Dyeing Research Articles

Corn Husk‐Derived Carbon Fused with Iron Oxide as Adsorbent for Cationic Dyes

AbstractThe development of nanomaterials for dye degradation has garnered significant interest due to their efficiency, environmental benefits, and cost‐effectiveness. In this study, a nanocomposite adsorbent composed of α‐Fe2O3 coupled with carbon derived from eco‐friendly corn husk has been developed. This material effectively captured cationic dyes, Methylene Blue (MB) and Malachite Green (MG), from aqueous solutions, including industrial dye effluent from local industry. The synthesized nanocomposite demonstrated rapid removal of MB and MG from the solution without the need for additional oxidizing or reducing agents. The adsorption conditions by varying parameters such as adsorbent dose, contact time, solution pH, initial dye concentration, and temperature have been optimized. Adsorption isothermal studies indicated that the Langmuir isotherm model best explained the adsorption process. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process follows a pseudo‐first‐order model for MB, while the intraparticle diffusion model is more appropriate for MG. Moreover, the nanocomposite exhibited excellent reusability and regenerability for dye adsorption. Our study showcases the effectiveness of the synthesized nanocomposite adsorbent, comprising α‐Fe2O3 integrated with carbon derived from eco‐friendly corn husk using a simple and sustainable methodology, in efficiently removing cationic dyes from textile wastewater. This approach offers a promising solution for environmental remediation.

Artificial Neural Network-driven Optimization of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles/PVDF Macrospheres in Fenton-like System for Methylene Blue Degradation

Efficient degradation of industrial dyes remains a critical challenge in environmental engineering. This study introduces a novel Fe3O4 nanoparticles/PVDF macrospheres in a Fenton-like system, optimized using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB). A feedforward backpropagation neural network model to optimize and predict the performance of this advanced oxidation process under various operational conditions. The model was trained, validated, and tested with robust datasets, demonstrating high predictive accuracy and generalization capability. The Mean Square Error (MSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) during testing were 0.0200 and 0.1414, respectively, indicating precise predictions. The coefficient of determination (R²) and correlation coefficient (R) were exceptionally high at 0.9744 and 0.9871, affirming the model's ability to capture the underlying dynamics of the degradation process effectively. The ANN-driven approach not only enhanced the efficiency of the MB degradation process but also provided significant insights into the scalability and applicability of the Fe3O4/PVDF system for practical water treatment solutions. This study underscores the potential of integrating advanced machine learning techniques with chemical engineering processes to achieve sustainable and efficient environmental management solutions, particularly for the treatment of recalcitrant wastewater contaminants.

Tailoring photocatalytic performance: Lanthanum doping in nickel oxide for efficient degradation of some industrial cationic dyes in visible light radiation

Metal oxide nanoparticles have emerged as an important component in heterogeneous photocatalysis, which uses light-induced reactions on the surface of a catalyst to drive chemical transformations. The improved photocatalytic activity of lanthanum-doped metal oxide nanoparticles has been the subject of research due to their special qualities, which include enhanced photocatalytic performance, stability and absorption of visible light. This study involves co-precipitation approach to synthesize nickel oxide nanoparticles and nickel oxide nanoparticles doped with lanthanum. The nanoparticles were determined using UV-Visible absorption spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Energy-disperse spectroscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy and Field emission scanning electron microscopy. For the photodegradation of malachite green and rhodamine B dyes, synthesized nanoparticles were employed as photocatalysts. Compared to pure NiO, the photochemical activity of 4 % Lanthanum-doped NiO was higher. The degrading efficiency of 4 % La-doped NiO is 89 % effective towards rhodamine B and 87 % for malachite green. In addition, entrapment was done to identify primary active species responsible for photocatalytic activity. The present study likely provides new insights and novelty into the photocatalytic mechanisms at play, including how lanthanum doping affects the generation and dynamics of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, which are responsible for the breakdown of dye molecules.

