Dyeing Of Fibers Research Articles

Double-ridged waveguide for efficiently heating ultrafine filament fibers

Microwave heating has attracted wide attention in fiber dyeing, refining, drying and modification due to its energy saving and environmental protection. However, effectively heating ultrafine filament fibers is difficult to achieve using conventional microwave heating devices because of their low power density and rapid heat dissipation at their surfaces. Thus, we designed a double-ridged waveguide operating at 2.45 GHz, facilitating rapid heating of ultrafine structure by increasing the electric field strength, subsequently causing higher power absorption by the ultrafine materials. First, the proposed waveguide was compared with other types of cavities by building a multiphysics model, incorporating electromagnetics and heat conduction of the heated filament fiber with a relative permittivity of 5.7–0.2j and a diameter of 0.008 times of the wavelength of vacuum. The electric field strength and power absorbed of the filament fiber located in the proposed ridged waveguide were approximately 13.3 and 180 times higher than that in WR430, a commonly used rectangular waveguide in system designs. Additionally, we built an experimental system to demonstrate that the design can efficiently heat a single filament fiber at low input power of 70 W. Furthermore, the effects of the filament fiber size, material permittivity, and cavity temperature on heating were investigated based on the constructed model.

Sustainable Dyeing and Functionalization of Different Fibers Using Orange Peel Extract's Antioxidants.

A diluted ethanol orange peel extract was used for sustainable dyeing and functionalization of different fabrics. The extract analysis was performed using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS; its total flavonoid (0.67 g RE/100 g d.w.) and antioxidant (2.81 g GAE/100 g d.w.) contents and antioxidant activity (IC50 of 65.5 µg/mL) were also determined. The extract dyeing performance at various dyebath pH values was evaluated using multifiber fabric. Among six fabrics, extract possessed the ability for dyeing wool, polyamide, and cellulose acetate (at pH 4.5), which color strength (K/S) values increased after washing (9.7–19.8 vs. 11.6–23.2). Extract:water ratio of 20:35 (v/v) was found to be sufficient for achieving satisfactory K/S values (i.e., 20.17, 12.56, and 10.38 for wool, polyamide, and cellulose acetate, respectively) that were slightly changed after washing. The optimal dyeing temperatures for wool, polyamide, and cellulose acetate are 55, 35, and 25 °C, while the equilibrium dye exhaustion at those temperatures was achieved after 45, 120, and 90 min, respectively. The color coordinate measurements revealed that wool and polyamide fabrics are yellower than cellulose acetate, while, compared to polyamide and cellulose acetate, wool is redder. Possible interactions between selected fabrics and extract compounds are suggested. All fabrics possessed excellent antioxidant activity (88.6–99.6%) both before and after washing. Cellulose acetate provided maximum bacterial reduction (99.99%) for Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, which in the case of Staphylococcus aureus remained unchanged after washing. Orange peel extract could be used for simultaneous dyeing and functionalization of wool and polyamide (excellent antioxidant activity) and cellulose acetate (excellent antioxidant and antibacterial activity) fabrics.

Almond skin, a bio-waste for green dyeing of wool fibres

During the industrial processing of almond fruits, tons of almond skins are generated. Valorization of blanched almond skin wastes by recovering natural polyphenols using water, instead of organic solvents, for direct application of aqueous baths for dyeing of wool fabrics was studied in this work. The results showed that it was possible to recover polyphenols from almond skins and use them as a dye for wool fibres. Kinetics of extraction was modelled by using the diffusion-based Chrastil’s model and Peleg’s empirical model, obtaining excellent fit in both cases (R2 > 0.96). The amount of polyphenol extracted was enough to achieve correct direct dyeing with excellent washing, rubbing and perspiration fastness although the shades obtained were dull. Nevertheless, it was possible to achieve a better coloration by using ion(II) sulfate as the mordant resulting in dyeings with reasonable good washing and rubbing fastness.

