The certified value of a 100 nm diameter monodispersed polystyrene particle produced by the National Institute of Metrology, Thailand (NIMT) is 105.5 ± 4.6 nm, acceptable for measurement traceability for testing and calibration services. Keywords: Quality control, polystyrene particles, certified reference materials

Unveiling Eco-Friendly Reverse Micelle Systems: Dimethyl Carbonate as a Novel Biocompatible Solvent.

In this study, we systematically explored the characteristics of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)/sodium 1,4-bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles (RMs) in the presence of water using dynamic light scattering (DLS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and molecular probes. DMC, a biocompatible solvent, enables the formulation of AOT RMs without the need for a co-surfactant. DLS revealed that as the water content increased, the droplet sizes grew larger. 1H NMR studies indicated that at low water content, water molecules interacted with DMC via hydrogen bonding. This interaction promoted the penetration of DMC toward the interface, affecting the solvation of AOT's sulfonate group. At higher water content, a competition for hydrogen bonding emerged between water-water and water-surfactant molecules, leading to distinct interfacial properties, as evidenced by molecular probes. The critical micellar concentration for DMC/AOT/water RMs was 7x10-3 M, similar to RMs formed with other biocompatible solvents. The presence of water facilitated the solvation of the surfactant's polar regions, promoting the RMs formation. The polarity of this system was measured using the ET(30) value. This novel micellar system holds significant potential in various fields, including catalysis, nanomaterials, and green chemistry.

Diffusive micromixing combined with dynamic in situ laser scattering allows shedding light on lipid nanoparticle precipitation

Pharmaceutical formulations are increasingly based on drug nanoparticles or carrier nanoparticles encapsulating drugs or mRNA molecules. Sizes and monodispersity of the nanoparticles regulate bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. Microfluidic mixers promise unique conditions for their continuous preparation. A novel microfluidic antisolvent precipitation device was realized by two-photon-polymerization with a mixing channel in which the organic phase formed a sheet with a homogeneous thickness of down to 7 μm completely wrapped in the aqueous phase. Homogeneous diffusion through the sheet accelerates mixing. Optical access was implemented to allow in-situ dynamic light scattering. By centering the thin sheet in the microchannel cross-section, two important requirements are met. On the one hand, the organic phase never reaches the channel walls, avoiding fouling and unstable flow conditions. On the other hand, in the sheet positioned at the maximum of the parabolic flow profile the nanoparticle velocities are homogenized which enables flow-compensated Dynamic Light Scattering (flowDLS). These unique features allowed in-situ particle size determination for the first time. Monitoring of lipid nanoparticle precipitation was demonstrated for different rates of solvent and antisolvent flows. This breakthrough innovation will not only enable feedback control of nanoparticle production but also will provide new insights into the dynamics of nanoparticle precipitation.

Photomanipulatable colloidal clusters from the aggregation of azo molecular glass spheres.

Colloidal clusters with well-controlled shapes have attracted extensive interest in the fields of materials, chemistry, physics, and biology. This communication reports the controllable fabrication of photoresponsive colloidal clusters with a wide range of adjustable sizes and complex architectures through an approach of microsphere formation and fusion. The clusters of colloidal spheres were obtained via adding ethanol dropwise into a tetrahydrofuran solution of an isosorbide-based azo compound (IAC-4). In the process, the colloidal spheres with soft and sticky shells were first formed in the dispersion. After stirring at an appropriate rate and time, clusters composed of controlled numbers of colloidal spheres were obtained. With increasing stirring time, the colloidal spheres in the clusters underwent fusion transforming into a range of structures with particular architectures. The structure formation, evolution and control were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Under linearly polarized light irradiation, colloidal spheres in the clusters in the solid state were observed to be stretched along the direction of electric-field oscillation and these clusters were thus transformed into complex particles with unique morphologies. This exploration can lead to a new methodology to effectively fabricate colloidal clusters with complex architectures and shed new light on colloidal packing and organization under the driving forces of extrinsic energy input.

Covalent Lysozyme Immobilization on Enzymatic Cellulose Nanocrystals.

