Dyeing Of Silk Research Articles

Investigating the potential of waste oyster shell as a sustainable bio-mordant in natural dyeing

The use of natural bioresources in textile dyeing has attracted significant research interest due to their environmentally friendly and low-toxic nature. This study investigated the utilization of waste oyster shell (WOS) as a bio-mordant combined with sappan wood extract to dye silk fabrics using pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting method. The crystal structure of CaCO3 derived from WOS and their impact on color properties, color strength and color fastness were analyzed. The dyed fabrics displayed a range of shades from light pink to deep red and brown. FTIR analysis confirmed chemical interactions among dye, silk, and WOS mordants. Notably, silk treated with WOS at 800 °C as a pre-mordant showed color strength approximately 2.6 times higher than that of un-mordanted samples. Additionally, bio-mordanted samples exhibited improved color fastness compared to untreated ones (rating 2), with pre-mordanting offering the highest resistance to washing (rating 4–5). These findings shed light on the potential of waste oyster shell as an effective, sustainable alternative to conventional metal mordants in textile dyeing. This study not only support the utilization of waste but also enhances environmental and resource efficiency of the dyeing process.

In silico screening of dyes for enhanced silk coloring using the feeding approach

Reducing redundant dyes in the production of colored silk is essential for environmental sustainability. This study aims to innovate silk dyeing processes by employing molecular docking techniques to screen a library of dyes with specific physical properties. For the first time, we identified Acid Blue 25 (Chemical Identifier, CID 22916) and Metanil Yellow (CID 11490) as cost-effective blue and yellow dyes, respectively, that enable the production of intrinsically colored silk by feeding dye-modified mulberry leaves to silkworms. Both dyes demonstrated high selective binding to silk fibroin and retained excellent color performance after degumming. Secondary structural analysis revealed that Acid Blue 25 enhanced mechanical properties by increasing β-sheet content, whereas Metanil Yellow did not. Furthermore, fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that Acid Blue 25 and Metanil Yellow effectively quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of silk fibroin primarily through static quenching, with Acid Blue 25 exhibiting a higher binding constant and more negative binding free energy. Classic molecular dynamic (cMD) simulations revealed that the extensive interaction network of Acid Blue 25, compared to Metanil Yellow, creates a thermodynamically favorable environment for dye-complex binding and stability. Overall, the combined application of virtual screening and the feeding method supports a highly cost-effective and environmentally friendly silk dyeing strategy, with the potential for scaling up in industrial applications.

Eco‐friendly ultrasonic‐assisted appraisal of herbal‐based yellow natural colorant for silk dyeing

Eco‐friendly ultrasonic‐assisted <b>appraisal</b> of herbal‐based yellow natural colorant for silk dyeing

Functionalization of silk with actinomycins from Streptomyces anulatus BV365 for biomedical applications.

Silk, traditionally acclaimed as the "queen of fiber," has been widely used thanks to its brilliant performance such as gentleness, smoothness and comfortableness. Owing to its mechanical characteristics and biocompatibility silk has a definitive role in biomedical applications, both as fibroin and fabric. In this work, the simultaneous dyeing and functionalization of silk fabric with pigments from Streptomyces anulatus BV365 were investigated. This strain produced high amounts of orange extracellular pigments on mannitol-soy flour agar, identified as actinomycin D, C2 and C3. The application of purified actinomycins in the dyeing of multifiber fabric was assessed. Actinomycins exhibited a high affinity towards protein fibers (silk and wool), but washing durability was maintained only with silk. Acidic condition (pH5) and high temperature (65°C) facilitated the silk dyeing. The morphologies and chemical components of the treated silk fabrics were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed the pigments bind to the silk through interaction with the carbonyl group in silk fibroin rendering the functionalized, yet surface that does not cause skin irritation. The treated silk exhibited a remarkable antibacterial effect, while the biocompatibility test performed with 3D-reconstructed human epidermis model indicated safe biological properties, paving the way for future application of this material in medicine.