An approach to automatic fault detection in four-point system for knitted fabric with our benchmark dataset Isl-Knit

Knit fabric is one of the dominating fabric types for wearable textile across the whole world and during the production of knit fabric, faults created by different reasons cause difficulties in the subsequent process. The existing fault detection process in the knitting industry is done manually by the human naked eye. To detect faults automatically, deep learning-based models are very efficient and can reduce the workload for fabric inspection. However, implementing a deep learning-based model for fabric fault detection needs a large number of images with different types of knit fabric faults from real-world scenarios to train and for better performance. Most of the existing fabric fault datasets are based on woven fabric, which cannot be used for training because the faults of woven fabric and knit fabrics are completely different. In this research, we propose a new dataset named ISL-Knit. It is a benchmark dataset for knit fabric faults collected from different knit dyeing industries in Bangladesh. Our dataset contains high-resolution images of grey fabric and dyed fabric annotated with 7 types of faults. To provide correct annotation, all images of faults are annotated and verified with the proper reference which can be a great tool for boosting up deep learning-based models for automatic knit fabric fault detection in the textile field. A comparison of the accuracy of the deep learning-based model by training with our proposed dataset and existing knit fabric fault dataset is also done. To develop an automatic fault detection system, we trained the YOLOv5 models with our dataset, considering different image sizes. For real-world implementation, the best models are selected considering mAP and inference time. YOLOv5 models are implemented in Raspberry Pi with a Raspberry Pi camera, a laptop with no dedicated GPU, and a laptop with a dedicated GPU with a web camera to observe the performance. Finally, an automated four-point inspection system is developed by calibrating the camera to generate the score representing the quality of fabrics. The implementation represents the feasibility of a deep learning-based model in knit fabric fault detection, considering the cost and accuracy.

The Use of Heterocyclic Azo Dyes on Different Textile Materials: A Review

The art of dyeing textiles has a long history, as natural dyes have been used since prehistoric times. With the development of synthetic dyes in the 19th century, the focus shifted from natural to synthetic dyes due to their superior properties. Recently, however, interest in natural dyes has increased again due to environmental and health concerns. Among industrial dyes, heterocyclic dyes, especially azo dyes, are of great importance due to their color brilliance and fastness. This review examines the synthesis, application, and analysis of azo dyes, especially heterocyclic dyes. It deals with monoazo, diazo, and polyazo dyes and highlights their structures, synthesis methods, and fastness properties. In addition, the ecological impact of azo dyes and practical solutions for their synthesis and application are discussed.

Exploring acylated anthocyanin-based extracts as a natural alternative to synthetic food dyes: Stability and application insights

This work explores the potential of anthocyanin-based extracts (hibiscus calyxes – HC, red cabbage – RC, and butterfly pea flower − BPF) as natural alternatives to synthetic dyes in the food industry. Analyses in a pH range for food applications revealed higher color stability for the BPF extract, keeping vibrant colors over the 7 days at room temperature. At pH 3 and 100 °C, the BPF was more stable, losing half of its anthocyanin concentration after 14 h, while RC and HC lost half of their color after 7 and 2 h, respectively. The bisulfite bleaching followed a second-order reaction for HC and RC, and a first-order reaction for BPF, suggesting a minor effect of the bisulfite on this extract. Incorporating these extracts into porcine protein and agar-agar gelatin formulations produced consistent products with appealing hues, particularly the blue and purple colors for BPF and RC, dependent on the pH.

Eco-friendly Strategy for Producing Bio-based Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Employing Sepioteuthis lessoniana ink, in Addition to Biological and Degradation of Dye Applications.

The squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, is a remarkable fishery product which is exported by many nations for use in industrial production or human consumption. This study focused on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from squid ink (SI) and its wide range of applications. The formation of the nanoparticles was confirmed through UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM with EDX, DLS, and zeta potential analysis. The results showed a strong absorbance peak at 407nm, the presence of various functional groups, a nanocrystalline structure with a crystalline size of 17.56nm, spherical-shaped particles with an average size of 76nm, and the presence of the highest % mass of Ag and uniformly dispersed particles, respectively. The bioactivity of the synthesized squid ink silver nanoparticles was analyzed through antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and toxicity studies. The dye degradation assay was also analyzed as a means of wastewater treatment for different industrial dyes. The antibacterial activity showed the highest zone of inhibition of 24mm at a concentration of 100μg/ml against Escherichia coli, followed by other tested strains. The nitric oxide radical scavenging assay showed the highest antioxidant activity (92%) at a concentration of 100μg/ml. The cytotoxic ability of SI-AgNPs against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line revealed an IC50 value of 4.52μg/ml. The toxicity study revealed a dose and time-dependent activity with the LC50 value of 5.090 and 3.303mg/ml for 24 and 48h, respectively. The successful degradation of dyes by SI-AgNPs is attributed to the cooperative action of the electron relay system with Ag as a catalyst and SI as a catalytic support. These findings indicate that SI-AgNPs are a novel potential product that should be further studied to improve its pharmacological, biomedical, and environmental applications.

Ethnobotanical Study on Plants Used As Natural Dye by Handwritten <i>Batik</i> Craftsmen in Cirebon Indonesia

Cirebon Regency is one of the few Indonesian batik craft center which still use natural dyes in hand-written batik making. The natural dyes are generally extracted from plants. The kind of plants used as natural dyes source for batik in Cirebon Regency are not yet known. This ethnobotanical research aimed to describe the kinds of plants and their characteristics, the frequency of citation by respondents, the parts of the organs used, the sources of obtaining plants, the colors produced, usage technique, as well as the role of using natural dyes in batik to support implementation of green economy. The research approach was exploratory descriptive through observation and interview techniques for data collection. The research was carried out at Kebon Gedang Block, Ciwaringin Village, Cirebon Regency, Indonesia in September 2023. Thirty respondents were selected by purposive sampling method and subjected to the interview. The results showed there were 14 plants species from 12 families used as natural dyes. The most frequently used species were Mangifera indica and Indigofera tinctoria. The organ most widely used was the bark which comes from the purchased, and the color generally produced was brown. The most frequently coloring method used was boiling technique. This research is the first study in this area and useful for providing data and strategic potential for developing local plants as environmentally friendly natural dyes, as well as supporting efforts to use natural dyes in the batik industry.

Photocatalytic activity of selenium decorated graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposites for dye Industries wastewater remediation

In situ selenium-doped graphitic carbon nitride, also known as Se-g-C3N4(SCN), were created in the current study by employing inexpensive urea and selenium metal powder as precursor materials. SEM (scanning electron microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), as well as TEM (transmission electron microscopy) techniques were utilized to describe the morphological characteristics, optical characteristics, and structural characteristics of the treated photocatalyst. Because of its potential use in photocatalytic environmental pollution remediation, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a metal-free photocatalyst, has received a lot of interest. This work not only offers a straightforward method to improve the photocatalytic performance for g-C3N4 but also creates a new path for the logical preparation of efficient polymeric photocatalysts. The results demonstrate that does not alter the crystalline structure of the sample but instead increases the surface area of g-C3N4 by dispersing it widely. Three different photocatalytic composites of g-C3N4 and SeNPs in the mass ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, denoted SCN1, SCN2, and SCN3, were created for the methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) photodegradation. The combined photocatalytic degradation rate of MB after 150 min in visible light (500–800 nm) was 52.4% for g-C3N4, 75.4% for SCN1, 87.8% for SCN2, and 81.3% for SCN3. For methyl orange, the photocatalytic activity of produced materials was also investigated. The analysis's outcome reveals astonishing deterioration values were 45.6% for g-C3N4, SCN1 (62.5%), SCN2 (74.1%), and SCN3(68.5%), respectively. The synthesized photocatalyst offers great potential for the effective removal of dye industeries wastewater remediation.