Nanostructured materials represent promising substrates for biocatalyst immobilization and activation. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), accessible from waste and/or renewable sources, are sustainable and biodegradable, show high specific surface area for anchoring a high number of enzymatic units, and high thermal and mechanical stability. In this work, we present a holistic enzyme-based approach to functional antibacterial materials by bioconjugation between the lysozyme from chicken egg white and enzymatic cellulose nanocrystals. The neutral CNCs were prepared by endoglucanase hydrolysis from Avicel. We explore the covalent immobilization of lysozyme on enzymatic CNCs and on their TEMPO oxidized derivatives (TO-CNCs), comparing immobilization yields, material properties, and enzymatic activities. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). We demonstrate the higher overall efficiency of the immobilization process carried out on TO-CNCs, based on the success of covalent bonding and on the stability of the isolated bioconjugates.

Development of chitosan-coated iron oxide hybrid composites associated with hexadecafluorozinc phthalocyanine for photodynamic therapy

An iron oxide nanosystem (Fe3O4Nps) encapsulated with chitosan under the adsorption of hexadecafluorozinc phthalocyanine (ZnPcP16) was developed. The synthesis of Fe3O4Nps was carried out through coprecipitation, followed by coating the nanoparticles with chitosan and incorporation with ZnPcP16. To understand and describe the mechanism of action of Fe3O4Nps-Chitosan-ZnPcP16, we use a variety of physicochemical characterization approaches. Electron microscopy results confirmed the monodispersity of the nanoparticles (13.2 ± 2.3 nm). Size distribution and surface charge (zeta potential) were determined by a dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyzer. VSM measurements confirmed its magnetic properties (1.18 emu.g−1). XDR confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectra were used to evaluate the photophysical behavior of ZnPcP16 and Fe3O4Nps-Chitosan-ZnPcP16. These studies have demonstrated good results through synthesizing Fe3O4Nps-Chitosan-ZnPcP16, which could be a promising candidate for applications in photodynamic therapy.

Development and in vitro characterization of new carnosine-loaded liposomal formulations.

Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide characterized by a multimodal mechanism of action. However, its clinical potential is limited by serum and cytosolic carnosinases, which significantly reduce its bioavailability. Based on that, different research groups have worked on the development of new strategies able not only to prevent its rapid metabolization but also to improve its distribution and specific targeting. In the present study, the development and in vitro characterization of new liposomal formulations loaded with carnosine are described. Nanoliposomes, produced through Thin-Layer Hydration followed by Extrusion method, were first investigated for their physicochemical stability. Photon correlation spectroscopy and electrophoretic light scattering, assessing the stability of the formulations, showed a strong homogeneity-oriented tendency for up to two months. Particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were determined through dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering, demonstrating an almost neutral charge of the formulation and an effective encapsulation of carnosine. The morphology assessment performed via scanning electron microscopy showed good conformity and polydispersity. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements suggest the ability of carnosine to stabilize the large unilamellar vesicles. Lastly, the newly developed carnosine-loaded liposomal formulations also showed a good safety profile in human microglia.

Berberine-Loaded Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles: Fabrication, Characterization, and Drug Release Evaluation

Abstract Introduction/Objective Introduction: Numerous studies have highlighted the diverse biochemical and pharmacological properties of berberine (BER), including its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and hypolipidemic effects. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in enhancing drug delivery by providing a larger surface area, facilitating quicker dissolution in the bloodstream. Methods/Case Report Methods: Blank bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA NPs) were prepared using a desolvation process, followed by the fabrication of berberine-loaded BSA nanoparticles (BER-NP). Physicochemical characterization, including particle size and zeta potential, was conducted using a Malvern Zetasizer. The mean particle size and distribution were determined using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were obtained for visualization. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms were recorded to assess drug encapsulation efficiency (EE). Berberine release from BER-NPs was evaluated using dialysis membranes. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results: FTIR spectra and DSC thermograms confirmed successful drug loading into the nanoparticles. Encapsulation efficiency was determined by UV absorption spectroscopy, revealing high efficiency in the encapsulation process. Dialysis membranes demonstrated controlled release kinetics of berberine from BER-NPs, indicating their potential for targeted drug delivery. Conclusion Conclusion: Berberine-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles exhibit favorable characteristics for drug delivery applications, including enhanced permeation across biological barriers. These nanoparticles hold promise for targeted therapy and combination drug regimens, offering potential benefits for various medical interventions.

