Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm Research Articles

A Visualization Based Analysis on Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithms for Optical Networks

This paper presents the bibliometric analysis of Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) algorithms in the telecommunication field using CiteSpace and Web of Science (WoS) analysis for the period of decade (2009-2018). The publication count and citation counts in the last five years have significantly increased reflecting this as active research. The visualization results identified the most influential DBA algorithms centered on 1) EPON technology addressing DBAs meeting QoS requirement (68 counts), 2) DBAs for Elastic Optical Networks (58 counts) and (3 DBAs for long reach PON (54 counts). Assi CM and Kramer G are the leading contributors and Plos One and Journal of optical communication and networking are proffered Journals. The correlation between the research contribution and expenditures countries do is 0.945. Wherein, China in countries and Beijing university of Posts and Telecommunications among research institutes contribute the most in the DBA PON research across the world.

QoS satisfaction aware and network reconfiguration enabled resource allocation for virtual network embedding in Fiber-Wireless access network

Network virtualization emerges as a revolutionary transformation for network operation pattern, which potentially benefits Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) access network by overcoming the bottleneck of joint wireless and optical resource allocation. On one hand, the heterogeneity between optical and wireless subnetworks that has posed severe challenges on the global optimization of FiWi can be tackled using network virtualization by shielding their physical differences. On the other hand, the flexible nature of resource scheduling in FiWi provides an opportunity for Infrastructure Provider (InP) to obtain high profit in the process of Virtual Network Embedding (VNE). In this paper, we highlight the VNE problem in FiWi access network. The wireless channel allocation algorithm and dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm in FiWi are put forward, based on which the Integer Liner Programming (ILP) model of VNE problem in FiWi access network is formulated mathematically where a practical model of Virtual Network (VN) is focused by endowing each VN with a unique QoS satisfaction requirement. Moreover, aiming at maximizing InP profit, a QoS satisfaction aware VNE algorithm is designed and then improved by network reconfiguration mechanisms that enable the reconfiguration of not only virtual networks but also substrate network. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithms are effective in achieving higher VN acceptance ratio as well as InP profit. Furthermore, the mobility in network virtualization is analyzed in company with suggested solutions for virtualized FiWi access network. Comprehensive designs will be addressed in future work.

Flexible Wavelength and Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation for NG-EPONs

Next-generation Ethernet passive optical networks (NG-EPON) allow optical network unit (ONU) transmission scheduling concurrently on multiple wavelengths. This increases the network capacity up to 100 Gb/s and increases flexibility, as four wavelengths are used with an individual capacity of 25 Gb/s. However, an optimum dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) is required for a spectrally efficient NG-EPON (100 G-EPON). This paper proposes an online gated service DBA algorithm for NG-EPON to assign a flexible number of wavelengths and a dynamic grant size on each upstream wavelength. The assignment is based on the difference between the start time of the wavelengths and the effectiveness in reducing delay by transmitting on multiple wavelengths. Moreover, to evaluate the transmission effectiveness, an optimum criterion alpha is introduced in relation to the number of ONUs in the network. The proposed DBA algorithm's performance is evaluated in terms of average packet delay, grant utilization, number of wavelengths used, and resequencing delay in comparison to modified-IPACT, the recently proposed First-Fit DBA (FF-DBA), and water-filling-algorithm-based DBA (WF-DBA) algorithms. Simulation results confirmed the validity of the proposed DBA algorithm.

Analysis of Online DBA Algorithm with Adaptive Sleep Cycle in WDM EPON

ABSTRACTIn order to manage Quality of Service (QoS) and energy efficiency in the optical access network, an online Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) algorithm with adaptive sleep cycle is presented. This DBA algorithm has the ability to allocate an additional bandwidth to the end user within a single sleep cycle whose duration changes depending on the current buffers occupancy. The purpose of this DBA algorithm is to tune the duration of the sleep cycle depending on the network load in order to provide service to the end user without violating strict QoS requests in all network operating conditions.