Chitosan: A biopolymer for textile processes and products

Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from deacetylation of the abundant natural chitin polymer. It has found its use in many applications due to its unique solubility as well as chemical and biological properties. In addition to its biodegradability and biocompatibility, it has many reactive amino side groups that offer the possibilities of chemical modification and formation of a large variety of beneficial derivatives. Numerous researchers have published works outlining the physical and chemical properties of chitosan, as well as its use in several industries, such as medical, environmental and food. Due to its excellent absorption and biological properties, chitosan present a myriad of opportunities in eco-friendly textile processes. Chitosan is able to confer antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-odor and other biological activities to textile fibers and fabrics. In this review, the first part is dedicated to developing the physio-chemical and biological characteristics of chitosan. Then, we present chitosan applications in the textile industry over the past decade. Literature works on chitosan usage along with different textile production steps (fiber formation, functional treatments, dyeing and effluent treatment) are extensively discussed.

Comparison of Colour Properties of Polypropylene and Poly-(Lactic) Acid Fibres Dyed With Photoluminescent Dye

Abstract Every manufacturer wants to protect their textile products and their brand. A possible solution is, for example, the insertion of fibres with special pigments visible under irradiation by UV light into the final product. The paper focused on the study of the structure and colourimetric properties of polypropylene (PP) and poly-(lactic) acid (PLA) fibres modified with photoluminescent dye and halloysite (HNT) modified with photoluminescent dye. The photoluminescent dye and HNT modified with photoluminescent dye affected the structure of PP and PLA fibres differently. Increasing the HNT content up to 0.15 % increased the orientation of the PP fibres. In the case of PLA fibres, the increased content of photoluminescent dye in PLA fibres increased their orientation in the observed concentration area. PLA-based knitted fabrics showed better light stability, where there was no visible degradation of the knitted fabric, only its darkening. Likewise, PLA-based knitted fabric showed luminescence in UV light even after accelerated light aging.

Pomegranate peel extract and zinc oxide as a source of natural dye and functional material for textile fibers aiming for photoprotective properties

The use of photoprotection products is indispensable today, due to the potential harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) rays. Textiles are a natural barrier against UV radiation and can be made more effective by applying UV blockers. The present study investigates the photoprotection properties arising from dyeing cotton fabric with pomegranate peel extract. The extract was characterized by TPC, TFC, THT, color, pH, HPLC-UV and including its antiradical activity. The dyed fabric samples were evaluated for color, color fastness to light, rubbing, washing and sweating, along with a determination of SEM, EDS, ATR-FTIR, and UPF properties. The chemical analyses of the P. granatum peel aqueous extract by HPLC-UV indicated the presence of ellagic acid, punicalagin and punicalin derivatives. The extract showed antiradical activity (11.1 ± 0.4 CI50 (mg L−1) which is consistent with a high amount of total phenols 307 ± 26 (mg GAE/g extract), total flavonoids 150.3 ± 2.3 (mg RE/g extract), and condensed tannins 632.6 ± 84.1 (mg TAE/g extract). The dyed fabric samples showed yellowish colors and good color fastness ratings. The evaluation of the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) indicated mostly values from 15 to 24, equivalent to the category of good to very good photoprotection. Bearing in mind that ZnO is often used in combination with other UV-blockers to enhance the coverage of sunscreens, an aspect of this study involved determining the UPF of the pomegranate extract mixed with ZnO. In this case, ZnO addition did not significantly enhance the UPF of the dyed cotton fabric.

Assessment of detection limits for dyed and mounted textile fibers using Raman spectroscopy.

