Dynamic Charging Of Electric Vehicles Research Articles

SOLAR WIRELESS DYNAMIC ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING SYSTEM

This paper details the making plans and design of a The Solar Wireless Dynamic Electric Vehicle Charging System, a solution to the dual problems of costly gasoline and dangerous emissions. The range of countries with electric cars on the road is gradually rising. In addition to assisting the surroundings, electric cars have validated useful in reducing down on transportation fees by means of substituting highly-priced gas with much greater less costly strength. Here, we create a novel and powerful solution to this problem by means of designing an electric powered vehicle dynamic charging infrastructure. There is no need to stop the car for charging due to the fact the EV can achieve this whilst it's far in movement, the device is powered with the The Solar Wireless Dynamic Electric Vehicle Charging System solar energy and there is no want for an additional power source. Key Words: Solar energy, Solar cell, Arduino Uno controller, Wireless charging, Electric vehicle, Dynamic charging.

A Gaussian random walk salp swarm algorithm for optimal dynamic charging of electric vehicles

Salp swarm algorithm (SSA) is one of the recently developed meta-heuristic optimization algorithms. Since SSA outperforms other swarm-based algorithms, it has recently been employed in various applications, including feature selection, neural network training and renewable energy systems. In this paper, an improved salp swarm algorithm based on a Gaussian random walk is proposed, which enhances the algorithm’s performance particularly for multidimensional constrained global optimization problems. The integration of a Gaussian random walk into the algorithm balances between its exploration and exploitation capabilities. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm introduces a new re-dispersion strategy in the case of stagnation at local optimum points, which considerably enhances exploration. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using a set of twenty-three benchmark test functions and is compared to the performance of prevalent metaheuristic algorithms. Statistical analysis is performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and the results reveal considerable improvement over the competing algorithms. Then, 21 real-world optimization problems are used to further evaluate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm. The winners of the CEC2020 Competition on Real-World Single Objective Constrained Optimization, SASS, sCMAgES, EnMODE, and COLSHADE algorithms, are used as four comparable algorithms in the real-world optimization problems. The convergence curves and simulations provide very competitive performance compared to the comparative algorithms. The proposed algorithm is used to address one of the most challenging real-world constrained problems in power system applications, namely, determining the optimal charging schedule for electric vehicles at charging stations. The results reveal that the proposed algorithm outperforms other existing algorithms in terms of increasing the charging revenues and achieving maximum power grid stability.

Highly Efficient Three-Phase Bi-Directional SiC DC–AC Inverter for Electric Vehicle Flywheel Emulator

Flywheels are nowadays a solution for the dynamic charging of electric vehicles since they act as transient energy storage. The need for a top efficient reversible power converter for the flywheel system is crucial to assure high dynamic performance. The paper presents the design of a 50 kW highly efficient reversible three-phase DC–AC inverter involving the most recent silicon carbide metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors, and its experimental validation on a home-made emulator. Highest efficiency in reversible mode, compactness, and thermal enhancement are the targeted objectives that have been achieved. The power converter prototype evaluated on an original pulse width modulation testing-bench is able to emulate the working of the flywheel system. High frequency pulse width modulation switching, speed cycle operating, and thermal losses are evaluated. In addition, an efficiency above 99% for the converter has been attained, enabling robust functioning of the flywheel system emulator to perform specific charging profiles for electric vehicles.

Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging

Abstract: The paper describes about the dynamic electric vehicle charging system from solar. It reduces fuel and pollution. Nowadays electric vehicle are growing in numbers because of high rates of fuel Electric vehicle has now hit the road worldwide and are slowly growing in numbers. Also it is proven that electric vehicle helpful in reducing cost of travel and which is cheaper than fuel. So we have developed an electric charging system with unique ideas for solving charging system problem. In this electric vehicle no need of any wire, no need of external power supply, no need to stop vehicle for charging, we can charge EV in moving condition. In this system we use, battery, transformer, Atmega controller, LCD display, regulatory circuit, solar panel, coils of copper, AC to DC converters to develop the system more accurate. This whole system describes that how an electric vehicle can be charged in moving condition and also eliminating the need to stop the vehicle and charge it. Thus, insulating in the copper coil in the road, we can charge the electric vehicle in the moving condition.

