Dynamic Light Scattering Analysis Research Articles

Effects of Leaching Agents on Pb and Cd Immobilization in Battery Waste Contaminated Soils Amended with Bare and Stabilized Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles

This study compared the effectiveness of bare zero-valent iron nanoparticles (B-nZVI) and starch-stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles (S-nZVI) in immobilizing Pb and Cd from lead-acid battery waste soils. Both B-nZVI and S-nZVI were prepared in almost identical manner using the technique of reducing ferric chloride with sodium borohydride. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses confirmed that polydisperse B-nZVI and S-nZVI were synthesized. XRD and DLS analyses showed that B-nZVI and S-nZVI had different surface properties. To assess the immobilization capability of B-nZVI and S-nZVI, a composite soil sample was collected from an automobile lead-acid battery waste dumpsite. The soil sample had a pH of 3.85 and Pb and Cd levels of 16,674 mg/kg and 41 mg/kg, respectively. Single extraction procedures using 0.01M CaCl2, 0.1 M HCl, and 0.05 M EDTA were used to simulate phytoavailable Pb and Cd in the soil studied. Batch immobilization analysis showed that Cd was mobile in the control but immobile in B-nZVI and S-nZVI treated soils. Pb was however not immobile in either the control or treated soils. The mobility of Pb however decreased with increasing doses of S-nZVI and 0.003 g of S-nZVI was needed to make Pb completely immobile in soil. Batch immobilization also showed that S-nZVI was 1.8-2.49 times more efficient in immobilizing Pb than B-nZVI. Simulated phytoavailability of Pb was in the order of EDTA > HCl > CaCl2 > H2O while simulated photoavailable Cd was in the order of HCl > EDTA > H2O > CaCl2.

Comparison of morphology, protein concentration, and size distribution of bone marrow and Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells exosomes isolated by ultracentrifugation and polymer-based precipitation techniques

Exosomes which are tiny extracellular vesicles (30–150 nm), transport vital proteins and gene materials such as miRNA, mRNA, or DNA, whose role in cell communication and epithelia regulation is critical. Many techniques have been developed as a result of studying exosomes' biochemical and physicochemical properties, although there is still no standard method to isolate exosomes simply with high yield. Commercial kits have gained popularity for exosome extraction despite concerns about their effectiveness in scientific research. On the other hand, ultracentrifugation remains the gold standard isolation method. This study compares these two common exosome isolation methods to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of exosomes isolated from bone marrow (BM) and Wharton's jelly (WJ)-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Isolated exosomes from the two sources of the cell's conditioned medium by two methods (polymer kit and ultracentrifuge) were characterized using western blotting, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and the Bradford assay. Western blot analysis confirmed separation efficiency based on CD81 and CD63 markers, with the absence of calnexin serving as a negative control. The Morphology of exosomes studied by SEM image analysis revealed a similar round shape appearance and their sizes (30–150 nm) were the same in both isolation techniques. The DLS analysis of the sample results was consistent with the SEM ones, showing a similar size range and very low disparity. The exosome protein content concentration analysis revealed that exosomes isolated by the polymer-based kits contained higher protein concentration density and purity (p <0.001). In general, though the protein yield was higher when the polymer-based kits were used, there were no significant differences in morphology, or size between WJ-derived and BM-derived exosomes, regardless of the isolation method employed.

Structural and viscosity studies of dendritic hyper branched polymer as viscosity index improvers

Star-like structural compounds were synthesized from different moles % of either dodecyl acrylate or triethylenetetramine using a one-pot commercial synthesis technique. The polymers that were created had various terminations. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and 1HNMR were used to verify the produced polymers' chemical composition with different terminations. Furthermore, by analysis of Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), the size and distribution of the synthesised branched polymers were evaluated. Using a Gel-permeation chromatograph, the modified hyperbranched polymer's molecular weight, synthesized with various end points, were assessed. The unorganized structured prepared compounds with various molar feed ratios dodecyl acrylate: triethylenetetramine (DDA: TETA) was designed as A, B, C, D and E. Moreover, the synthesized additives function as viscosity index improvers (VII). As the concentration of polymeric additives increases, it leads to higher VI values. Similarly, with the increase in percentage of triethylenetetramine in the prepared hyperbranched polymers, the VI also increases. Notably, the most effective VI achieved is (E) = 212. It is noteworthy that all the synthesized hyperbranched polymers exhibited Newtonian behavior in the rheological study.