Trace evidence in the form of textile fibers can be used to link objects and places during an investigation. Raman spectroscopy is a well-established technique that has been used for the examination of various pigments, paints, inks, and dyes. The objective of this study was to determine the capability of Raman spectroscopy to detect several different dye classes and colors on a variety of textile fibers. To test this, four categories of dyes, reactive, disperse, acid, and direct were examined with Raman microscopy while applied to one of five fiber types (cotton, polyester, nylon, wool, and rayon). Each dye category was tested using four colors, black, blue, red, and yellow, while at four concentrations of dye (w/w), 4% (black only), 1%, 0.5%, and 0.05% (blue, red, and yellow). Finally, each dye, fiber, color, and dye concentration combination were examined with Raman using one of two laser excitation sources (532 nm and 780 nm) while mounted in one of two mounting media, Permount™ and Entellan® new, as well as unmounted. Raman spectroscopy could detect some dyes at low concentrations (0.5% and 0.05%) even when mounted in mounting media and covered with a glass coverslip. Excitation source, dye category, dye concentration, fiber type, and mounting method all influence the ability to detect any given dye. These results support the continued study of Raman as a tool for the examination of fiber dyes as it has shown the potential to be effective even under constraints experienced by forensic examiners.

The characterization of disperse dyes in polyester fibers using DART mass spectrometry.

Textile fibers alone are highly prevalent in our environment, and not only are there a wide variety of fibers, but generally, consumer textiles are colored. Given the variety of crime locations where dyes are encountered and the potential circumstances, a rapid, preparation free analysis of samples is highly beneficial. This study has characterized a collection of commercially available textiles dyes by verifying the chemical structure, collecting reference spectra, and developing a method to analyze dyed fibers via Direct Analysis in Real-Time (DART) mass spectrometry. A methodology for direct analysis of pieces of fabric and single thread samples of polyester fibers dyed with disperse dyes was developed. The presence of 31 target dyes on fibers whose structures were previously established via high-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed. Dyed fabrics containing mixtures of dyes in varying concentrations were also evaluated to determine whether each dye in the composition could be detected. The DART-MS methodology was sensitive and positively characterized disperse dyes in polyester fibers, allowing for blind identification of mixtures with the assistance of a high-resolution mass spectrometry database.

Sustainable traditional grass cloth fiber dyeing using the Taguchi L16 (4^4) orthogonal design

For many centuries, traditional grass cloth has been used as an important raw material for home textiles in China, but its market can be expanded by incorporating color. Reactive Red 2 (R2), Reactive Blue 194 (B194), and Reactive Orange 5 (O5) were used in this work to explore the dyeing behavior of sustainable traditional grass fiber using industrial dyeing methods. Initially, an L16 (4^4) orthogonal design was schematically applied to carry out the dyeing process and it was determined that the total dye fixation rate (T%) of B194 dye was the best among the three dyes. Accordingly, a statistical Taguchi technique was analyzed on a larger scale to optimize the dyeing process parameters (salt concentration, fixation time, fixation temperature, and solution pH) of B194, in which solution pH was found to be the most influential factor in achieving the highest T%. This phenomenon was also verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA), where the solution pH was found to be the biggest contributor (50%) and statistically significant (p < 0.05). Finally, confirmation tests were conducted under optimized conditions and a higher T% (53.18%) was determined compared to initial conditions (48.40%). Later, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the structural characteristics and found that grass cloth was chemically stable, yet gummy materials were still observed on their surface, which was also confirmed from digital photographs. Generally, the color coordinates and fastness properties were also satisfactory.

Equilibrium of Dyeing: A Review

This paper presents equilibrium dyeing which is important in the dyeing process. The paper gives more emphasis on the dyeing equilibrium which is the position of sorption versus desorption after infinite time. In dyeing process, the investigation of the equilibrium dye distribution between the dye bath and the substrate is very important. The thermodynamics of dyeing of different textile fibers with their respective dyes type were discussed. Furthermore the three major types of dyeing adsorption isotherms, which are Nernst, Langmuir and Freundlich and the various dye/fibre systems correspond to one of these types. The most important thermodynamic parameters such as affinity, heat of dyeing and entropy of change which is determined at equilibrium have been also discussed. These values are useful in interpreting the driving force for dyeing processes and therefore provide a means for understanding what causes dye to transfer preferentially from the dye liquor into the fibre.

A Sustainable Approach to a Cleaner Production of Antimicrobial and Biocompatible Protein Fibers.

This study presents the production, characterization, and application of celandine (Chelidonium majus L.) extracts (aqueous, acidic, alcoholic, and ultrasound) on wool fibers and their characterization. The study aims to obtain an ecologically dyed wool support that possesses biocompatible and antimicrobial activities. The plant extracts were characterized based on pH, total polyphenol content, and berberine content. Ecologically dyed wool supports were characterized based on scanning electron microscopy, levelness index, color measurements, contact angle indirect biocompatibility, and antibacterial analysis. According to the obtained results, celandine extract can be considered a potential candidate for the sustainable dyeing and functionalization of wool fibers.

Natural dyeing of cellulose fibers using syzygium cumini fruit extracts and a bio-mordant: A step toward sustainable dyeing

Increasing environmental awareness has led to a growing interest in natural dyes in the textile dyeing industry as the consumers become more aware of the toxicity of synthetic dyes that are harmful to the environment and health. Although natural dyes are environmentally friendly compared to synthetic dyes, in general their performance is less than that synthetic dyes. Typically, metallic mordants are used to enhance the affinity of natural dyes to textile materials, perhaps this process breaks the journey of the green story. In this work, we perform the potential alternative for the metal mordant and used soy protein as bio-mordant for dyeing cotton fabric with a natural dye extracted from Syzygium cumini fruits. Sonochemical mordanting and dyeing were examined compared with the conventional water bath. In the experiments, characteristics such as ultrasonic power, temperature, pH, dyeing duration, and dye concentration were examined during the dyeing process. FT-IR, color measurements, washing, crocking, and light fastness tests were used to monitor the effects of the bio-mordant in both conventional and ultrasonic baths. Overall, the sonochemical-assisted dyeing was shown considerably increase the dye absorption and K/S values as compared to the conventional bath. Experiments in this work yield valuable insights into the development of green routes toward the utilization of natural dyes and bio-mordants on natural cellulose-based materials. Using the soy protein mordanted and Syzygium cumini colored fabrics as a comparison, it was found that the sonic dyeing method costs 9.56 €/kg while conventional dyeing methods cost 9.91 €/kg, as the sonicated dyeing method required less cost (i.e., € 0.35) than the conventional bath techniques, nevertheless, sonicated produce darker color than the conventional method. Meanwhile, the cost for dyeing with metal mordant is increased as it severely required a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). More than that, metal mordant is not a sustainable choice.

Synthesis of Azo Disperse Dyes with High Absorption for Efficient Polyethylene Terephthalate Dyeing Performances in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.

Supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing (SCDD) not only enables strong dyeing performance for a versatile range of polymer material but is also regarded as a green chemical media due to its low environmental impact as well as low risk of product denaturation. Over the decades, azo disperse dyes have been revealed to be efficient dyes and represent the wide majority of dyeing material. Azo dyes possess a wide variety of functional groups to optimize dye synthesis and tune the light absorption properties. Using SCDD, end-chain of different lengths, and functional group exhibiting various electronic affinity, six disperse red azo dyes were synthesized to investigate dyeing performances as woven fabric type, color strain, and color fastness after dyeing are discussed. Dye structure synthesized through a coupling reaction was confirmed by 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. We found that the light absorption wavelength and absorption coefficient value variation are associated to the nature of the functional group. From the color strength values of the polyethylene terephthalate woven after dyeing, we find that the fiber host and dye dopant chemical structure greatly influence the dyeing process by providing enhanced woven, color strain, and color fastness. In comparison with commercial products, our approach not only improves the dyeing process but also guarantees a strong resistance of the dyed product against water, detergent, perspiration, abrasion, and friction.

SERS detection of anthraquinone dyes: Using solvothermal silver colloid as the substrate

Anthraquinone dyes have been widely used to color textile fibers since antiquity. Identification of the dyes can help us understand the dyeing processes and when and where the textiles were produced. Herein, we present a strategy based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with a novel silver colloid substrate for the detection of anthraquinone dyes. Quasi-spherical silver particles with different sizes were prepared by the solvothermal method and then characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The silver colloid substrates exhibited high-density hot spots with good reproducibility (RSDs of 3 ∼ 16 %) and high sensitivity. Among them, Ag-C2 (the molar ratio of AgNO3 to PVP is 0.367, reacted for 2 h) was used to detect anthraquinone dyes in reference silk fibers as well as ancient textile samples due to the highest sensitivity and the low RSD (5.37 %) in this study. More importantly, Ag-C2 can be utilized to distinguish three madder species (Rubia tinctorum, Rubia cordifolia, and Rubia argyi) depending on the SERS intensity of alizarin and purpurin.

On the history of madder (Rubia peregrina L., and Rubia tinctorum L.) in pre-modern Iran and the Caucasus

Abstract For roughly four thousand years the pulverized roots of both wild (Rubia peregrina L.) and cultivated (Rubia tinctorum L.) madder have been used in Asia, North Africa and Europe as a red dye. Madder’s original, natural habitat extended from Iran to the Mediterranean and madder roots were gathered, processed and used long before the plant was systematically cultivated. Although the red dye derived from madder was put to various uses, the dyeing of fibres for use in textiles and carpets was the primary one, and is first attested c. 2000 BC in Mesopotamian cuneiform sources. In Iran madder’s use can be traced from late Antiquity to the modern era, and may have begun as early as the 1st millennium BC. In the 19th century demand for madder in India and Russia was great, spurring large investment in madder cultivation as a cash crop, both in Iran and in the Caucasus. Documents are presented which provide detailed accounts of both madder cultivation and the processing of the roots for the production of dyestuff. The introduction of synthetic dyes in the 1870s largely eradicated the market for madder-based dye in Eurasia and had a profound impact on the carpet industry, in particular.

Enzymatic Dyeing of Wool Fibers with Enhancement of Strength Using Laccase as Catalyst

ABSTRACT Laccase-catalyzed polymerization of catechol on wool yarns was explored in this study, their dyeing performance and physical properties were also analyzed. Wool yarns were pretreated by chemical (Na2CO3) and plasma treatment. Catechol oligomers were then deposited or cross-linked on wool fibers through laccase-catalyzed reaction. It was shown that both chemical (Na2CO3) and plasma pretreatment could promote the subsequent dyeing process. Besides, the capacity of laccase to oxidize catechol was observed by UV-vis spectra. The FTIR spectra and SEM observation confirmed the coating of oligomers on wool. The results show that laccase-catalyzed reaction could be an efficient methodology for the in-situ coloration and performance enhancement in tensile strength, abrasion resistance, alkali solubility and antioxidant activity of wool.

Color construction of polyimide fibers based on charge transfer complex regulation and swelling effect

High glass transition temperature and charge transfer complex (CTC) of polymeric chains in polyimide (PI) fibers are known as big obstacles for good dyeing properties. To address this issue, a novel dyeing mechanism involving CTC regulation and swelling effect was proposed to explain the dyeing improvement of polyimide fibers with suitable carriers. It is believed that the carrier with certain structures can adjust the CTC effect of the polyimide fibers, so that the original color of polyimide can be changed, and more dyes can be adsorbed. Based on this mechanism, three organic carriers, including N-methylformanilide (MFA), phenoxyethanol (PPA) and dimethylacetamide (DMAc) were utilized for the treatment and dyeing of polyimide fibers. Notably, much deeper dyeing color was obtained for the fibers dyed with MFA than the other two carriers, which can be ascribed to the capability of MFA for the CTC transformation in the PI fibers. Moreover, the fibers dyed by MFA and PPA have good color fastness, while the fibers dyed by DMAc have obvious ring dyeing phenomenon and poor color fastness, which corresponds to the swelling depth of the fibers. These results will provide a basis for the selection of carrier for efficient color construction of polyimide fibers.

ESIPT Core Containing Benzothiazole and Benzimidazole Based Fluorescent Acid Azo Dyes for Protein Fiber: Synthesis, Spectral Characteristics, and Fastness Evaluation

Excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) core containing, two series of benzothiazole and benzimidazole based fluorescent acid azo dyes were synthesized. These dyes analyzed and confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR and elemental analysis. Spectral characteristics of these dyes studied in different polarity solvents showed Stokes shift 2888–4678 cm–1 and 2167–4837 cm–1 for benzimidazole and benzothiazole series, respectively. Wool and silk fabric dyed with these dyes, shows 92.1–94.4% (benzimidazole) and 92.4–95.1% (benzothiazole) percentage exhaustion on wool. The dyed substrate evaluated for UV rays protective properties, antibacterial activity light, wash and rubbing fastness. Synthesized dyes show significant antibacterial activity when tested by Agar-well diffusion test against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), Klebsiella pneumonia (Gram negative) bacteria.

A review on reverse micellar approach for natural fiber dyeing

AbstractThis study reviews the need and importance of non‐aqueous dyeing systems in the chemical processing industry, especially using the reverse micellar system in the dyeing of natural fibres. When it comes to conventional dyeing systems, which use large quantities of water, chemical, and energy, cause a lot of effluent load to the environment. Again the effluent water has to be treated well to eliminate all the harmful substances in it. To overcome the issues, a lot of research has been carried out in this area to minimise the use of water and chemicals in the dyeing process. Like use of low material to liquor ratio (M:L) in dyeing, dyes with high fixation at lower temperatures, low/salt less dyeing in case of reactive dyeing with cotton, cottonseed oil dyeing, microwave‐assisted dyeing, and use of supercritical carbon dioxide in case of polyester dyeing and many more. All the above said methods are aqueous‐based and, after the completion of dyeing, results in wastewater generation, which requires further treatment to reduce the harmful chemicals. Therefore, to further minimise the use of water and chemicals in the dyeing of natural fibres reverse micellar system has been introduced with the help of surfactants of both Ionic and nonionic in nature. As of today, a lot of work has been carried out in the dyeing of natural fibres with this system by employing ionic, nonionic, and mixed surfactants. Fascinating results were obtained in the dyeing with good levelness, high exhaustion, and fixation values, and results were compared with conventional dyeing. Computer colour matching studies were also done better to understand the applicability of these systems in the industry and found nearer results.

Single-step synthesis and energy-efficient coloration of wool textiles with poly(amino naphthalene sulfonic acid)-based dyes by oxidation polymerization

In the context of sustainability, energy-efficient low-temperature dyeing with non-toxic polymeric dyes is attractive. In this work, a single-step method of simultaneous synthesis of polymeric dyes from non-toxic amino-naphthalene sulfonic acids (ANSAs) by the oxidation polymerization and energy-efficient coloration of wool fabric was developed. The studied monomers are 7-amino-1,3-naphthalene monopotassium disulfonate (ANSA-1), 4-amino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANSA-2), and 5-amino-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANSA-3). The prepared polymeric dyes were characterized by UV–vis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The mass spectra suggest that oxidation treatment of ANSA-1 formed only dimers but the other two ANSAs formed polymers, whereas the GPC data demonstrated successful polymerization of all three ANSAs. The treated fabrics were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, and FTIR and reflectance spectroscopies. The treatment parameters, including the monomer and oxidant concentrations, treatment pH, temperature, and time, affected the shade of the color produced and its intensity. The optimum conditions for dyeing with ANSAs were 50 °C, 120 min, and a 1:1 monomer to oxidant ratio. The treatment with these ANSAs produced various colors in the fabric including tonal changes. The colorfastness to washing increased with an increase in the treatment temperature and time. The shade of color produced and the color intensity were dependent on the position of the substituent sulfonate groups in the amino-naphthalene compounds. This developed treatment can be used for the energy-efficient dyeing of wool and other polyamide fibers with good colorfastness to washing.