Green synthesis and anti‐biofilm effect on Drosophila melanogaster of selenium nanoparticles from Vitis vinifera for photocatalytic degradation and different biological applications

AbstractThis study aims to combine Vitis vinifera extract with sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) solution to develop a biobased approach for producing green selenium nanoparticles. V. vinifera fruit extract is potent in secondary metabolites such as phenols (1.19 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), flavonoids (0.42 mg catechin equivalents/g), and tannins (2.84 mg tannic acid equivalents/g), it was discovered to be particularly appropriate for the production of nanoparticles. SeNPs were characterized using UV–vis, SEM, zeta potential, EDS, DLS, FTIR, and XRD AFM. SeNPs were assessed for anti‐microbial, anti‐biofilm, and antioxidant assay. Biosynthesized‐produced SeNPs were discovered to possess significant antioxidant activity and high antibacterial action. Selenium nanoparticles had the potential to modulate the impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Drosophila melanogaster. Molecular analyses were performed, and survival analysis curves were plotted to study the impact of SeNPs. When SeNPs are exposed to UV light, they efficiently break down crystal violet dye. To comprehend the impact of three variables—pH, time, and SeNP concentration—on the dye degradation, a full factorial design was employed. This study showed that SeNPs can be used as a potential anti‐biofilm agent and are also effective in the textile, dye, and pharmaceutical industries.

Removal of Rhodamine B from water using natural clay: a study on adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics, and environmental impact

ABSTRACT This study investigates the adsorption capabilities of natural clay for the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) from water, emphasising its potential as a cost-effective and sustainable solution for water treatment. The adsorption process was studied at three temperatures, focusing on kinetics, thermodynamics, and equilibrium. UV Vis spectrophotometry confirmed that natural clay achieved a remarkable RhB removal efficiency exceeding 97%. Factors such as initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature significantly influenced the adsorption efficiency. Thermodynamic analysis revealed negative Gibbs free energy values (−26.27, −27.50, and −28.80 kJ/mol) across the tested temperatures (14°C, 24°C, and 34°C), indicating the spontaneous and favourable nature of RhB adsorption onto clay surfaces, which is further enhanced by higher temperatures due to its endothermic nature. Equilibrium data fitting favoured the Freundlich isotherm model, suggesting heterogeneous adsorption, while kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model. Optimal conditions for maximum RhB removal were identified as 40 minutes contact time, initial pH 3.71, and 0.5 grams of adsorbent. These findings underscore natural clay’s potential for large-scale water treatment applications, offering both environmental benefits and economic viability as a sustainable solution to mitigate industrial dye contamination in water sources.

MFe2O4 (M: Cu, Ni)/SnS2magnetic Core-Shell Heterostructure for Photocatalytic H2 Generation and Environmental Remediation

Overgrowing demand for sustainable energy sources and environmental remediation has driven extensive research in the field of photocatalysis. This study presents a hydrothermal synthesis of a novel MFe2O4 (M: Cu, Ni)/SnS2 magnetic core-shell heterostructure. The engineered heterostructure combines the unique properties of MFe2O4 (M: Cu, Ni) magnetic crystal as a core with SnS2 nanosheets as a shell, aiming to exploit type-2 heterojunction properties to improve effects for improved photocatalytic performance. The structural chemistry, phase formation, and crystal orientation of the prepared material are investigated using various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman, and FTIR Spectroscopy. FE-SEM analysis reveals a well-defined core-shell morphology with intimate interfaces between MFe2O4 (M: Cu, Ni) crystals and SnS2 nanosheets. Photocatalytic efficiency is assessed through the industrial dye degradation process. The influence of the heterostructure's structural features on the photocatalytic activity is explored through density function theory, emphasizing the role of the core-shell interface and the magnetic properties of MFe2O4 (M: Cu, Ni) cores. The chemistry between the magnetic core and the shell in the heterostructure is demonstrated to be crucial for optimizing charge carrier dynamics and promoting surface reactions. Photocatalytic H2 generation under artificial simulated sunlight irradiation in the presence of MFe2O4 (M: Cu, Ni)/SnS2 core-shell heterostructure is demonstrated. This study not only presents a novel MFe2O4 (M: Cu, Ni)/SnS2 heterostructure for photocatalytic H2 generation but also provides valuable insights into the intricate relationship between structural chemistry and photocatalytic efficiency. The engineered heterostructure shows promising potential for applications in sustainable energy production and environmental remediation, contributing to the ongoing efforts towards a cleaner and more sustainable future.

