Dye Temperature Research Articles

Investigating the effects of different loadings of a nanostructured hyperbranched polymer on the kinetic parameters of disperse dyeing of modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) sheets

The kinetic parameters of disperse dyeing of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets modified by a nanostructured hyperbranched polymer were investigated in terms of dyeing rate constant, time of half-dyeing, diffusion coefficient, and activation energy of the diffusion. The results were compared with those of pristine PET. The surface morphology, surface structure, and thermal properties of modified PET sheets were also studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM), attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results indicated that the crystallinity and glass transition temperature of modified samples were decreased compared with that of the pristine PET. The diffusion coefficient of dye molecules increased by increasing temperature of dyeing. The highest diffusion coefficient was obtained for the modified PET sample containing 2 wt% hyperbranched polymer while pristine PET sheet showed the lowest one. The activation energy of diffusion of dye into the modified PET sheets was lower than that of the unmodified PET.

Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Watermelon Rinds as Adsorbent

This study examined the feasibility of removing Remazol brilliant blue reactive (RBBR) dye from aqueous solutions using watermelon rind activated carbon (WRAC) as adsorbent. The surface area of WRAC prepared is 776.65 m2/g with high pore volume of 0.438 cm3/g, which is comparable to commercially expensive activated carbon. The effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, pH, and temperature on adsorption of RBBR dye were investigated. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovic, and Avrami kinetic models were used to test the experimental data in order to elucidate the kinetic adsorption process; pseudo-second-order model best fitted the data. Experimental data were analyzed using eight model equations: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Radke–Prausnite, Sips, Viet–Sladek, and Brouers–Sotolongo isotherms, and it was found that the Freundlich isotherm model described the equilibrium adsorption data best. The heat of adsorption (ΔH) indicated the endothermic nature of the process and the negative values of free energy (ΔG) indicated that the adsorption is spontaneous. The mechanism of adsorption was controlled by both film and intraparticle diffusions. The mean free energy obtained from Dubinin–Radushkevich model is 4.972 kJmol−1, indicating that the adsorption of RBBR dye onto WRAC follows physical adsorption process.

Effects of Dyeing Temperature and Molecular Structure on the Dye Affinity of Polyurethane Films containing Polyethylene Glycol Segments

The dyeing behavior of segmented polyurethane containing copolymerized polyethylene glycol soft segments was investigated. Four types of segmented polyurethane were prepared by controlling the aggregation of the hard segments and the mobility of polyethylene glycol in the soft segments. Dyeing rate curves and sorption isotherms were obtained for direct dyes at various temperatures along with the swelling ratios of the different segmented polyurethane samples. The sorption of CI Direct Red 28 by these samples is shown to decrease with increasing dyeing temperature, with the swelling ratio of the segmented polyurethane film also decreasing. Changes in the tensile strength of the films before and after dyeing with CI Direct Red 28 are shown to be related to the degree of aggregation of the hard segments, as well as to the amount of dye used.

Removal of Orange-G, Vat Yellow, Erythrosine Dyes from Synthetic Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Nanofiltration

Efficiency of electrocoagulation and nanofiltration in removing color from synthetic wastewater were investigated. Three representative dye molecules were selected for the synthetic dye wastewater:Azo dye (Orange-G dye), a synthetic dye (Erythrosine) and a Vat dye (Vat yellow). Iron electrode was use as a sacrificial anode in the study. The influence of electrolysis time, operating current density, initial pH, initial dye concentration and temperature on process performances was investigated. Experiments were conducted to find the desired conditions for removal of particular concentration of the dyes. The results showed that 99.958% of Orange-G, 99.854% Of Erythrosine, 85.956% Vat yellow was decolorized for initial dye concentration of 100 mg/l with the current density of 1559 A/m2, electrolysis time of 25 minute and initial pH of 10. The electrochemical technique showed satisfactory color removal efficiency and reliable performance in treating the dye types. Electrode mass loss and energy consumed were also calculated.

Adsorption of direct fast scarlet 4BS dye from aqueous solution onto natural superfine down particle

In this study, the agricultural solid waste, natural down fibers were produced into superfine down particle (NSDP), which was used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of direct fast scarlet 4BS (DFS-4BS) from aqueous solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption/desorption, and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the adsorbent material, respectively. The effects of pH, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, temperature, and contact time on the adsorption capacity of DFS-4BS by NSDP were studied. The experimental adsorption data were well fitted by Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity of DFS-4BS by NSDP was found to be 120.34 mg/g at 45 °C, which was higher than other reported adsorbent. Overall, NSDP could be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent to remove DFS-4BS from industrial wastewater.