BSA Binding and Aggregate Formation of a Synthetic Amino Acid with Potential for Promoting Fibroblast Proliferation: An In Silico, CD Spectroscopic, DLS, and Cellular Study.

This study presents the chemical synthesis, purification, and characterization of a novel non-natural synthetic amino acid. The compound was synthesized in solution, purified, and characterized using NMR spectroscopy, polarimetry, and melting point determination. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis demonstrated its ability to form aggregates with an average size of 391 nm, extending to the low micrometric size range. Furthermore, cellular biological assays revealed its ability to enhance fibroblast cell growth, highlighting its potential for tissue regenerative applications. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed the ability of the synthetic amino acid to bind serum albumins (using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model), and CD deconvolution provided insights into the changes in the secondary structures of BSA upon interaction with the amino acid ligand. Additionally, molecular docking using HDOCK software elucidated the most likely binding mode of the ligand inside the BSA structure. We also performed in silico oligomerization of the synthetic compound in order to obtain a model of aggregate to investigate computationally. In more detail, the dimer formation achieved by molecular self-docking showed two distinct poses, corresponding to the lowest and comparable energies, with one pose exhibiting a quasi-coplanar arrangement characterized by a close alignment of two aromatic rings from the synthetic amino acids within the dimer, suggesting the presence of π-π stacking interactions. In contrast, the second pose displayed a non-coplanar configuration, with the aromatic rings oriented in a staggered arrangement, indicating distinct modes of interaction. Both poses were further utilized in the self-docking procedure. Notably, iterative molecular docking of amino acid structures resulted in the formation of higher-order aggregates, with a model of a 512-mer aggregate obtained through self-docking procedures. This model of aggregate presented a cavity capable of hosting therapeutic cargoes and biomolecules, rendering it a potential scaffold for cell adhesion and growth in tissue regenerative applications. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of this synthetic amino acid for tissue regenerative therapeutics and provide valuable insights into its molecular interactions and aggregation behavior.

Characterization and investigation of biofabricated ZnO nanoparticles using Caulerpa sertularioides for antioxidant and antibacterial purposes

Nanoparticles synthesized from marine macroalgae have garnered significant attention in biomedical research due to their potential applications. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using an extract from Caulerpa sertularioides (Cs) as a reducing agent. The synthesized C. sertularioides-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles (Cs-ZnO NPs) were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. In the UV–visible spectroscopy analysis, the maximum absorption peak was observed at 364 nm. XRD analysis confirmed that the Cs-ZnO NPs had a crystalline structure. FE-SEM and HR-TEM demonstrated that the Cs-ZnO NPs were mostly spherical in shape and the size ranged between 20 and 87 nm. The zeta size and potential of Cs-ZnO NPs at 97.89 nm and 14.1 mV were confirmed by DLS analysis. The antioxidant activities were tested by various in vitro assays, and the results demonstrated that Cs-ZnO NPs exhibit dose-dependent antioxidant activities. Further, Cs-ZnO NPs were highly effective against Vibrio harveyi both as an antibacterial and anti-biofilm agent. The toxicity assessment of Cs-ZnO NPs on Artemia nauplii indicated moderate toxicity. Overall, this study concludes that Cs-ZnO NPs have potential application in the aquaculture industry to prevent pathogenic illnesses and enhance disease resistance without causing adverse effects.