AI-Empowered Game Theoretic-Enabled Dynamic Electric Vehicles Charging Price Scheme in Smart City

AI-Empowered Game Theoretic-Enabled Dynamic Electric Vehicles Charging Price Scheme in Smart City

EV-Auth: Lightweight Authentication Protocol Suite for Dynamic Charging System of Electric Vehicles With Seamless Handover

Electric vehicle adoption has accelerated globally, necessitating the development of an efficient charging technology. Static and partially dynamic charging are currently in use, but such types of charging reduce vehicles’ ability to stand charge, contributing to range anxiety. Dynamic charging of electric vehicles will be a promising technology in the near future, allowing an electric vehicle to charge by itself while in motion. However, assessing the security risks before enabling dynamic charging is mandatory, with authentication being a necessary step. Hence, a protocol suite EV-Auth is proposed for communicating entities in a dynamic charging system capable of mutual authentication and session key computation. To achieve practical capabilities, EV-Auth is built using lightweight cryptographic primitives. Additionally, it includes a unique feature known as seamless electric vehicle handover. The security of the proposed protocol suite is assessed both informally and formally using random oracle model and scyther tool. The performance analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol suite satisfies the communication and computation time requirements.

An Overview of Dynamic Inductive Charging for Electric Vehicles

Inductive power transfer (IPT) technology offers a promising solution for electric vehicle (EV) charging. It permits an EV to charge its energy storage system without any physical connections using magnetic coupling between inductive coils. EV inductive charging is an exemplary option due to the related merits such as: automatic operation, safety in harsh climatic conditions, interoperability, and flexibility. There are three visions to realize wireless EV charging: (i) static, in which charging occurs while EV is in long-term parking; (ii) dynamic (in-motion), which happens when EV is moving at high speed; and (iii) quasi-dynamic, which can occur when EV is at transient stops or driving at low speed. This paper introduces an extensive review for IPT systems in dynamic EV charging. It offers the state-of-the-art of transmitter design, including magnetic structure and supply arrangement. It explores and summarizes various types of compensation networks, power converters, and control techniques. In addition, the paper introduces the state-of-the-art of research and development activities that have been conducted for dynamic EV inductive charging systems, including challenges associated with the technology and opportunities to tackle these challenges. This study offers an exclusive reference to researchers and engineers who are interested in learning about the technology and highlights open questions to be addressed.

A computationally efficient hybrid optimization‐based model predictive control for inductive power transfer systems

Model predictive control (MPC) has been actively researched in recent years for power electronics applications due to its intuitive concept, flexibility, and superior dynamic performance. However, current research on MPC for inductive power transfer (IPT) systems is rather limited. Several emerging applications such as dynamic electric vehicle charging, vehicle-to-grid services, and ad hoc power transfer between mobile devices require IPT systems to possess fast dynamic response characteristic. Here, a new MPC method based on computationally efficient hybrid optimization scheme is proposed to meet the needs of these applications. The proposed MPC method adaptively selects the moving discretized control set-based optimization or the newly proposed group-based optimization under different system's states to minimize the number of iterations required for determining the optimum control variable, thus offering the advantage of low computational burden. The paper also proposes a new prediction error compensation scheme that effectively improves the control accuracy of the proposed MPC method. All the proposed works are experimentally verified on a laboratory prototype.