Ultra-fast photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B exploiting oleate-stabilized zinc oxide nanoparticles

Rhodamine B (RhB) is a harmful dye released by industrial wastewaters, thus necessitating its urgent removal. Advanced oxidation processes constitute promising strategies to purify polluted water. Among others, photocatalysis relies on reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by photocatalytic particles, typically semiconductors like titania or zinc oxide (ZnO), excited by solar or UV–Vis light. However, their wide band gap limits their catalytic capabilities within the absorption of the UV spectrum and causes fast electron–hole recombination. This study presents novel strategies to overcome these limitations: (i) doping semiconductors to increase photocatalytic efficiency; (ii) sensitization-mediated photocatalysis for visible light activation using chemical moieties to trap dye molecules; (iii) nanosizing the photocatalysts to enhance the surface area. ZnO nanoparticles, doped with iron or gadolinium and capped with oleic acid are here synthesized and tested in RhB dye solutions. Remarkably, the results demonstrate an ultra-fast RhB degradation, driven by oleic acid having crucial role in dye adsorption. The degradation mechanisms, including ROS-induced N-deethylation and xanthene group cleavage, are also unraveled. These findings underscore the efficacy of the proposed semiconductor photocatalyst design, highlighting a significant advancement with extensive potential applications in wastewater remediation. This innovative approach paves the way for more efficient and practical solutions to combat industrial dye pollution.Graphical abstract

Alteration in oxidative stress markers, digestive physiology and gut microbiota of Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus exposed to eriochrome black T

Synthetic dyes are the primary cause of water pollution in industrial regions. Azo dyes account for 60–70% of such dyes used in the textile sector due to their numerous beneficial characteristics. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the toxicity of Eriochrome Black T (EBT), a widely used azo dye in the textile industry. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of EBT exposure on two catfish species, Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus. Following 96 h exposure to 1, 10 and 20 mgL−1 of EBT, the MDA content and activities of SOD, CAT and GR exhibited a rising trend. However, as the concentration of EBT increased in both species, GPx showed decreased activity. EBT exposure also altered gut morphometry as well as the three main digestive enzymes activity (increase in lipase and trypsin activity, while decrease in amylase activity). In addition, the exposure of EBT had a significant impact on the gut microbiota of both species. C. batrachus demonstrated the suppression or absence of beneficial gut commensals (Bacillus and Cetobacterium), whereas H. fossilis revealed the proliferation and appearance of beneficial commensal microbes (Bacillus, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Megashaera). Furthermore, the expansion or absence of these microbial communities indicated that the gut microbiota of both species was involved in dye digestion, immunity and detoxification. Overall, the percent change calculation of all the selected biomarkers, together with gut microbiota analysis, indicates that C. batrachus was more vulnerable to EBT exposure than H. fossilis. The present investigation effectively demonstrated the toxic impact of EBT on fish health by employing oxidative stress markers, digestive enzymes, and the fish gut microbiota as a promising tool for screening the impact of dye exposure on digestive physiology in toxicological research.