The Anti-proliferative Effect, Apoptotic Induction, and Cell Cycle Arrest of Tetra Halo Ruthenate Nanocomposites in Different Human Cancer Cell Lines.

Chemotherapy is the most common cancer treatment, and metallic anticancer compounds have generated increasing amounts of interest since the discovery of cisplatin. More recently, scientists have focused on ruthenium-based compounds as alternatives for platinum compounds, which seem like ideal therapeutic anticancer alternatives to platinum derivatives. The present study aims to assess whether one or more of three Ruthenium-based nanocomposites, namely Ru+Lysine+CTAB (RCTL), Ru+CTAB (RCT), and Ru+Lysine (RL) exhibit pronounced anti-proliferative properties against different cancer cells. Three Ruthenium nanocomposites have been synthesized by standard chemical methods and characterized by Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cytotoxic effect of the three composites has been evaluated by MTT in-vitro assay for different human cancer cell lines, namely MCF7, HepG2, A549, and PC3 versus normal human skin cell line (BJ1). The molecular underlying mechanisms of cytotoxicity have been assessed via qRT-PCR for pro-apoptotic makers P53 and Casp-3, and anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 as well as flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle. Among the 3 nanocomposites, RCTL gave the best sensitivity and cytotoxicity especially on HepG2 with IC50 0.55 µg/ml but was still toxic on normal cell line with dose <12.5 µg/ml. RCTL and RCT nanocomposites have demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of P53 and Casp-3 markers versus untreated controls, but a significant reduction in the expression of Bcl-2. There was a direct correlation between the cytotoxic effect and the degree of apoptosis in the different cancer cell lines. The present study has also proved cell cycle arrest at G2-M and pre-G1 phases under the effect of IC50 of RCTL and RCT nanocomposites in different cancer lines with the best effect being achieved in HepG2 cells. Ruthenium nanocomposites seem to open a new avenue in cancer therapy.

Preparation and Properties Improvement of Decynediol-Ethoxylate-Modified Trisiloxane Surfactant.

Silicone surfactants are increasingly used in the industrial field due to their advantages such as low surface energy, stable performance, and good biocompatibility. However, many polyether-modified silicone surfactants' foam stability and easy hydrolysis in non-neutral aqueous systems limit their application in many fields. In this article, the decynediol-ethoxylate chain segment was grafted onto heptamethyltrisiloxane to synthesize a modified trisiloxane surfactant (G2). FT-IR and 1H NMR characterized its structure. Its surface activity, aggregation behavior, and wetting and spreading properties in water were studied by using instruments such as a surface tension meter, transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and contact angle tester. G2 can reduce the surface tension of water to 19.24 mN/m at a lower CMC (40.44 mg/L), and the foaming properties and hydrolysis stability of decynediol-ethoxylate-modified trisiloxane (G2) in water are significantly improved compared with allyl-polyoxyethylene-ether-modified trisiloxane (X5).

Preparation and Characterization of Berberine-Loaded Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles: Encapsulation Efficiency and Release Rate Determination

Abstract Introduction/Objective Introduction: Berberine (BER) has garnered attention in various studies for its diverse biochemical and pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive, and hepatoprotective effects. Nanoparticles serve as efficient carriers for drugs, offering increased surface area and enhanced dissolution in the bloodstream, thereby improving drug delivery. Methods/Case Report Methods: Blank Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles (BSA NPs) were synthesized using a desolvation process, followed by the fabrication of Berberine-loaded Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles (BER-NP). Physicochemical characterization, including particle size and zeta potential, was conducted using a Malvern Zetasizer and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to visualize the morphology of both blank BSA NPs and BER-loaded nanocarriers. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results: Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermograms were obtained for free berberine, BSA NPs, and BER-NPs. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) was determined by measuring the concentration of free BER in the supernatant after centrifugation, with EE calculated based on the difference between total added berberine and the measured supernatant concentration. Dialysis membranes were utilized to assess BER release from BER-NPs in vitro, with initial BER content in nanoparticles determining the release profile. Conclusion Conclusion: The prepared nanoparticles have demonstrated the potential to enhance drug permeation across epithelial and endothelial barriers. This approach holds promise for targeted drug delivery to specific sites, facilitating combined therapy with distinct modalities or drugs.