Arc Routing with Electric Vehicles: Dynamic Charging and Speed-Dependent Energy Consumption

Concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and government regulations foster the use of electric vehicles. Several recently published articles study the use of electric vehicles (EVs) in node-routing problems. In contrast, this article considers EVs in the context of arc routing while also addressing practically relevant aspects that have not been addressed sufficiently so far. These include dynamic charging of EVs while driving, speed-dependent energy consumption, and nonlinear charging functions that depend on the battery’s state of charge and the charging time. A generic way of dealing with these aspects is introduced through the concept of an energy-indexed graph, which is used to derive an integer linear programming formulation and a solution framework based on branch and cut. Efficient construction heuristics and a local search for approximately solving large-scale instances are proposed. A computational study is performed on realistic problem instances. Besides analyzing the performance of all proposed methods, the obtained results also provide insights into strategic decisions related to the battery size and the amount of charging facilities.

A survey on security challenges and protocols of electric vehicle dynamic charging system

AbstractElectric vehicle (EV) has emerged as the future of transport worldwide, with the rising need for greener and energy‐efficient transportation solutions. The adoption of EVs can accommodate a clean atmosphere, dropping conventional fuel dependence. During the charging process, the EV will have to interact with various entities that are presented in the dynamic charging station to get charged. This emerging technology grabbed the attention of several researchers to propose authentication protocols for the dynamic EV charging system to protect the information exchanged between the EVs and the dynamic charging station. Considering the complexities associated with communications among EV and other involved entities, security researchers have proposed diverse authentication protocols vital for the EV charging system to protect the information exchanged. However, several existing authentication protocols either suffer from prominent security threats or limit themselves to static charging. This review paper discusses security aspects, security threats, the typical network model, and the threat model in the EV dynamic charging system. Next, we studied and analyzed various security protocols that are needed to provide authentication, privacy preservation, secure billing, and payment among the involved entities in the EV dynamic charging system. A comparative analysis of several state‐of‐the‐art security protocols that offer authentication, privacy preservation, and secure billing and payment facilities in EV dynamic charging systems is demonstrated with their efficacy as well as security and functionality aspects. In addition, some future challenges for EV dynamic charging system security protocols are also highlighted.

Authentication and Billing for Dynamic Wireless EV Charging in an Internet of Electric Vehicles

Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) is a promising technology to charge Electric Vehicles (EV) using on-road charging segments (CS), also known as DWC pads. In order to ensure effective utilization of this on-the-road charging service, communication and coordination need to be established between the EVs and the different network entities, thereby forming an Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV). In an IoEV, EVs can utilize different V2X communication modes to enable charging scheduling, load management, and reliable authentication and billing services. Yet, designing an authentication scheme for dynamic EV charging presents significant challenges given the mobility of the EVs and the short contact time between the EVs and the charging segments. Accordingly, this work proposes a fast, secure and lightweight authentication scheme that allows only authentic EVs with valid credentials to charge their batteries while ensuring secure and fair payments. The presented scheme starts with a key pre-distribution phase between the charging service company (CSC) and the charging pad owner (PO), followed by a hash chain and digital signature-based registration and authentication phase between the EV and the CSC, before the EV reaches the beginning of the charging lane. These preliminary authentication phases allow the authentication between the EVs and the charging segments to be performed using simple hash key verification operations prior to charging activation, which reduces the computational cost of the EVs and the CS. Symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography are utilized to secure the communication between the different network entities. Analysis of the computational and transmission time requirements of the proposed authentication scheme shows that, for an EV traveling at 60 km/h to start charging at the beginning of the charging lane, the authentication process must be initiated at least 1.35 m ahead of the starting point of the lane as it requires ≃81 ms to be completed.

Optimal Coupler Topology for Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle

Recently, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing due to the decline of oil resources and the rising of greenhouse gas emissions. However, EVs have not received full acceptance by consumers due to the limitations of the stored energy and charging problems. The dynamic or in-motion charging solution has become a suitable choice to solve the battery-related issues. Many researchers and vehicle manufacturers are working to develop an efficient charging system for EVs. In order to improve the efficiency of the dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT), the electromagnetic coupling coefficient between the two parts of the coupler must be maximized. This paper was dedicated to find the optimal topology of a magnetic coupler with the best coupling factor while taking in consideration the displacement and the misalignment of the EV. The article is introduced by developing a methodology for characterizing the electrical parameters of couplers, followed by a comparative study of different forms of coils suitable for dynamic charging of electric vehicles. The particularity of the proposed study concerned the overall dimensions, or the areas occupied by the windings of the coils remaining the same for all the chosen shapes and corresponding to the surface that is actually available under the EV. Simulation and experimental tests were carried out to validate the proposed study.