Sustainable Assessment of Bio-Colorant from Bakain Bark (Melia azedarach L.) for Dyeing of Cellulosic and Proteinous Fabric.

The current study proceeded to reduce the environmental hazards spreading worldwide due to synthetic dyes. To overcome these problems, eco-friendly natural dyes are introduced as alternative sources of synthetic dyes. The present study was focused on exploring the bio-colorant of the aqueous and acidic extract of the bark of Melia azedarach L. for the dyeing of both silk and cotton samples. The results of the extraction medium specified that the aqueous extract gave maximum colorant solubility and upon fabric dyeing produced higher color strength in contrast to the acidic medium. The optimization experimentation data showed that excellent color strength of silk fabric was found at 45 min dyeing time duration, in 35:1 mL dye extract, and using 2% salt (NaCl) as an exhausting agent, whereas cotton fabric showed the maximum K/S value at 60 min dyeing time, in a 45:1 mL liquor ratio, and with the use of 2% salt. Bio-mordants produce different shades on both fabrics. Bio-mordanting experiments on silk revealed that pre-mordanting with 2% turmeric and 3% pomegranate, and post-mordanting using 3% turmeric and 2% pomegranate produced a darker shade. In the case of cotton, the pre-mordanted samples with 2% turmeric and 3% pomegranate and the post-mordanted samples with 4% turmeric and 4% pomegranate gave the highest color strengths. All the mordanted samples gave excellent fastness ratings. Overall, it has been found that Bakain bark proved to be an excellent source of tannin. The result of this study showed that it could be a cost-effective and eco-friendly dye source for textile progress.

Cleaner isolation and application of sustainable new novel source of natural dye from tallow laureal (Litsea glutinosa) for silk dyeing

AbstractThe utilization of waste plant residues in useful work particularly as the source of green dyes in textiles is now a days welcoming by global community. In this study, brown bollygum chips (Litsea glutinosa) called tallow laurel has been explored for silk dyeing using ecofriendly approaches. Extraction has been done in suitable medium and utilized onto fabric before and after microwave (MW) treatment up to 10 min. Response surface methodology was employed to observe the significant of selected dyeing parameters at which shade development with improved colorfastness was observed. It was found that 2 min radiation to both acidic extract of tallow laureal and silk fabric is the useful condition to get colorfast shade when employed before and after mordanting with iron salt and tannic acid solution as eco‐chemical agent, whereas with walnut bark and pine nut hulls extract as eco bio agents. The highest color strength value of 4.58 was observed using tannic acid as postchemical mordant for silk dyeing. The standard methods for fastness as per ISO to light, washing, and rubbing reveal that using selected shades made under ecofriendly cost time and energy effective conditions, stable colorfast hues were rated good with the value of 4/5. Therefore, it is recommended that MW treatment in addition with statistical approach i.e., central composite design used for exploring new dye yielding plant, then using eco‐mordanting technique will help in getting promising colorfast shades.

Green extraction and application of yellow natural curcumin colorant from Curcuma aromatica rhizomes for silk dyeing

Green products such as plant tints are becoming more and more well-known worldwide due to their superior biological and ayurvedic properties. In this work, colorant from Amba Haldi (Curcuma aromatica) was isolated using microwave (MW), and bio-mordants were added to produce colorfast shades. Response surface methodology was used to develop a central composite design (CCD), which maximizes coloring variables statistically. The findings from 32 series of experiments show that excellent color depth (K/S = 12.595) was established onto MW-treated silk fabric (RS = 4 min) by employing 65 mL of radiated aqueous extract (RE = 4 min) of 5 pH cutting-edge the existence of 1.5 g/100 mL used sodium chloride at 75 °C for 45 min. It was discovered that acacia (keekar) extract (1%), pomegranate extract (2%), and pistachio extract (1.5%) were present before coloring by the use of bio-mordants. On the other hand, upon dyeing, acacia extract (1.5%), pomegranate extract (1.5%), and pistachio extract (2%) have all shown extremely strong colorfast colors. Comparatively, before dyeing, salts of Al3+ (1.5%), Fe2+ (2%), and TA (1.5%) gave good results; after dyeing, salts of Al3+ (1%) and Fe2+ (1.5%) and TA (2%) gave good results. When applied to silk fabric, MW radiation has increased the production of dyes recovered from rhizomes. Additionally, the right amount of chemical and biological mordants have been added, resulting in color fastness ratings ranging from outstanding to good. Therefore, the natural color extracted from Amba Haldi can be a sustainable option for the dyeing of silk fabric in the textile dyeing and finishing industries.