Biodegradation of C.I. Acid Blue 92 by Nasturtium officinale: Study of Some Physiological Responses and Metabolic Fate of Dye

The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of aquatic vascular plant, Nasturtium officinale, for degradation of C.I. Acid Blue 92 (AB92). The effect of operational parameters such as initial dye concentration, plant biomass, pH, and temperature on the efficiency of biological decolorization process was determined. The reusability of the plant in long term repetitive operations confirmed the biological degradation process. The by-products formed during biodegradation process were identified by GC-MS technique. The effects of the dye on several plant physiological responses such as photosynthetic pigments content and antioxidant enzymes activity were investigated. The content of chlorophyll and carotenoids was significantly reduced at 20 mg/L of the dye. The activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were remarkably increased in the plant root verifying their importance in plant tolerance to the dye contamination.

Synthesis and Application of Carbon Cryogel Beads Using Coconut Husk for Dye Removal

The production cost of carbon cryogels has been reduced by using alternative starting materials as precursor such as wattle tannin and furfural. In this study, a novel carbon cryogel beads were synthesized from low cost and abundant agricultural waste, coconut husk. Lignin was extracted and the percentages of lignin yield and lignin degradation were 27.63% and 13.39wt% respectively which were considered low due to the low operating temperature of lignin extraction in this study. The lignin extracted was then mixed with formaldehyde, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, and distilled water to undergo sol-gel polycondensation, followed by freeze drying and pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere to produce carbon cryogel beads. The adsorption of methyl blue on carbon cryogel beads increased with increasing with pH, initial dye concentration and temperature.

Production of dyeable polypropylene fiber using polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes via melt spinning

A disperse dyeable polypropylene (PP) fiber was produced with the addition of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) nanoparticles via melt spinning technique. Accordingly, two different POSS nanoparticle, dodecaphenyl POSS (DP-POSS) and N-phenyl aminopropyl POSS (AP-POSS), was selected. After the dyeing temperature and time were optimized, the effect of dye and POSS concentrations were investigated at optimized dyeing conditions. The wash fastness of fiber samples was also studied. In addition, the percent crystallinities of fiber samples were determined by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and the morphological analyses were performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that although the addition of DP-POSS did not change the dyeability of PP fiber significantly, the inclusion of AP-POSS highly enhanced the dyeability of PP fiber. It was concluded that AP-POSS behaved as an excellent sorbent for disperse dye. As a result the pristine PP and DP-POSS modified fibers were dyed to a pale depth and AP-POSS modified fibers were dyed to a deeper depth.

Eco-friendly dyeing of treated wool fabrics with reactive dyes using chitosanpoly(propylene imine)dendreimer hybrid

Chitosan-poly(propylene imine) dendrimer (CS-PPI) hybrid was successfully prepared and grafted on wool substrate. The impact of key operational grafting factors, i.e., pH, temperature, and CS-PPI concentration on grafting yield, was investigated through dyeing with two commercial reactive dyes, C.I. Reactive Orange 122 (RO122) and C.I. Reactive Red 195 (RR195). The optimal grafting values obtained were pH 6, temperature 70 °C, and 20 % owf CS-PPI concentration. The performance of CS-PPI-grafted wool was investigated in terms of dyeing ability, color fastness, and shrinkage of wool fabrics. Grafted wool actually showed lowered optimal dyeing temperature of 40 °C as compared to those of pristine wool (80 °C). The color depth (K/S) comparison of CS-PPI grafted wool dyed with no salt usage in dye bath with those of pristine wool conventionally dyed with 30 % owf salt revealed that both grafted and pristine samples had similar color depth suggesting elimination of salt from reactive dye bath so-called “salt free dyeing” for grafted wool. No remarkable change in color fastness of dyed grafted wool fabrics against wash, rub, light, and perspiration was observed and all were in good and acceptable level. In addition, the shrink-proofing property of CS-PPI grafted wool fabrics was also enhanced. The results of this study clearly indicated that CS-PPI hybrid is a high potential novel bio-compatible compound which can be successfully used in finishing of wool in both eco-friendliness and energy saving standpoint in dyeing process.

Cationic dyeing properties of trilobal high dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate sodium salt (SIP) content cationic dyeable polyester (THCDP) fabrics

To make the polyester ionically dyeable, trilobal high dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate sodium salt (SIP) content cationic dyeable polyester (THCDP) was developed in this study which aimed to investigate its structural and dyeing properties. Its lower glass transition temperature and crystallinity degree contributed to lower dyeing temperature. A low-cost and environmentally friendly dyeing solution was applied in this study and the dyeing temperature of newly THCDP fabric could be reduced to 90°C, distinctly different from the previous cationic dyeable polyester which needed more than 100°C to reach dyeing standard. Meanwhile, THCDP showed its higher dyeing saturation value than normal acrylic fabric and cationic dyeable polyester with the Cationic Red X-GRL dyestuff. In present, both pure THCDP and blend textiles were developed. A series of THCDP/Cotton blends’ (20/80, 35/65, 65/35, 80/20) dyeing behaviors were tested, and found they could be dyed at 90°C with good color fastness and levelness.