Silver Nanoparticles Encapped by Dihydromyricetin: Optimization of Green Synthesis, Characterization, Toxicity, and Anti-MRSA Infection Activities for Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

To achieve the environmentally friendly and rapid green synthesis of efficient and stable AgNPs for drug-resistant bacterial infection, this study optimized the green synthesis process of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Dihydromyricetin (DMY). Then, we assessed the impact of AgNPs on zebrafish embryo development, as well as their therapeutic efficacy on zebrafish infected with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light-scattering (DLS) analyses revealed that AgNPs possessed an average size of 23.6 nm, a polymer dispersity index (PDI) of 0.197 ± 0.0196, and a zeta potential of -18.1 ± 1.18 mV. Compared to other published green synthesis products, the optimized DMY-AgNPs exhibited smaller sizes, narrower size distributions, and enhanced stability. Furthermore, the minimum concentration of DMY-AgNPs required to affect zebrafish hatching and survival was determined to be 25.0 μg/mL, indicating the low toxicity of DMY-AgNPs. Following a 5-day feeding regimen with DMY-AgNP-containing food, significant improvements were observed in the recovery of the gills, intestines, and livers in MRSA-infected zebrafish. These results suggested that optimized DMY-AgNPs hold promise for application in aquacultures and offer potential for further clinical use against drug-resistant bacteria.

Energy storage density enhancement in paraffin phase change material emulsions: A comparative study with two different base fluids

This investigation examined the thermophysical properties of emulsions comprising paraffin 56/58 phase change material (PCM) dispersed in water and ethylene glycol (60 wt%) aqueous solution to optimize energy storage density for low-temperature thermal applications. Dynamic Light Scattering analysis revealed a uniform dispersion of paraffin 56/58 PCM droplets in the basefluids, with an average diameter of approximately 150 nm achieved by incorporating sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant. The latent heat of fusion for emulsions containing paraffin 56/58 PCM in ethylene glycol (60 wt%) exhibited values of 37.5/41.7, 58.5/63.9, 73.8/75.43, and 93/90.25 J/g for concentrations of 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%, respectively, during melting/solidification phases. Furthermore, the highest energy storage densities of 306.95 and 361.3 kJ/kg were attained at a PCM concentration of 50 wt% in ethylene glycol (60 wt%) and water-based emulsions, respectively, surpassing those of similar working fluids. It is also indicated that water-based paraffin 56/58 PCMs offer superior energy storage density. However, under severe operating conditions such as extreme temperatures, ethylene glycol (60 wt%) based paraffin 56/58 emulsions demonstrate greater suitability, as the evaporation and freezing points of the basefluid can be adjusted by modulating the ethylene glycol concentration ratio.

Maize leaves as a precursor for the synthesis of greened silver nanocomposite and nanoparticles

This study is aimed at the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocomposite (NC) using maize leave as precursor. Silver NPs (AgNPs) and AgNCs were synthesized from silver nitrate and maize leave extract using green approach. The maize leave NPs (AgNPs) and the maize leave NCs (AgNCs) were characterized using Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion x-ray (EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurement, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) particle size analysis. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannin, oxalate, and flavonoids in appreciable quantity, which have proven to be a powerful reducing agent that facilitates the reduction of silver ions for the synthesis of silver NPs and silver nano composites. FTIR revealed that all the peaks identified in AgNPs and AgNCs belong to the characteristic bands of reducing compounds such as flavonoid compounds. The SEM-EDX results showed that the peaks observed from 2.9 to 3.1 Kev in the spectra indicate the presence of elemental silver as it is reduced from Ag+ to Ag. DLS analysis results showed that the average size and polydispersity index (PdI) of the synthesized AgNPs and AgNCs were 42.30 and 68.29 nm, 0.691 and 0.270, respectively. The single point BET surface area (m2/g) obtained for AgNPs and AgNCs were 223.3 and 209.5, respectively. The results showed maize leave as a potential precursor for the preparation of NPs and NCs.

Designing Green Synthesis-Based Silver Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Theranostics and Cancer Invasion Prevention.

Researchers are increasingly favouring the use of biological resources in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. This synthesis process is quick and affordable. The current study examined the antibacterial and anticancer effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from the Neurada procumbens plant. Biomolecules derived from natural sources can be used to coat AgNPs to make them biocompatible. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to verify the synthesis of AgNPs from Neurada procumbens plant extract, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize their morphology, crystalline structure, stability, and coating. UV-visible spectrum of AgNPs shows an absorption peak at 422 nm, indicating the isotropic nature of these nanoparticles. As a result of the emergence of a transmission peak at 804.53 and 615.95 cm-1 in the spectrum of the infrared light emitted by atoms in a sample, FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that the Ag stretching vibration mode is metal-oxygen (M-O). Electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectral analysis shows that elementary silver has a peak at 3 keV. Irradiating the silver surface with electrons, photons, or laser beams triggers the illumination. The emission peak locations have been found between 300 and 550 nm. As a result of DLS analysis, suspended particles showed a bimodal size distribution, with their Z-average particle size being 93.38 nm. The findings showed that the antibacterial action of AgNPs was substantially (p≤0.05) more evident against Gramme-positive strains (S. aureus and B. cereus) than E. coli. The biosynthesis of AgNPs is an environmentally friendly method for making nanostructures that have antimicrobial and anticancer properties.

Multi-functional copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Lagerstroemia indica leaf extracts and their applications

Developing multifunctional nanomaterials through environmentally friendly and efficient approaches is a pivotal focus in nanotechnology. This study aimed to employ a biogenic method to synthesize multifunctional copper oxide nanoparticles (LI-CuO NPs) with diverse capabilities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and seed priming properties, as well as photocatalytic organic dye degradation and wastewater treatment potentials using Lagerstroemia indica leaf extract. The synthesized LI-CuO NPs were extensively characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The colloid displayed surface plasmon resonance peaks at 320 nm, characteristic of LI-CuO NPs. DLS analysis revealed an average particle size of 93.5 nm and a negative zeta potential of −20.3 mV. FTIR and XPS analyses demonstrated that LI-CuO NPs possessed abundant functional groups that acted as stabilizing agents. XRD analysis indicated pure crystalline and spherical LI-CuO NPs measuring 36 nm in size. Antibacterial tests exhibited significant differential activity of LI-CuO NPs against both gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) bacteria. In antioxidant tests, the LI-CuO NPs demonstrated a remarkable radical scavenging activity of 97.6 % at a concentration of 400 μg mL−1. These nanoparticles were also found to enhance mustard seed germination at low concentrations. With a remarkable reusability, LI-CuO NPs exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, with a degradation efficiency of 97.6 % at 150 μg/mL as well as a 95.6 % reduction in turbidity when applied to wastewater treatment. In conclusion, this study presents environmentally friendly method for the facile synthesis of LI-CuO NPs that could potentially offer promising applications in biomedicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation due to their multifunctional properties.

Unraveling the Role of Deep Eutectic Solvents with Varying Hydrogen-Bond Acceptors on the Thermoresponsive Polymer Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide).

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising tools for crafting polymeric materials across diverse domains. This study delves into the impact of a series of DESs on the phase behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) in aqueous environments, presenting compelling insights into their performance. Specifically, we explore the conformational phase behavior of PNIPAM in the presence of four distinct lactic acid (LA)-based DESs: LA-betaine (LA-BET), LA-proline (LA-PRO), LA-choline chloride (LA-CC), and LA-urea (LA-U). By maintaining a consistent hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) while varying the hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA), we unravel how different DES compositions modulate the phase transition behavior of PNIPAM. Our findings underscore the profound influence of DESs comprising LA as the HBD and diverse HBAs-BET, PRO, CC, and U on the thermoresponsive behavior of PNIPAM. Employing spectroscopic techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, steady-state fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ-potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we elucidate the preferential interactions between the HBA groups within DESs and the hydration layer of PNIPAM. Notably, temperature-dependent DLS analyses reveal a discernible decrease in the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM with increasing DES concentration, ultimately disrupting the hydrogen-bond interactions and resulting in early hydrophobic collapse of the polymer, which can be clearly seen in the TEM micrographs. Furthermore, the formation of polymer composites within the mixed system leads to notable alterations in the physiochemical properties of PNIPAM, as evidenced by shifts in its LCST value in the presence of DESs. This perturbation disrupts hydrogen-bond interactions, inducing hydrophobic collapse of the polymers, a phenomenon vividly captured in TEM micrographs. In essence, our study sheds new light on the pivotal role of varying HBA groups within DESs in modulating the conformational transitions of PNIPAM. These insights not only enrich our fundamental understanding but also hold immense promise for the development of smart polymeric systems with multifaceted applications spanning bioimaging, biomedical science, polymer science, and beyond.