In situ generation of azo dyes on silk fibroin through three-step chemical modification

To enhance the efficiency and reduce the environmental footprint of silk dyeing, this study introduces a novel method that synthesizes azo dyes directly on silk fibroin (SF) using a three-step chemical modification at room temperature. Initially, SF undergoes modification with isatoic anhydride to yield aromatic primary amino-modified silk fibroin (SF–NH2). Subsequently, SF-NH2 is treated with nitrous acid to produce diazotized silk fibroin (SF–N2+). In the final step, SF-N2+ is combined with coupling components to directly form azo chromophores on the SF, culminating in the creation of coloured silk fibroin (SF–NN-CC). The efficacy of the three-step dyeing method was validated using infrared spectroscopy and colour development analysis. The modification sites on SF-NH2 were identified as the hydroxyl and amino groups of amino acid residues, confirmed through simulated reactions. SF-N2+ demonstrated excellent storage and thermal stability under dry conditions; however, its stability decreased in wet environments. Various coupling components were then reacted with SF-N2+ to synthesize in situ yellow, red, crimson, and green azo dyes on SF. The formation of covalent bonds between the dyes and SF was verified using DMF stripping methods. The dyed SF-NN-CC fabrics underwent testing for fastness, revealing wet fastness rating above grade 4. These findings demonstrate that the three-step modification process represents an innovative, energy-efficient, and fast-reacting dyeing method for SF.

Key features of blend denim fabrics performance with dyed weft silk yarn and different weave structures

This research aimed to weave the warp indigo-dyed cotton yarn with un-dyed or dyed silk yarn and analyze the impact of different weft yarn structures on the properties of denim fabrics. The dyed silk yarn was performed by a selection of different anionic indigo and non-indigo blue dyestuffs. The dyeing shades of the anionic Indigo Carmine dye on silk exhibited high build-up at the acidic pH range 2–2.5 with poor washing fastness and even so, the cationic aftertreatment of the dyed silk samples showed un-matched color with indigo-dyed cotton yarns. The dyeing properties of two commercial non-indigo reactive and acid dyes on silk add other advantages. To ascertain the dyeing shades evaluation of the non-indigo dyes on silk, two sets of blended denim fabrics were investigated. The first set included a weft-wise silk yarn dyed with reactive dye RB 5, and the second set included silk yarns dyed with acid dye AB 193. Weaving of the blended fabrics was carried out in Twill 3/1, 3/2 Z,and Satin 53 patterns and exhibited significant color effects of the dyed silk yarns to those of the un-dyed control samples. The dyeing shades of the non-indigo RB 5 and AB 193 dyed weft-wise silk yarns were found to be matched in color performance with the conventionally indigo- dyed cotton yarns. Ultraviolet resistance of the blend denim fabrics was evaluated, showing significant improvement in UPF of the weft-wise dyed silk. The study claimed that the dyed silk yarns a good candidate for newly developed blend denim fabrics.