Enhanced removal of toxic Disperse Blue 35 dye through cloud point extraction: influence of parameters and solvent regeneration

Abstract The release of the dye Disperse Blue 35 (DB35) into water has serious environmental and health consequences, due to its toxicity and resistance to degradation. This paper investigates the effectiveness of cloud point extraction (CPE) to remove this industrial dye from aqueous solution by Lutensol AO7 and Triton X-114, two environmentally friendly nonionic surfactants. First, the partial phase diagrams of the water–surfactant binary systems are constructed. Then, the effects of pollutants, sodium sulfate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on the cloud point temperature (T c) are determined. The experimental results are expressed by four responses: Extraction efficiency (E), residual concentrations of solute and surfactant in the dilute phase (X s,w and X t,w, respectively) and the volume fraction of coacervate (Ф c). An empirical smoothing method was applied. For each parameter, the results obtained were modeled using the response surface methodology (RSM) and represented on three-dimensional diagrams. The results show that the efficiency of dye extraction with Lutensol AO7 and Triton X-114 at a concentration of 6 wt% is about 95 % and 82 %, respectively. The influence of salt and ionic surfactant on the effectiveness of CPE for the removal of DB 35 dye was determined. The regeneration of surfactant was only achieved by pH adjustment.

Fabrication of a reusable carbon quantum dots (CQDs) modified nanocomposite with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity

In awareness of industrial dye wastewater, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and cobalt zinc ferrite (CZF) nanocomposites were synthesised for the making of carbon quantum dots coated cobalt zinc ferrite (CZF@CQDs) nanophotocatalyst using oxidative polymerization reaction. The results of TEM, zeta potential value, and FTIR confirm highly dispersed 1–4 nm particles with the − 45.7 mV carboxylic functionalized surface of CQDs. The results of the synthesised CZF@CQDs photocatalyst showed an average particle size of ~ 15 nm according to TEM, SEM, and XRD. The photocatalyst showed a 1.20 eV band gap, which followed the perfect visible light irradiation. TGA and DTA revealed the good thermal stability of the nanophotocatalyst. VSM was carried out, and the saturation magnetisations for CZF and CZF@CQDs were 42.44 and 36.14 emu/g, respectively. A multipoint study determined the BET-specific surface area of the CZF@CQDs photocatalyst to be 149.87 m2/g. Under visible light irradiation, the final CZF@CQDs nanophotocatalyst demonstrated remarkable efficiency (~ 95% within 25 min) in the photocatalytic destruction of Reactive Blue 222 (RB 222) and Reactive Yellow 145 (RY 145) dyes, as well as mechanical stability and recyclability. Even after the recycling of the degradation study, the nanophotocatalyst efficiency (~ 82%, 7th cycles) was predominantly maintained. The effects of several parameters were also investigated, including initial dye concentration, nanophotocatalyst concentration, CQD content, initial pH of the dye solution, and reaction kinetics. Degradation study data follow the first-order reaction rate (R2 > 0.93). Finally, a simple and low-cost synthesis approach, rapid degradation, and outstanding stability of the CQD-coated CZF nanophotocatalyst should make it a potential photocatalyst for dye wastewater treatment.

Photocatalytic properties of ZnO semiconductor nanoparticles green synthesized employing Ipomoea stans leave extracts

One of the biggest problems in the ecosystem is wastewater contaminated with industrial dyes. These pollutants have a very stable chemical structure, which causes complicated removal. However, a possible alternative for wastewater treatment is zinc oxide semiconductor nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The approach of this study was the implementation of a green synthesis methodology for the obtention of ZnO nanoparticles employing Ipomoea stans (TV) leaves as extracts. The properties of the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized at 1 %, 2 %, and 4 % w/v (weight/volume) concentration of the extract were obtained from the characterization using different techniques. The FTIR analysis determined the presence of the active functional groups attached to the surface, which capped and stabilized the ZnO NPs; a band located in the range of 500-390 cm−1 confirms the presence of the Zn–O bond. The UV absorption spectra of all ZnO NPs samples were determined by executing the ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy technique, with a characteristic signal located at ∼370 nm and energy gap values between 3.036 eV and 3.101 eV. In addition, XRD patterns determined the average crystallite sizes to be 30.78 nm for ZnO-TV 1 %, 18.68 nm ZnO-TV 2 %, and 11.96 nm ZnO-TV 4 %, respectively. Furthermore, the results from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) displayed the following values of mean particle size of 21 nm, 24.4 nm, and 10.16 nm for ZnO-TV 1 %, ZnO-TV 2 % and ZnO-TV 4 % with S.D. 9.10, 12.5 and 3.6. Finally, the photocatalytic activity was evaluated utilizing the industrial dyes Methyl Orange, Methylene Blue, Rhodamine B, Malachite Green, and Congo Red. Obtaining outstanding results in the degradation of all industrial dyes. All syntheses achieved degradation greater than 91 % for methyl orange, methylene blue, and rhodamine B.