Effect of Coil Parameters on Layered DD Coil for Efficient Wireless Power Transfer

Inductive wireless power transfer technology (WPT) is gaining momentum recently for wide range of applications. This ranges from charging of portable electronic devices to static and dynamic charging of electric vehicles. It is enabled by the use of magnetic coils wound in certain shapes and dimensions. In order to gain optimal wireless power transfer, coil parameters such as the wire spacing and the core area, are critical. A less optimal selection of values for these parameters can lead to destructive or constructive interaction between the generated fields. In this letter, some coil parameters such as the inter-layer and turn spacing of the Layered DD (LDD) coil are investigated to determine how they influence the inductance which influences the WPT efficiency. It was deduced that the start radius of the LDD coil is directly proportional to the inductance. The inter-layer distance and change in radius exhibit an inversely proportional relationship.

Wireless power transfer system design for electric vehicle dynamic charging application

This paper proposes and demonstrates a wireless power transfer system design for electric vehicle dynamic charging applications. The dynamic wireless charging (DWC) lane is designed for modularly. Each module has three shorttrack transmitter coils that are placed closely together and connected to a single inverter to reduce the number of inverters. The magnetic coupler design is analyzed and optimized by finite element analysis (FEA) to reduce the output power variation during dynamic charging. The LCC compensation circuit is designed according to the optimal load value to obtain maximum efficiency. The SIC devices are used to improve the efficiency of the high-frequency resonant inverter. A 1.5 kW dynamic charging system prototype is constructed. Experimental results show that the output power variation of 9.5% and the average efficiency of 89.5% are obtained in the moving condition.

Wireless power transfer system design for electric vehicle dynamic charging application

Wireless power transfer system design for electric vehicle dynamic charging application

Experimental Evaluation of Layered DD Coil Structure in a Wireless Power Transfer System

The transfer efficiency of a wireless power transfer system (WPT) is a critical and desired property for faster dynamic charging of electric vehicles, portable electronics, and battery powered medical devices. Mutual and self-inductance are two parameters that influence performance of the coil. To achieve an increase in inductance, coils are wound with more turns, therefore, making them bigger and not being able to fit into a fixed area. In this article, we have implemented a novel layered double D (LDD) coil with configuration that is optimized to create maximum constructive flux linkage between the transmitting and receiving coils. While also increasing the effective area of its parent double D (DD) coil, LDD still maintains the same lateral area. The inductances of both LDD and DD coil were measured alongside each other. LDD gave a significant increase in inductance comparison to the DD coil. Ferrite and aluminum shielding material are introduced to the coils to determine the effect on inductance. The coils had a more consistent performance when ferrite was used as a shield. By evaluating the WPT performance of various coil configurations, it was determined that the LDD coil with ferrite shield gave the best performance, making them very suitable for next generation WPT applications.