Algorithm of both release and allocation bandwidth for downstream channel in multi‐OLT PON

A passive optical network (PON) with multiple optical line terminals (OLTs) will play an important role in the optical access network. In this study, a novel dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm for the downstream channel in a multi-OLT PON is proposed. To take care of bandwidth demands of different users, weight factors are introduced. Based on different weight factors, a core framework of the algorithm is constructed. Moreover, by combining a decision criterion and a bandwidth surplus ratio, a mathematical model of release bandwidth is established. Furthermore, by uniting judgement conditions and overload amount, a mathematical model of allocation bandwidth is also built. By constructing two mathematical models, the order and amount of release and allocation bandwidth are effectively solved. Moreover, to describe accurately the power of bandwidth transfer, a new concept ‘bandwidth-transfer work’ is introduced. Based on the bandwidth-transfer work, a ranking model is created to maximise the efficiency of the DBA. Finally, the effectiveness of the DBA algorithm and ranking model is demonstrated by the simulation and analysis.

Dynamic Wavelength and Bandwidth Allocation Algorithms for Mitigating Frame Reordering in NG-EPON

The IEEE initialized a working group to study the 100 Gb/s next-generation passive optical networks (NG-EPON). A key technology adopted by NG-EPON is channel bonding, which enables optical network units (ONUs) to transmit data on multiple wavelength channels simultaneously to achieve higher peak rates. In the upstream, ONUs share the bandwidth of each wavelength in a time-division multiplexing manner, and dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) coordinates ONU upstream transmission. If an ONU is granted transmission of data on multiple wavelengths simultaneously, frame reordering will occur due to simultaneous parallel transmission, which needs to be minimized because buffer and extra processing time are needed to restore the original framesequence. For a group of ONUs, DWBA can grant each ONU transmission on either a single wavelength or multiple wavelengths without affecting total bandwidth occupation. Since ONUs transmitting on single wavelength can get rid of frame reordering, different DWBA algorithms can result in different numbers of ONUs suffering frame reordering. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of DWBA algorithms on frame reordering in NG-EPON. A DWBA algorithm for mitigating frame reordering without affecting bandwidth utilization is proposed. The theoretical upper bound of a frame-reordered ONU number with the proposed algorithm is also analyzed. The performances (in terms of frame-reordered ONU number and packet delay) of DWBA algorithms are evaluated through simulations. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can mitigate frame reordering efficiently and reduce packet delay as well.

CDMA-Based Dynamic Power and Bandwidth Allocation (DPBA) Scheme for Multiclass EPON: A Weighted Fair Queuing Approach

Multiclass systems with different quality of service (QoS) requirements are essential in today's Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs). In this paper, we propose a code division multiple-access-enabled dynamic power and bandwidth allocation (DPBA) algorithm for a multiclass system. The novelty of the proposed algorithm is the resource allocation components: power control and bandwidth allocation. Both resources are related and optimized through the weights of the weighted round-robin scheduler in a way to meet the physical layer signal to interference ratio and the network layer packet delay requirements for every class of users. Our objective is to offer a differentiated class of services for all optical network units while optimizing network performance and guaranteeing fairness between different classes. A closed-form solution for the optimal power and bandwidth allocation using the DPBA algorithm is analytically derived. It is shown that the proposed algorithm can radically enhance the network performance in terms of packet delay, throughput, queue size management, transmission cycle time, and class of service fairness while guaranteeing the QoS requirements for all classes.

Gateway bandwidth arrangement of data transmission in cyber-physical system

Along with the development of wireless communication technology, different wireless technologies suitable for a variety of situations have been widely used. Wireless technologies with different characteristics have deeply promoted the development of cyber-physical system (CPS). Various kinds of devices such as sensors, actuators and data processors in a CPS have been used to complete different tasks and also been equipped with different kinds of wireless communication technologies to meet different needs of work. Meanwhile, all these devices have to make communication mutually to keep the whole system effective. Gateways have been used to connect these equipments with different kinds of wireless technologies. Different devices pack information in data packets, and transmit them to each other through gateways. We propose a dynamic gateway bandwidth allocation algorithm, to maximise total packets delivery ratio. Simulation results have shown that this algorithm is efficient.

SLA-Aware Fine-Grained QoS Provisioning for Multi-Tenant Software-Defined Networks

Multi-tenant software-defined networks have emerged as a promising service platform to manage and share virtual network services between tenants and end-users. However, when using a service level agreement (SLA) in a multi-tenant circumstance, the resource competition among tenants incurred in many challenges on the quality of services (QoS) provisioning. First, as the existing QoS provisioning was to translate the high-level SLA contact into a group of corresponding low-level QoS rules, this traditional top-down translation mechanism was too ossified to support the dynamic SLA negotiation. Second, since an end-user usually requested multiple services and different services had different QoS requirements, the QoS provisioning required tenants to monitor and control the network status though OpenFlow protocol in a fine-grained way. To address these issues, we propose an SLA-aware fine-grained QoS provisioning (SFQP) scheme for MTSDN. The SFQP scheme extracts the eigen characteristics of each packet by application-aware technology automatically. Considering tenants are more willing to serve for users which have popular SLA contact to earn more revenues, we predict the SLA popularity by K-nearest neighbor. Moreover, we present an SLA-aware dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm to implement the proposed SFQP scheme. The feasibility of the proposed scheme is verified by simulations of the SLA taxonomy, bandwidth utilization, and bandwidth fluctuation.

Bandwidth Slicing for Socially-Aware D2D Caching in SDN-Enabled Networks

The explosive growth of mobile data traffic poses challenge to the network architecture design. Caching popular contents on device level instead of infrastructure level, termed as distributed caching, can potentially alleviate the traffic load. As an emerging technology to decouple the control plane from the physical network topology, software-defined networking (SDN) promises to build a flexible, scalable, and programmable framework by enabling centralized network control and management. In this paper, assuming that user can leverage social networking and share contents via device-to-device (D2D) communications, we propose a SDN-enabled socially aware D2D caching scheme, in which Internet service providers split bandwidth into distinct slices and dynamically allocate these slices to content providers (CPs) for controlling traffic flows. Then, the CPs can provide share contents with content requesters for further traffic offloading. To improve the spectrum efficiency, we conceive this caching scheme with the architecture of hierarchical matching game. In this way, the combinatorial problem can be solved in two-stage. In the first stage, we propose a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm to allocate distinct bandwidth slices for differentiated quality-of-service requirements. In the second stage, we formulate the content sharing problem as a many-to-many matching game with externalities. To solve this complex matching problem, we design a novel distributed algorithm with faster converge speed. A joint solution is thus provided to solve the content sharing and power allocation problems iteratively by exploiting non-orthogonal multiple access. We conduct extensive simulations to demonstrate that our proposed schemes provide a better tradeoff between performance and complexity than other benchmarks.

Low-Latency Dynamic Wavelength and Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm for NG-EPON

Recently, the IEEE 802.3ca Task Force has been working to standardize the next-generation Ethernet passive optical network (NG-EPON) to fulfill future bandwidth demands. NG-EPON allows an optical network unit (ONU) transmission to be scheduled on multiple wavelength channels simultaneously. This will increase network capacity up to 100 Gb/s, along with flexibility, as any of the channels can be allocated from the four wavelength channels, each having a capacity of 25 Gb/s. However, it also raises many technical aspects to be considered while deciding on an optimum scheduling strategy for NG-EPON (100G-EPON) architecture. This paper proposes a dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithm for NG-EPON to schedule upstream wavelength channels while providing a low average packet delay and catering frame resequencing problem. An online scheduling framework with gated service grant sizing policy has been demonstrated in this work. The proposed DWBA algorithm’s performance is evaluated in comparison with legacy interleaved polling with an adaptive cycle time (modified- IPACT) and recently proposed water-filling algorithmbased DWBA (WF-DBA) algorithms. Simulation results confirmed the validity of the proposed DWBA algorithm.

Passive Optical Network Based Mobile Backhaul Enabling Ultra-Low Latency for Communications Among Base Stations

Low latency is of key importance for mobile networks to support emerging time-critical applications, such as road traffic safety and efficiency. Meanwhile, a passive optical network (PON) is widely recognized as a promising solution for mobile backhaul networks thanks to its high capacity and low energy consumption. In the conventional PON-based mobile backhaul network, where base stations (BSs) are co-located with optical network units, the traffic between the neighboring BSs that are mainly caused by user mobility has to be first sent to the optical line terminal and even further, e.g., edge nodes of mobile core networks, resulting in high latency, although the adjacent BSs are geographically located close to each other. In this paper, a novel PON-based architecture is proposed for mobile backhaul to enhance the connectivity between neighboring BSs. Meanwhile, a tailored medium access control protocol and dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm are introduced to support fast inter-BS communications. The results reveal that a low latency (less than 1 ms packet delay) for communications among any adjacent BSs can be achieved in the proposed PON-based mobile backhaul network, demonstrating great potential to support future time-critical applications.