Microalgae polyphosphate nanoparticles deliver bioavailable calcium against phytate antagonism: Ex vivo and in vivo studies

Biogenic nanoparticles are promising carriers to deliver essential minerals. Here, calcium-enriched polyphosphate nanoparticles (CaPNPs) with a Ca/P molar ratio > 0.5 were produced by Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 in the growth medium containing 1.08 g/L CaCl2, and had nearly spherical morphologies with a wide size distribution of 5–75 nm and strongly anionic surface properties with an average ζ-potential of –39 mV, according to dynamic light-scattering analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The ex-vivo ligated mouse ileal loop assays found that calcium in CaPNPs was readily available to intestinal absorption via both ion channel-mediated and endocytic pathways, specifically invoking macropinocytic internalization, lysosomal degradation, and transcytosis. Rat oral pharmacokinetics revealed that CaPNPs had a calcium bioavailability approximately 100 % relative to that of CaCl2 and more than 1.6 times of that of CaCO3. CaPNPs corrected the retinoic acid-induced increase in serum calcium, phosphorus, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, and decrease in serum osteocalcin, bone mineral content/density, and femoral geometric parameters with an efficacy equivalent to CaCl2 and markedly greater than CaCO3. In contrast to CaCl2, CaPNPs possessed desirable resistance against phytate’s antagonistic action on calcium absorption in these ex vivo and in vivo studies. Overall, CaPNPs are attractive as a candidate agent for calcium supplementation, especially to populations on high-phytate diets.

Biopesticide potential of Anisomeles indica Kuntze leaf essential oil and its nanoemulsion against bacterial blight - Xanthomonas strains

The objective of this study was to examine the chemical composition of essential oil A. indica leaves and its nanoemulsion, and evaluation of potential for use as a biopesticide. Essential oil of A. indica extracted from fresh leaves was found to be 99.97% composed of 59 components, according to GC-MS analysis. A non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 and the essential oil of A. indica were combined to create a stable nanoemulsion using sonication method. A long durable stable nanoemulsion was obtained after thirty minutes of sonication, and it was examined using TEM (Transmission electron microscopy), DLS (Dynamic light scattering), and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analyses. To consider its practical applications, other factors such as stability, viscosity, pH, turbidity, and creaming index were also investigated. Antibacterial properties of essential oil and nanoemulsion were evaluated against bacterial blight plant pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae and Xanthomonas citri. The MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) was determined using the broth microdilution method, and the anti-Xanthomonas activity was assessed utilizing by agar disc diffusion method. Using the crystal violet (CV) technique, inhibition of biofilm formation and development were evaluated. Disturbance of bacterial membrane permeability was confirmed by estimating the proteins and nucleic acids (DNA, and RNA) leakage from the cell membrane. Greenhouse studies using rice/paddy plants were conducted to demonstrate the antibacterial potential of essential oil and nanoemulsion, using RNR-15048 rice cultivar by seed treatment and foliar spray groups. Results of the investigations suggest that, when the essential oil was transformed into a nanoemulsion, its antibacterial effect against bacteria was significantly increased, that might be attributed to the essential oil enhanced ability to penetrate the bacterial cells. Essential oil of A. indica and its nanoemulsion reduced rice bacterial blight disease by 84%and pathogen-virulence by 92%, and promoted the growth and development of rice/paddy seedlings. These results confirm that A. indica essential oil and its nanoemulsion possess anti-bacterial blight properties, without affecting growth and development of host plants. Essential oil of A. indica and its nanoemulsion could be used as biopesticide to control Xanthomonas induced bacterial blight diseases in crop plants either by using for seed treatment or as a foliar spray.