Design and Implementation of Prototype EMIR for Dynamic Charging of Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are considered to be one of the most sustainable forms of transportation. Unlike hybrid vehicles or gas-powered cars, EVs run solely on electric power. However, despite their many benefits, EVs are facing major challenges in the market today. The major challenge being its exorbitant costs as compare to fuel-based cars. And, range anxiety also proves to be a hurdle for EVs [6]. Thus, to answer all the aforementioned challenges, we proposed Electro-Magnetic Induction-based Roads (EMIR), a dynamic wireless recharging system. EVs would be able to slip into a special EMIR green lane, recharge their batteries a bit, and slip out. This technology will thus reduce the size of the EV battery, which is the most expensive part of the EV, by increasing its effective mileage and the life of the battery. This paper elaborates on the method of performing dynamic wireless power transfer through resonance based electromagnetic induction. A 163 cm long and a 30 cm wide transmitter coil was designed to transfer electrical energy to an oval-shaped receiver coil with 40 cm as its major axis and 30 cm as its minor axis. The EV battery is dynamically recharged by a charging infrastructure between the road and the vehicle while it is in motion with a high efficiency. The transmitter coils are essentially supposed to be embedded in the road but are placed over the road for visual purposes. The receiver coil is placed under the EV. When the EV goes over the electric road, it gets dynamically recharged. A prototypic EMIR was successfully designed to demonstrate the Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT) for EVs.

A Wireless EV Charging Topology With Integrated Energy Storage

This article presents a wireless power transfer topology based on inductive power transfer (IPT) with integrated supercapacitor (SC) energy storage. The proposed topology is suitable for dynamic charging of electric vehicles (EVs), where pulses of energy must be processed without placing excessive strain on the utility grid or the EV battery. This topology extends the functionality of a typical LCL- tuned bidirectional IPT system by adding the ability to store energy in an SC in a controlled manner. Operation of the system is described in terms of the switching patterns and control variables required to transfer energy between the input, output, and the SCs. A mathematical model that predicts the overall transfer of power between the input, output, and SCs is presented along with experimental results at a nominal power level of 3.8 kW to validate the model and the topology under a variety of typical operating conditions.

Smart and Resilient EV Charging in SDN-Enhanced Vehicular Edge Computing Networks

Smart grid delivers power with two-way flows of electricity and information with the support of information and communication technologies. Electric vehicles (EVs) with rechargeable batteries can be powered by external sources of electricity from the grid, and thus charging scheduling that guides low-battery EVs to charging services is significant for service quality improvement of EV drivers. The revolution of communications and data analytics driven by massive data in smart grid brings many challenges as well as chances for EV charging scheduling, and how to schedule EV charging in a smart and resilient way has inevitably become a crucial problem. Toward this end, we in this paper leverage the techniques of software defined networking and vehicular edge computing to investigate a joint problem of fast charging station selection and EV route planning. Our objective is to minimize the total overhead from users’ perspective, including time and charging fares in the whole process, considering charging availability and electricity price fluctuation. A deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based solution is proposed to determine an optimal charging scheduling policy for low-battery EVs. Besides, in response to dynamic EV charging, we further develop a resilient EV charging strategy based on incremental update, with EV drivers’ user experience being well considered. Extensive simulations demonstrate that our proposed DRL-based solution obtains near-optimal EV charging overhead with good adaptivity, and the solution with incremental update achieves much higher computation efficiency than conventional game-theoretical method in dynamic EV charging.

Performance Optimization of Dynamic Wireless EV Charger Under Varying Driving Conditions Without Resonant Information

On-road dynamic charging of electric vehicles by wireless power transfer (WPT) systems has emerged recently as a cost-saving means for modern transportation. Thus, maximizing power transfer efficiency is essential in the system design stage as well as during the operation. In addition, the voltage regulation of EV power bus, supplied by the power transfer system and battery, is needed for a long life of the battery. In this paper, these two requirements are fulfilled under varying EV driving conditions by a single control system applied to a wireless power transfer system. The control system simultaneously tunes the switching frequency of the primary side inverter and the conversion ratio of the secondary side converter to achieve the maximum possible efficiency. In addition, the system adjusts the duty cycle of the primary side inverter to regulate the output voltage. Furthermore, an allowable range for the optimal frequency is determined and imposed to the primary inverter to compensate the power factor reduction according to IEEE std-1547.1. The system needs just one dc/dc converter instead of two as reported in the literature, without any restriction in zero state and start-up conditions. The control system does not need any information of the coupling coefficient and compensating circuit elements. The system is applied to a 710 W experimental wireless power transfer setup. Extensive simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed control system.