The influence of the main elemental constituents of thousand year old barai mud extension of shades of natural dyed silk from marigold flowers

This research aimed (1) to study the main element of thousand year old mud and types of color-giving substances from marigold flowers and (2) to study the causes of silk color change from dark yellow to dark green at Bankhokmuang, Chorakhemark Sub-district, Prakhonchai District, Buriram Province. Firstly, the researcher studied the element of the mud from Barai Prasat Muang Tam and Barai Kuti Ruesi, using EDXRF. Secondly, the researcher studied types of phytochemicals in marigold extract using HCl solution and NaOH solution. Finally, the researcher dyed the silk with marigold flower extract mixed with alum and dyed it with iron ion solution and the mud solution from both sources. The results showed that both muds had the highest amount of Fe2O3, 64.03% of Barai Prasat Muang Tam mud and 44.22% of Barai Kuti Ruesi mud. The coloring substance of marigold extract was flavonoids and had good water solubility. Then the researcher dyed the silk with marigold flower extract mixed with alum because alum contained Al3+ions. The silk was dark yellow. The silk was divided into three groups to be dyed again. The first group was dyed with 1,000 ppm iron ion solution. The second group was dyed with a solution of Barai Prasat Muang Tam mud. The third group was dyed with a solution of Barai Kuti Ruesi mud. All group color changed from dark yellow to dark green. Thus, iron ion solution and both of Barai mud solution were rich in iron ion. This complex compound could form with flavonoids which made golden yellow color turns dark green and sticks to silk threads. It was also water insolubility. The color was not faded. All groups had different shade values at the significance level of 0.05. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHTS Study the main element of thousand year old mud Study area at at Bankhokmuang, Chorakhemark Sub-district, Prakhonchai District, Buriram Province. Causes the color of the silk thread to change from yellow to dark green

Chestnut shell dyes extracted by deep eutectic solvent in green dyeing of silk fibers for enhanced washable, antibacterial and UV protection properties

As an important biomass resource, chestnut shells are often discarded and wasted. In this study, we report an innovative, low-cost and environmentally friendly approach of dyeing silk fibers with natural pigments extracted from chestnut shells using deep eutectic solvent (DES) and imbuing them with antibacterial and ultraviolet protection properties. To improve the extraction ratio of chestnut shell pigment, DES of choline chloride and urea (ChCl/Urea) with high solubility performance was adopted to extract pigment from chestnut shells and then directly used for silk dyeing. The color spectral curve, washing durability, antibacterial and ultraviolet resistance of dyed silk were tested and compared with the silk dyed by metal salt mordant. The result showed that compared with ethanol extraction, DES extraction method had a higher extraction rate and better stability of the extraction solution. Owing to the swelling, surface modification and high permeability of ChCl/Urea DES to silk fibers, the affinity between the pigment solution and silk fibers was enhanced, and the pigment molecules entered the amorphous area inside the silk fibers, forming a tight bond with the fiber matrix during dyeing. Therefore, the dyed silk fabric has excellent washing durability and soft luster, and the color strength (K/S) remained unchanged after three washings. Meanwhile, the antibacterial activity and ultraviolet protection coefficient of silk dyed with chestnut shell pigment reached above 97% and 42.26, respectively, which exhibits excellent antibacterial and ultraviolet protection properties.

Dyeing of Tussah Silk with Reactive Dyes: Dye Selection, Dyeing Conditions, Dye Fixation Characteristics, and Comparison with Mulberry Silk.