Investigating the Impact of Drone Transport on the Stability of Monoclonal Antibodies for Inter-Hospital Transportation

In the field of healthcare logistics, the reliance on conventional transport methods such as cars for the delivery of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is susceptible to challenges posed by traffic and infrastructure, leading to increased and unpredictable transport times. Recognizing the potential role of drones in mitigating these challenges, we aimed to investigate the impact of medical drone transport on the stability of mAbs. Compromised stability could lead to aggregation and immunogenicity, thereby jeopardizing the efficacy and safety of mAbs. We studied the transportation of vials as well as ready-to-administer infusion bags with blinatumomab, tocilizumab, and daratumumab. The methodology involved the measurement of both temperature and mechanical shock during drone transport. Moreover, the analytical techniques High Performance Size-Exclusion Chromatography (HP-SEC), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Light Obscuration (LO), Micro-Flow Imaging (MFI), and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) were employed to comprehensively assess the presence of aggregates and particle formation. The key findings revealed no significant differences between car and drone transport, indicating that the stability of mAbs in both vials and infusion bags was adequately maintained during drone transport. This suggests that medical drones are a viable and reliable means for the inter-hospital transport of mAbs, paving the way for more efficient and predictable logistics in healthcare delivery.

Novel short Agave americana based biocomposite and nanobiocomposites for automotive applications

Short fibers of Agave Americana (AA) was extracted from its plant leaf, was chemically treated with Ac2O, HCOOH, H2O2, KMnO4 and NaOH, and then characterized by Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), thermo-gravimetric/differential thermo-gravimetric (TGA/DTG), and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). PVA stabilized copper nanoparticles from chemical reduction method was characterized using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG). Bio-composites (AA + Polyester Resin (PE) and hybrid nano bio-composites (AA + Polyester Resin (PE) + Cu) were prepared from the untreated and treated AA fibers and further characterized. The synergistic effect of chemical treatment on morphological (SEM), thermal (TGA/DTG), mechanical properties (flexural, tensile, impact and compressive strength) followed by % water absorption were examined. The average surface roughness values (Ra) of chemical treated fiber was identified to be in decreasing manner along with compression strength of biocomposite in the order of untreated (10.74 μm, 44.01 MPa) > NaOH (8.55 μm, 45.07 MPa) > HCOOH (3.49 μm, 24.10 MPa) Ac2O (3.24 μm, 22.10 MPa) > H2O2 (2.51um, 17.9 MPa) > KMnO4 (1.52 μm, 15.1 MPa) treated fibers. Subsequently, the addition of 2s@PVA led to reverse the order namely, the compressive strength of the bionanocomposites were Untreated (10.74 μm, 9.0 MPa) < NaOH (8.55 μm, 0.1 MPa) < HCOOH (3.49 μm, 3.6 MPa) < Ac2O (3.24 μm, 7.6 MPa) < H2O2 (2.51um, 13.3 MPa) < KMnO4 (1.52 μm, 44.1 MPa) treated fibers. Similarly, the biocomposite where the fibres were treated with NaOH, HCOOH were more rough and had, good interconnection between fiber/PE matrix along with enhanced mechanical properties. On addition of nanobiocomposite, only KMnO4 treated fiber composite possed significant mechanical properties. Therefore, mixing CuNPs@PVA with KMnO4 treated fibers led to significant boost to the mechanical properties and minimised the % water absorption properties when compared to the untreated AA/PE biocomposites. The KMnO4 treatment of the AA fiber and addition of copper nanoparticles caused the enhancement of thermal properties, tensile strength and flexural strength. But, these nanobiocomposites were observed to have low impact strength; while, H2O2 treated nanobiocomposites had highest impact strength. The chemical treatment of the AA fiber with NaOH, Ac2O and KMnO4 developed the water resistance of the respective biocomposites. All the nanobiocomposites with chemically treated AA fibers (except Ac2O) were found to have high water resistance. So, they can be used in automotive industry for non-structural applications.