Medium Access Control Protocol and Resource Allocation for Passive Optical Interconnects

Passive optical interconnects (POIs) have recently been considered as a promising solution to offer high bandwidth and low power consumption for data center networks. This paper proposes a medium access control protocol for a POI based on arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) to facilitate efficient collision-free communications. In order to efficiently accommodate bursty traffic generated by the servers in the data center, we develop a tailored dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm, which is able to schedule resources in both time and spectrum. In the simulation, not only the impact of DBA algorithm parameters but also the system configurations, such as wavelength tuning time, line rate, and the size of the interconnect, have been investigated. For a typical link utilization on an optical interconnect at the top of the rack, the proposed resource allocation scheme ensures both low latency (<0.1 ms) and a low frame drop ratio (almost zero).

POTORI: A Passive Optical Top-of-Rack Interconnect Architecture for Data Centers

Several optical interconnect architectures inside data centers (DCs) have been proposed to efficiently handle the rapidly growing traffic demand. However, not many works have tackled the interconnects at top-of-rack (ToR), which have a large impact on the performance of the data center networks (DCNs) and can introduce serious scalability limitations due to their high cost and power consumption. In this paper, we propose a passive optical ToR interconnect architecture (POTORI) to replace the conventional electronic packet switch (EPS) in the access tier of DCNs. In the data plane, POTORI relies on a passive optical coupler to interconnect the servers within the rack and interfaces toward the aggregation/core tiers. The POTORI control plane is based on a centralized rack controller responsible for managing the communications among the servers in the rack. We propose a cycle-based medium access control (MAC) protocol to efficiently manage the exchange of control messages and the data transmission inside the rack. We also introduce and evaluate a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for POTORI, namely largest first (LF). Extensive simulation results show that, with the use of fast tunable optical transceivers, POTORI and the proposed LF strategy are able to achieve an average packet delay below 10 μs under realistic DC traffic scenarios, outperforming conventional EPSs. On the other hand, with slower tunable optical transceivers, a careful configuration of the network parameters (e.g., maximum cycle time of the MAC protocol) is necessary to obtain a good network performance in terms of the average packet delay.

Modified GIANT Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm of NG-PON

Gigabit passive optical networks have been widely deployed due to the fact that the cost of their implementation is still decreasing. What is more important, we are facing theproblem with increasing demands on the transmission bandwidth. Regarding this issue, the ITU develops another two standards supporting higher downstream bitrate. The XG-PON standard is the first platform under the developing, and the NG-PON2 is the second standard. The first one provides compatibility and increases the downstream capacity of 10 Gbit/s and the second standard has the same assumptions, but does not have backward compatibility. In this article, we discuss only XG-PON networks. We choose amendment as the dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms, and we have compared it with the original specification and with our modification. The primary intention of that modification is to reduce the delay of Triple Play (data, video, and voice) services. These services are represented by TCONT (Transmission Container), which is used to improve the PON system upstream bandwidth allocation and transmission status dynamically. As NS-3 simulator does not support the direct mapping of Triple Play services into T-CONT and their labeling. We focus on a delay value for Triple Play services which was reduced by own modification in a GIANT algorithm. On the other hand, we cannot reduce the delay value for VoIP services because it has the highest priority by T-CONT.

Dynamic bandwidth allocation based on multiservice in software-defined wavelength-division multiplexing time-division multiplexing passive optical network

The wavelength-division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) is a potential technology to carry multiple services in an optical access network. However, it has the disadvantages of high cost and an immature technique for users. A software-defined WDM/time-division multiplexing PON was proposed to meet the requirements of high bandwidth, high performance, and multiple services. A reasonable and effective uplink dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm was proposed. A controller with dynamic wavelength and slot assignment was introduced, and a different optical dynamic bandwidth management strategy was formulated flexibly for services of different priorities according to the network loading. The simulation compares the proposed algorithm with the interleaved polling with adaptive cycle time algorithm. The algorithm shows better performance in average delay, throughput, and bandwidth utilization. The results show that the delay is reduced to 62% and the throughput is improved by 35%.