Tussah silk is one of the most widely used wild silks. It is usually dyed with acid dyes, despite the shortcoming of poor wet fastness. Reactive dyeing is a good solution to this problem. In our work, sulfatoethylsulfone (SES), sulfatoethylsulfone/monochlorotriazine (SES/MCT), monochlorotriazine (MCT), and bis(monochlorotriazine) (Bis(MCT)) dyes were used to dye tussah silk. All of these dyes showed lower exhaustion and fixation on tussah silk than on mulberry silk under alkaline conditions. Among them, SES dyes were more applicable, with a fixation of 70-85% (at 4%owf dye) at 90 °C when using sodium bicarbonate as an alkali. SES dyes also showed a rapid fixation speed. The dyeing of tussah silk required lower sodium bicarbonate dosage, the use of more neutral electrolytes, and a higher dye quantity to achieve deep effects compared to mulberry silk. Dyed tussah silk displayed lower apparent color depth and brilliance than dyed mulberry silk. The neutral boiling dyeing of tussah silk with SES dyes exhibited higher exhaustion, higher fixation (82-92% at 4%owf dye), and a slower fixation speed compared with alkaline dyeing. Furthermore, in this dyeing method, SES dyes showed higher and more efficient fixation on tussah silk than on mulberry silk. All dyed tussah silk had excellent color fastness to soaping.

Flavonoid‐based yellow dye extract from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) combined with chitosan for anti‐bacterial and ultraviolet‐protective functionalisation of silk

AbstractIn the modern period, scientists are interested in the functional properties of natural materials. The present study is the first report on the use of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) yellow dye extract combined with chitosan bio‐mordant for enhancing the anti‐bacterial and ultraviolet‐protective activities of silk. The presence of flavonoid‐based compounds in the dye extract was verified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet‐visible techniques. Moreover, alum mordant was also utilised in the silk dyeing process to compare the efficiency of bio and metallic mordanting agents. Experiment outcomes revealed that the chitosan mordanted‐dyed silk sustained adequate fastness after being tested by washing, light, wet‐rubbing, and dry‐rubbing. In addition, superb bacterial inhibition percentages of 89% and 76% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, individually, were accomplished. Furthermore, the ultraviolet‐protective behaviour of this silk sample was demonstrated with a 50+ ultraviolet protection factor and low‐grade ultraviolet transmittance. This study reveals the great performance of an organic flavonoid dye as a sustainable and environmentally‐friendly substance for dyeing and functionalising silk, as well as the efficacy of a green mordant over a metallic mordant in increasing the dyeability and functional activities of silk.

Sustainable Dyeing of Wool and Silk with Conocarpus erectus L. Leaf Extract for the Development of Functional Textiles

Natural dyes derived from plants offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes for textile coloration. This study examined the extraction of natural dyes from Conocarpus erectus L. leaves and their application on wool and silk fabrics. Aqueous extraction in an alkaline medium was used to obtain dyes from raw leaves, which were then applied to pre-mordanted silk and wool fabrics by applying the ultrasonic-assisted exhaust dyeing method. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for color strength (K/S) and CIELAB color coordinates. The color fastness (washing, rubbing, and light), ultraviolet protection factor, mosquito repellency, and antibacterial activity were established using standard testing protocols. The surface morphologies of silk and wool were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, the dyed fabrics displayed good color strength and color fastness properties. Moreover, the dyed wool samples revealed satisfactory antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) in both qualitative and quantitative assessment methods, good ultraviolet protection in terms of UPF, and good mosquito repellency against Aedes aegypti. This study for the first time presented the application of a medicinal plant (Conocarpus erectus L.) in the field of textile dyeing and finishing. Hence, the use of Conocarpus erectus L. leaf dyes offers significant results on wool and silk fabrics and contributes to sustainable functional textile production.

Silk Dyeing with Anthocyanin Dye Extract from Melastoma malabathricum L. Fruits Using Metal Oxides and Reducing Agents to Ameliorate Photo–Fading

Silk Dyeing with Anthocyanin Dye Extract from Melastoma malabathricum L. Fruits Using Metal Oxides and Reducing Agents to Ameliorate Photo–Fading

Silk Dyeing with Anthocyanin Dye Extract from Melastoma malabathricum L. Fruits Using Metal Oxides and Reducing Agents to Ameliorate Photo–Fading

Montra Chairat1,2,Email Phattaraporn Thongsamai1 Thamonwan Meephun1 Suwijak Pantanit1 Siritron Samosorn3 Warayuth Sajomsang4 Pattarapond Gonil4 John B Bremner5

Sustainable dyeing of silk using an acetylshikonin-based natural colourant from the lichen Parmotrema perlatum

A purple natural dye, primarily composed of acetylshikonin and methyl ester of nogalonic acid, was optimally extracted from the lichen Parmotrema perlatum by an ammonia fermentation method (AFM) using response surface methodology.