Alkaloid rich hydroponic chili for AgNPs synthesis against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus infected burn wounds

Hydroponic plant cultivation is expected to replace soil cultivation owing to an increased plant yield and rapid turnover. A number of medicinal plants have been successfully grown in hydroponic system. Effect of hydroponic cultivation on phytochemical content of medicinal plants needs to be investigated for efficient phytomedicine production. Herein, we quantify the bioactive compounds of medicinal importance in hydroponic and soil grown chili for green silver nanoparticles (AgNP) based formulation preparation. The end product has been evaluated as an alternate treatment for skin and soft tissue infections caused by Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA). Comparable phytochemical profile of soil grown chili extract (CESoil) and hydroponically grown chili extract (CEHydro) for increased production of plant sourced medicinally important compounds has been studied. Stable phytosynthesized CE NPs, confirmed by UV visible spectroscopy (UV) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, showed enhanced anti-MDRSA activity in vitro with MIC and MBC at 0.312 and 0.625 mg/ml respectively. Hydrogel based CE NPs formulation successfully eliminated burn wound MDRSA infection in vivo while also regenerating the skin. Enhanced CE NPs activity in vitro and in vivo suggests their potential use in combating AMR infections that can further be evaluated in clinical trials.

Braided silk sutures coated with photoreduced silver nanoparticles for eradicating Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans infections

BackgroundInfections resulting from surgical procedures and wound closures continue to pose significant challenges in healthcare settings. To address this issue, the investigators have developed antibacterial non-resorbable braided silk sutures using in situ deposited silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and investigated their efficacy in eradicating Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans infections. MethodsThe braided silk sutures were modified through a simple and efficient in situ photoreduction method, resulting in the uniform distribution of AgNPs along the suture surface. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis (FTIR) confirming their successful integration onto the silk sutures. The antibacterial activity of the nanoparticle coated sutures were compared and evaluated with non-coated braided silk sutures through in vitro assays against both S. aureus and S. mutans. ResultsThe surface and cross-sectional analysis of the treated sutures revealed a uniform and homogeneous distribution of silver particles achieved through the photoreduction of silver solution. This observation confirms the successful coating of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the sutures. The antimicrobial studies conducted, demonstrated significant reductions in bacterial colonies when exposed to the silver nanoparticle-coated sutures. Notably, the width of the inhibition zone surrounding the coated sutures remained consistently wide and stable for duration up to 7 days. This sustained and robust inhibitory effect against gram-positive bacteria, specifically S. aureus and S. mutans, serves as strong evidence of the antibacterial efficacy of the coated sutures. ConclusionThe coating of silk sutures with AgNPs provided a significant and effective antibacterial capacity to the surgical sutures, with this activity being sustained for a period of 7 days. This suggests that AgNPs-in situ photoreduction deposited sutures have the potential to effectively manage S. aureus and S. mutans infections.

Sunlight-assisted green synthesis of gold nanocubes using horsetail leaf extract: A highly selective colorimetric sensor for Pb2+, photocatalytic and antimicrobial agent

This work aims to establish a novel approach for the selective synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with defined shape and size as well as excellent colloidal stability via a facile and environmentally friendly manner. The polar extract from the leaves of the plant E. diffusum (EDLE), also known as horsetail, was used to synthesize gold NPs (EDLE@Au NPs). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-rays (SEM-EDX), PXRD, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential (ZP) were used to characterize as-synthesized EDLE@Au NPs. The SEM imaging revealed the cubic shape of EDLE@Au NPs. Interestingly, EDLE@Au NPs interacted with different metal ions, and a shift in the LSPR band to a higher wavelength was observed only in the case of Pb2+ ions. This provided a basis for using the EDLE@Au NPs as a selective colorimetric sensor for Pb2+ ions. A linear range of 20–350 µM and a limit of detection of 4.4 µM for Pb2+ detection was achieved. To elucidate the sensing mechanism, DLS and zeta potential analyses were carried out after addition of Pb2+. A significant decrease in the zeta potential along with an increase in the particle size of the Au NPs was observed after the addition of Pb2+, suggesting the aggregation of the nanoparticles. Further, the results of the antimicrobial study showed that EDLE@Au NPs were active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. An exceptional photocatalytic activity with 96.5% degradation efficiency of EDLE@Au NPs was examined against methylene blue dye.