The Adsorption Character of Kapok Fiber and Reactive Dyeing Technology on Modified Kapok Fiber

The adsorption character of kapok fiber with direct dyes and the dyeing technology of cationic modified kapok fiber with reactive dyes were studied in this article. The results indicate that the optimal dyeing technique parameters for the cationic modified kapok fiber with the reactive dye Cibacron FN-R include 0.5~1% (o.w.f) of dyes, 15~20g·L-1 of NaCl, and 2g·L-1 of JFC with bath ratio of 1:50 at a dyeing temperature of 40°C for 30min. The dyed kapok fiber was fixed with 15~20g·L-1 of Na2CO3 for 60min. As a result, the dye-uptake, fixation ratio, wash fastness, friction fastness, and K/S of cationic modified kapok fabric were enhanced by above technique.

Dyeing of meta-aramid fibers with disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide

Dyeing characteristics of meta-aramid fibers were investigated in supercritical carbon dioxide by employing three disperse dyes and a carrier. The effects of dyeing temperature, pressure, time, dye concentration, CO2 flow, and carrier concentration on dyeing properties were investigated. The results showed that meta-aramid fiber could be dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide. Its color depth was improved with increasing dyeing temperature, pressure, time, dye concentration, CO2 flow, and carrier concentration. Moreover, the color depth could be significantly improved by adding the carrier. The dyeing procedure of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid did not influence the chemical structure and antistatic properties of the meta-aramid fiber. The maximum decomposition temperature and breaking strength of the dyed meta-aramid fiber are slightly increased. The dyed meta-aramid fiber in supercritical carbon dioxide had good fastness, which was rated at 4–5.

Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Media by Using Cokes Obtained from Lignite Pyrolysis

Effect of the initial dye concentration, contact time, pH, adsorbent quantity, and temperature on the adsorption of the cokes was investigated for methylene blue adsorption of the cokes obtained from pyrolysis of Mustafa Kemal Pasa lignite. The maximum amount of dye adsorbed was 270 mg/g. Equilibrium of the adsorption was examined by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models described the adsorption kinetics. The adsorption equilibrium was well described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption kinetics fit well to the Ho's pseudo-second-order model. The cokes are highly favorable adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous media.

Dyeing behaviour of THCDP and its blend with cotton at low temperature

Tg and crystallinity of trilobal cationic dyeable polyester (THCDP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) through X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry were tested respectively, and the results manifest that lower Tg and percent crystallinity of THCDP contribute to lower dyeing temperature. The dyeing behaviours of cationic black X-FDL on THCDP were studied, demonstrating that dyeing temperature of newly THCDP fabric can be reduced to 90°C, different from the previous cationic dyeable polyester, which needs >100°C to reach dyeing standard. A series of THCDP/cotton blend (20/80, 35/ 65, 65/35, 80/20) dyeing behaviours were tested successively via online monitoring dyeing system, and it has been found that they can be dyed at 90°C with good colour fastness and levelness.

삽주 추출물을 이용한 견직물의 천연염색

Abstract The fabric, 100% Silk, was dyed with Atractylodes japonica extract solution. The effects of concentration of extracts (colorant), temperature of dyeing, time of dyeing and pH of dye bath were studied. As the concentration of extracts increased, color strength (K/S value) increased progressively. The K/S values increased with raising temperature, time and proper conditions were 80℃ and 80 minutes. Maximum K/S value was obtained at pH 3. The K/S values of mordanted fabrics were increased with increasing mordant concentration up to specific values. Surface color of dyed and mordanted fabrics were yellowish. Light color fastness of fabric with mordanting was fairly good 3/4 rating. The mordanted silk fabrics showed excellent antibacterial activity. The silk fabric dyed with Atractylodes japonica extract showed a superior UV protective property. Keywords: silk(견), mordanting(매염), antibacterial property(항균성), UV protective property(자외선 차단성), Atractylodes japonica(삽주) I. Introduction