Low temperature reactive dyeing of silk: An investigation into dyeing conditions, and strength loss and friction damage of fabric

The low temperature dyeing of textiles has obvious energy-saving effect. Silk fabric suffers from friction damage in the rope dyeing process, and additionally silk is complained about unsatisfactory color fastness. To address the aforementioned issues, the reactive dyeing of silk fabric at low temperatures was studied in terms of dyeing conditions, dye selection, alkali resistance of silk, and strength loss and friction damageoffabric. Reactive dyes exhibited higher fixation to silk in alkaline bath than acidic and neutral baths. The breaking strength and whiteness of silk fabric was less affected by sodium bicarbonate, but greatly affected by sodium carbonate. Silk fabric treated with sodium carbonate at 50–60 ℃ had acceptable loss of breaking strength (<10 %). Silk fabric dyed at 60–80 ℃ using sodium bicarbonate exhibited higher color depth than that dyed at 50–60 ℃ using sodium carbonate. The high temperature dyeing in alkaline bath caused the friction damage and fuzz appearance of silk fabric, which did not occur in low temperature and alkaline conditions. The reactive dyes selected from commercial products could be applied at 50 ℃ and met requirements for high fixation, high color fastness and a variety of colors.

Waste silk selvedge/glass fiber reinforced strip-shaped composite: A critical assessment of twisting and dyeing of silk on mechanical properties

With about 11 million tons of waste silk produced each year, waste silk reinforced composites are an important way of high-value utilization. However, the mechanical stability of waste silk reinforced composites remains to be further studied. In this study, we evaluate the flexural and impact properties of waste silk selvedge/glass fiber reinforced strip-shaped composites with different twisting and dyeing structures. The findings reveal that both twisting and dyeing of silk negatively affect the mechanical properties. The twisting structure introduces yarn discontinuity, leading to a 33 % reduction in impact strength. The dyeing process disrupts silk's β-sheet structure, causing a more disordered β-strand structure and a decrease in flexural strength from 448.4 MPa to 412.4 MPa. Further, we determined that untwisting and undyeing waste silk selvedges are suitable for impact-critical application such as automotive bumper. While the twisting and dyeing waste silk selvedges are suitable for non-structural applications requiring aesthetic appeal, such as automotive interiors.This study identifies critical factors influencing mechanical properties of waste silk reinforced composites, benefiting their engineering applications.

THE EFFECT OF SURFACTANT ON PRE-MORDANTING AND pH OF DYEING PROCESS WITH NATURAL DYES

The dyeing process with natural dyes has disadvantages, including poor color fastness. A mordanting process is required to overcome these disadvantages. Conventional mordanting processes often use metal salts. This research will substitute the mordanting process using surfactants as mordant substances. The pH of the process influences the application of dyeing with natural dyes. This study aims to determine the effect of the pre-mordant process using surfactants and the pH of the dyeing process on the color characteristics of cotton and silk fabrics dyed with Cocos nucifera L dye extract. The surfactants used were cationic and non-ionic polymeric surfactants. This study was conducted in phases. The first phase involved the extraction of coconut fiber, and the second phase involved pre-mordanting the fiber with surfactants. The third stage is the dyeing process, which has variations in pH 3, 7, and 9. The evaluation results show that cationic surfactants have the potential to be used as a mordant and provide an increased anti-bacterial effect on processed fabrics. The optimal use of cationic surfactants was obtained using a concentration of 9 g/L and pH 7 for the cotton dyeing process. The optimum concentration was obtained at 9 g/L for the silk dyeing process, and the dyeing pH was 3.