Brucine Entrapped Titanium Oxide Nanoparticle for Anticancer Treatment: An In Vitro Study.

Backgroundand Objective. The public's health has been seriously threatened by cervical cancer during recent times. In terms of newly diagnosed cases worldwide, it ranks as the ninth most prevalent malignancy. Multiple investigations have proven that nanoparticles can effectively combat cancer due to their small dimensions and extensive surface area. In the meantime, bioactive compounds which are biocompatible are being loaded onto nanoparticles to promote cancer therapy. The current study investigates the anticancerous potential of Brucine-entrapped titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) in cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). Materials and Methods. The physiochemical, structural, and morphological aspects of Brucine-entrapped TiO2 NPs were evaluated by UV-visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX). The cytotoxic effect against the HeLa cell line was assessed using a tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT), a trypan blue exclusion (TBE) assay, phase contrast microscopic analysis, and a fluorescence assay including ROS and DAPI staining. Furthermore, estimation of antioxidant markers includes catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Results. The UV spectrum at 266 nm revealed the formation of TiO NPs. The FT-IR peaks confirmed the effective entrapment of brucine with TiO2 NPs. The average size (100.0 nm) of Brucine-entrapped TiO2 NPs was revealed in DLS analysis. The micrograph of the SEM revealed the formation of ellipsoidal to tetragonal-shaped NPs. The Ti, O, and C signals were observed in EDAX. In MTT assay, Brucine-entrapped TiO2 NPs showed inhibition of cell proliferation in a dose-wise manner and IC50 was noticed at the concentration of 30 µg/mL. The percentage of viable cells gradually reduced in the trypan blue exclusion assay. The phase contrast microscopic analysis of Brucine-entrapped TiO2 NP-treated cells showed cell shrinkage, cell wall deterioration, and cell blebbing. The intracellular ROS level was increased in a dose-wise manner when compared to control cells in ROS staining. The condensed nuclei and apoptotic cells were increased in treated cells, as noted in DAPI staining. In treated cells, the antioxidant markers such as CAT, GSH, and SOD levels were substantially lower compared to the control cells. Conclusion. The synthesized Brucine entrapped TiO2 NPs exhibited remarkable anticancer activity against the HeLa cell line.

Green synthesis of hybrids of zinc oxide, titanium oxide, and calcium oxide nanoparticles from Foeniculum vulgare: an assessment of biological activity

The increased prominence in the use of nanoparticles has made it important to employ synergy between nanoparticles while harnessing individual metallic and biological properties to improve and modify the surface, the versatility, and efficiency of nanoparticle hybrid. This study aims to conduct a bio-assessment assay of nanoparticle hybrid systems within an in-vitro set-up and improve the surface modifications of these systems. The hybrid surfaces are characterized using a scanning electron microscope, dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR reveals the presence of functional groups like phenols, carboxylic acids, and esters. The XRD confirms the hexagonal crystalline phase of Fe-NZnO, the cubic lattice of Fe-NCaO, and the rutile phase of TiO2. The hydrodynamic diameter of Fe-NZnO-NCaO, Fe-NTiO2-NCaO, and Fe-NTiO2-NZnO are shown to be 163.2, 164.6, and 219.4 nm, respectively, using DLS analysis. Turbidity analysis indicates that Fe-NZnO-NCaO is the least aggregated particle following a 14-day observation period, meaning that it is the most stable over that period. Anti-hemolytic erythrocyte assay demonstrates the relative biocompatibility and ability of the hybrids to enhance cell protein protection. Fe-NZnO-NCaO and Fe-NTiO2-NCaO exhibit higher post-treatment cytotoxicity across the concentrations than Fe-NTiO2-NZnO.