Narrowing Band Gap of Zno Codoping (Al+Mn) as a Photocatalyst Candidate for Degraded Textile Dye Wastewater

Photocatalyst degradation is one method to reduce industrial textile dye pollution in water. In this study, ZnO material has been synthesized by codoping Al and Mn by chemical coprecipitation method to determine the structural properties and optical properties of the material. From this research, it was found that the structure of ZnO after codoping Al and Mn did not change the hexagonal wurtzite phase but changes in other lattice parameters. The addition of Mn and Al codoping is reported to affect the intensity of XRD peaks, especially on the 101 lattice. The higher the scattering peak, the more angular the shift, indicating the magnitude of oxygen vacancies. The reflectance confirms this result that increasing Mn concentration decreases the energy gap to 3.258 eV. From these structural properties and energy gap values, ZnO codoping Al and Mn materials can be included in candidate materials that can be used as photodegradation agents for textile dyes.

An efficient flavonoid glycosyltransferase NjUGT73B1 from Nardostachys jatamansi of alpine Himalayas discovered by structure-based protein clustering

Tilianin and linarin, two rare glycosylated flavonoids in the aromatic endangered medicinal plant Nardostachys jatamansi (D.on)DC., play an important role in the fields of medicine, cosmetics, food and dye industries. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding their biosynthetic pathway. In this study, the phytochemical investigation of N. jatamansi resulted in the isolation of linarin. With help of AlphaFold2 to cluster the entire glycosyltransferase family based on predicted structure similarities, we successfully identified a flavonoid glycosyltransferase NjUGT73B1, which could efficiently catalyze the glucosylation of acacetin at 7-OH to produce tilianin, also the key precursor in the biosynthesis of linarin. Additionally, NjUGT73B1 displayed a high degree of substrate promiscuity, enabling glucosylation at 7-OH of many flavonoids. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that H19, H21, H370, F126, and F127 play the crucial roles in the glycosylation ability of NjUGT73B1. Notably, comparation with the wild NjUGT73B1, mutant H19K led to a 50% increase in the activity of producing tilianin from acacetin.

Effect of surfactants on the luminescence, bonding, and catalytic properties of CaWO4 spheres

BackgroundThis work focuses on improving the luminescence and catalytic properties of CaWO4 spheres by manipulating their electron density distribution. The goal is to enhance their suitability for optoelectronic applications and to increase their efficiency in degrading the industrial dye methylene blue (MB). The study utilizes a co-precipitation technique and the addition of three surfactants to synthesize phase-pure CaWO4 with a tetragonal crystal structure. MethodsThe synthesis involved a co-precipitation technique with simultaneous addition of three surfactants. Extensive characterization employed various analytical and spectroscopic methods to assess structural, morphological, luminescent, and catalytic properties. Particularly, the use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant induced intense green emission around 500 nm attributed to luminescent center WO42−. Solar irradiation evaluated catalytic performance, with CaWO4: CTAB degrading methylene blue remarkably in just 40 min under natural sunlight. Significant FindingsThe research yielded a CaWO4 material, particularly when assisted by the CTAB surfactant, exhibiting intense green luminescence, making it promising for optoelectronic applications. Furthermore, this material demonstrated remarkable catalytic performance in degrading methylene blue under solar irradiation, suggesting its potential in environmental remediation. The study also delved into electron density distribution by examining differences in bond lengths and mid-bond electron density within a single unit cell, shedding light on the material's underlying properties.