Dynamic scheduling algorithm for LTE uplink with smart‐metering traffic

AbstractLong‐term evolution (LTE) is a promising last mile access candidate technology for the smart‐metering communication architecture. However, when the mobile LTE network is used to support smart meters (SMs), the quality‐of‐service (QoS) requirements of the smart‐metering traffic as well as all the other typical mobile network traffic need to be ensured. This becomes problematic when the network users generate diverse traffic types that have different QoS requirements. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a dynamic bandwidth scheduling algorithm to ensure the required QoS of various traffic types arising from both SMs and mobile users. Our proposed dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm integrates two schedulers that are designed for periodic and emergency SM traffic situations that have different SM traffic intensities and QoS requirements. Designing of two schedulers provides the advantages of leveraging the particular traffic characteristics of these two diverse operational situations and achieving the maximum use of resources to ensure QoS requirements. In addition, to alleviate potential problems created by simultaneous emergency SM traffic, we also propose a method that deploys a random delay for SM packet transmissions. We analyse the delay and packet drop ratio of diverse traffic types when both the LTE base station scheduler and the SMs deploy our proposed methods under either periodic or emergency SM traffic conditions in the smart grid. Our results show that our proposed mechanisms are capable of satisfying the QoS requirements of both mobile users and SMs under diverse traffic conditions.

Predictive Resource Allocation for Tactile Internet Capable Passive Optical LANs

The Tactile Internet promises new applications and services that harness real-time human-machine interactions to revolutionize our everyday life. Its realization however, necessitates a complete rethink of the underlying communications infrastructure as these applications/services necessitate carrier-grade reliability, ultra-high security, and ultra-low latency (∼1 ms). To meet stringent latency targets, control/steering servers are anticipated to be placed at a short distance of only a few kilometers to the tactile edge. Therefore, in addition to the significant on-going research in the wireless tactile edge, there is an urgent need to focus on the local area network (LAN) segment to support the vision of Tactile Internet. Rising to this challenge, we report on the first initiative in designing LANs to facilitate the converged delivery of latency-sensitive Tactile Internet traffic and bandwidth-intensive applications. Specifically, our solution combines the time and wavelength division multiplexing technology on a passive optical LAN, with a predictive resource allocation algorithm termed Tactile Internet capable dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation algorithm (TI-DWBA). TI-DWBA is designed to estimate the average bandwidth of Tactile Internet (TI) and non-TI traffic at each integrated optical network terminal/wireless access point (ONT/WAP), exploit prediction mechanisms at the central office to predict and allocate bandwidth and wavelengths to accumulated traffic at each ONT/WAP, dynamically vary the number of active wavelengths in the network such that network congestion is alleviated to satisfy end-to-end latency constraints. In this paper, the effectiveness of TI-DWBA in constraining end-to-end latency of Tactile Internet traffic is tested under various network configurations, traffic distributions, traffic proportions, and traffic loads, with results indicating that ultra-low end-to-end latencies in the order of 100 μ s are achievable.

Gateway Bandwidth Arrangement of Data Transmission in Cyber-Physical System

Along with the development of wireless communication technology, different wireless technologies suitable for a variety of situations have been widely used. Wireless technologies with different characteristics have deeply promoted the development of cyber-physical system (CPS). Various kinds of devices such as sensors, actuators and data processors in a CPS have been used to complete different tasks and also been equipped with different kinds of wireless communication technologies to meet different needs of work. Meanwhile, all these devices have to make communication mutually to keep the whole system effective. Gateways have been used to connect these equipments with different kinds of wireless technologies. Different devices pack information in data packets, and transmit them to each other through gateways. We propose a dynamic gateway bandwidth allocation algorithm, to maximise total packets delivery ratio. Simulation results have shown that this algorithm is efficient.

Improved Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm for XGPON

Passive optical networks (PONs) require a dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm at the optical line terminal for efficient utilization of upstream bandwidth among the optical network units (ONUs) as per the quality of service requirements for each traffic class defined by PON standardizing bodies. The GigaPON access network (GIANT) was the first International Telecommunication Union compliant DBA algorithm, which is further improved by Immediate Allocation with Colorless Grant (IACG) and Efficient Bandwidth Utilization (EBU) algorithms. However, the polling mechanism of IACG and EBU may not report the true bandwidth demand of ONUs during a service interval. Furthermore, ONU scheduling mechanisms give preference to best effort traffic over the assured traffic during recursive allocation cycles in a service interval, which results in an increase in upstream delays for the assured traffic class. This paper presents an improved bandwidth utilization (IBU) algorithm, which rectifies these deficiencies with a novel polling and scheduling mechanism. Experimental results show that IBU improves the mean of upstream delays of type 2 traffic up to 98%, 93%, and 76% and up to 99%, 92%, and 73% for type 3 traffic compared to the GIANT, IACG, and EBU algorithms, respectively. IBU also shows the least frame loss compared to these state-of-the-art algorithms.