Lotus seedpods의 색소 특성과 견뢰도 분석

Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera gaertn) is intimate plant to many people that it has clean and noble characteristics despite growth in the mud. Especially Lotus seedpods, byproduct of lotus, are rich in oligometric procyanidins and could be a new source of procyanidins. Procyanidins, also known as condensed tannins, are a class of polyphenols. In other words lotus seedpod contains plenty of tannins. Commonly tannins colorants could increase adsorption and fastness properties in fabric dyeing. This study was made to investigate colorants characteristics of lotus seedpod and various colorfastness properties of dyed silk fabrics. The wavelength of maximum absorption of lotus seedpod solution appeared at 273.5 nm from UV-vis spectrophotometer. From the results of FT-IR spectra measurements, IR absorption band of lotus seedpod colorants appeared at <TEX>$3415cm^{-1}$</TEX>, <TEX>$2900cm^{-1}$</TEX> and <TEX>$1620cm^{-1}$</TEX> by tannin structure. And tannin ingredient contents was the highest at pH 9 and flavonoid at pH 11. Lotus seedpod colorants showed relatively good affinity at pH 3 on silk fabrics and optimum dyeing temperature and time for silk was for 50 min, at <TEX>$80^{\circ}C$</TEX>. K/s of Light fastness according to different washing method was the highest at process including ironing and <TEX>${\Delta}E$</TEX> was the lowest. All of fastness(Light rubbing laundering perspiration dry cleaning) showed excellent results over 4 or 4-5 grades.

Silica Gel as an Adsorbent in the Removal of Cationic Blue X-Bl from Aqueous Solutions and its Regeneration by UV-Fenton Oxidation

The removal of cationic Blue X-BL in aqueous solution by adsorption of silica gel was investigated. Effects of pH, initial concentration of dye solution and temperature on the adsorption of Cationic Blue X-BL onto silica gel were studied. When the initial concentration of the blue dye was 100 mg/dm3, silica gel is 0.6 g at pH 9.3 and at 303 K, adsorption reached equilibrium after 2 h with the final adsorption quantity 16.38 mg/g. Fenton reaction with UV light was applied in the regeneration operation of silica gel which can transmit most of the UV light. The concentration of Fe2+ and H2O2 was evaluated and when the concentration of Fe2+ and H2O2 were 0.05 mmol/dm3 and 0.132 mol/dm3, the first, second, third and forth regeneration efficiency were 84.68 %, 82.05 %, 65.26% and 50.73 %, respectively. In order to improve the regeneration capacity and silica gels reuse times, acid washing was introduced in the forth regeneration after Fenton reaction, which can enhance the regeneration efficiency to 92.19%.

Investigation into the Colouration of Wool with Indigo

This paper describes the colouration of wool with indigo. The wool fabric is pre-treated with different shrink-resist formulations followed by application of indigo. The novel dyeing procedure has resulted in commercially acceptable indigo-dyed wool, in terms of improved levelness and reduced yellowness. While indigo is traditionally applied by the padding technique, in the present work, an exhaust dyeing procedure is investigated. The degree of levellness and the depth of shade are further optimised by varying the pH, temperature and dye concentration. The pH of the dye liquor and the dyeing temperature are found to be critical in achieving level dyeing as well as mitigating fibre damage. It is found that certain shrink-resist formulations, either applied alone or in combination, give better results in terms of colour yield and fabric handle, while other combinations give poorer results. The dyed samples are found to exhibit excellent wash fastness.

Adsorption of Rhodamine B Dye on Elaeis guineensis Frond Fiber

Adsorption of Rhodamine B (RB) dye was investigated using raw Elaeis guineensis frond fiber (EGFF). Experiments were performed using face centered composite statistical design with six input parameters namely pH (2-10), agitation speed (150-300 rpm), initial dye concentration (100-500 mg/L), temperature (27-80°C), contact time (10-40 min), and adsorbent dosage (0.5-1.5 g). Particle size of < 45 μm was taken as a fixed input parameter. Regression analysis showed good fit of the experimental data to the second-order polynomial model with coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.99 and 0.98 for color removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction, respectively. Two optimum operating conditions for the adsorption of RB were found using RSM, resulted in > 99% of color removal and > 97% of COD reduction. The adsorption process was rapid and fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while equilibrium data were favorably described by the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorbent showed excellent reusability with 0.1 M NaOH solution as desorbing agent. The findings make EGFF a promising and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of RB from aqueous solutions.

The effect of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine on the dyeing of wool fabrics with natural dyes

The influence of the introduction of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine on the dyeing of wool with natural dyes was studied and the kinetics and thermodynamics of the dyeing process were also investigated. None of the previous techniques employed report the possibility of modification of wool fibers with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine for dyeing. The modified wool fabrics represented important advances in dye adsorption and decrease in dye desorption at a low dyeing temperature (80 °C) that are not available in the other systems without metallic mordants. Our results demonstrated that the adsorption of natural dyes on wool fabrics was greatly improved through the selective reduction of disulphide bonds with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine. In addition, experiment data was analyzed using pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir type isotherms. The results indicated that the diffusion coefficient of dyes was increased while the dyeing entropy and enthalpy were decreased with the introduction of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine.