Dyed Cotton Fabrics Research Articles

Sustainable Dyeing and Finishing of Cotton Fabrics with Layer-by-Layer Technique

Large amounts of water, synthetic dyestuffs and chemicals are used in the wet processes of textile finishing, and at the end of these processes, liquors containing chemical substances create a waste load. For this reason, it is of great importance to develop new wet-finishing processes that use less water, dyestuffs and chemicals. For this purpose, the layer-by-layer deposition method (LbL) was used in this research as an environmentally friendly, sustainable method that can be used in wet-finishing processes to minimize chemical, water and energy consumption. The dyeing and functional finishing of cotton fabrics were carried out in one process by the LbL method. Cotton fabrics were pre-treated with a commercial cationic dye fixation agent and cationic charges were produced on the fabric surfaces. Reactive and direct dyestuff groups were used in the dyeing process of cotton fabrics and fluorocarbon was used in the functional finishing process. Eight and 12 dye/fluorocarbon layered structures were obtained by LbL deposition using a laboratory-type padder. Cotton fabrics were dyed and finished with the same dyes and fluorocarbon via the padding method and both samples were compared. The washing, rubbing and light color fastness properties, color strength and color difference of the dyed samples were tested. Tensile strength, air permeability, SEM graphs, contact angle, water and oil repellency analyses were performed for the treated fabrics.

Hot pad–batch dyeing of cotton fabrics using reactive blue-vinyl sulfone dye

Cold pad–batch dyeing of reactive dyes is low energy consumption and a clean dyeing technique. However, the room dyeing temperature requires strongly active base reactive dyes for dye fixation, bringing about the limitation of dye adaptability. Here, we propose a new technology of hot pad–batch dyeing that has the advantages of higher dye fixation and excellent color fastness. Three blue reactive dyers (C.I. Reactive Blue 19, C.I. Reactive Blue 21, C.I. Reactive Blue 203) that contain β-sulfate ethyl sulfone were used to increase the dye fixation of reactive dyes with cotton fibers. The effects of alkali concentration, dyeing temperature, batching time, and salt concentration on the dyeing performance of cotton fabrics were studied. The effects of post-treatment (soaping and fixation) on the K/ S values and color fastness were also investigated. The study showed that the dye fixation rate of the three reactive blue dyes was higher than 87%, and the rubbing and washing color fastness was more than grade 3–4 in the process of hot pad–batch dyeing of cotton fabrics. Furthermore, the dyed cotton fiber was fixed with a fixing agent (polyurethane (PU) and a mixture of PU and an aziridine crosslinker), and the color fastness reached not less than grade 4. Compared with cold pad–batch dyeing, hot pad–batch dyeing has the advantages of higher dye fixation and excellent color fastness for the three reactive blue dyes. Therefore, the dyeing performance of β-sulfate ethyl sulfone types of blue reactive dyes using hot pad–batch dyeing can effectively reduce the burden of post-treatment and the discharge of dyeing wastewater, and has a good application prospect in the dyeing of cotton fabrics.

Effects oF Chitosan as Bio-Mordant on Cotton Fabric Dyeing with Various Natural Dyes

Effects oF Chitosan as Bio-Mordant on Cotton Fabric Dyeing with Various Natural Dyes

Study on reactive dyeing in a sustainable nonaqueous medium dyeing system by X-ray electron spectroscopy

In the nonaqueous medium dyeing system (decamethylcyclopenta siloxane; D5), the bonding between cotton fiber and reactive dye may be influenced by the dyeing medium. To evaluate the dyeing performance of reactive dye in the D5 dyeing system, the fixing of reactive dyes with different structures was studied. Before and after dyeing, the chemical environment of cotton fiber was investigated by X-ray electron spectroscopy, and compared with the spectroscopic method. Compared with traditional reactive dyeing, the color depth of the dyed cotton fabrics and the final fixation of dyes are much higher in the D5 dyeing system. The elements of the cellulose fiber surface are changed after dyeing. Especially for N element, its content is increased after dyeing. After 30 minutes, the final fixation of reactive dye is about 80% by analyzing the account of N. Compared with the undyed cellulose fiber, the peak area of C–C or C–H is gradually increased after dyeing, but the proportion of C–O is decreased with the fixing time. The proportion of O–C–O is not changed much with the fixation time. Therefore, the C–C or C–H chemical environment on the cellulose fiber surface will be changed after dyeing. Therefore, the bonding of dyes and fibers can be analyzed through the change of the C1s chemical environment or the amount of N element before and after dyeing. This investigation successfully developed a method which could evaluate the fixation process in the D5 dyeing system.

Process maximization of salt free reactive dyeing on cotton using Taguchi approach

This study optimized the salt free reactive dyeing process using the Taguchi approach. Dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes is popular because of its bright and brilliant color in various shade ranges. Cationization with ALBAFIX-WFF and the dyeing process on cotton fabric was carried out using the exhaust method. To determine the optimum process conditions, two types of multiple characteristic parameters, including the single characteristic value conversion method and the process maximization method, were used on the basis of color strength (K/S) and wash fastness. The single characteristic value conversion method confirmed that the optimum process condition was a cationization temperature of 40 °C and a dyeing pH of 11. Most importantly, the optimal conditions were confirmed by the process maximization method as a concentration of ALBAFIX-WFF 30 g/L, cationization temperature at 80 °C, dyeing pH 12, and material-to-liquor ratio (M:L) of 1:5. More suitable dyeing properties are also achieved by the process maximization method.

Relationship between reactive group chemistry and printing properties of heterofunctional reactive dyes via screen printing

Screen printing of cotton fabric using newly synthesized azo reactive dyes was carried out in the present study. Functional group chemistry and its effect on the printing properties of cotton fabric by varying the nature, number and position of reactive groups of synthesized azo reactive dyes (D1–D6) was studied. Different printing parameters (Temperature, alkali and urea) and their effect was explored on the physicochemical printing properties e.g., fixation, color yield, and penetration of the dyed cotton fabric. Data revealed that dyes with more reactive groups and having linear and planar structures (D-6) showed enhanced printing properties. Spectraflash spectrophotometer was used to evaluate the colorimetric properties of screen-printed cotton fabric and results showed superb color buildup. Printed cotton samples displayed excellent to very good ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). Presence of sulphonate groups and excellent fastness properties may entitle these reactive dyes as commercially viable for urea free printing of cotton fabric.

Natural Dye from Nerium Oleander L. and Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics Using Different Mordants with Evaluation of Colour Fastness, Strength and Antifungal Properties

Globally, there is growing demand in natural colourants from plants in the food, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical fields. Generally, among the various categories of secondary metabolites, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and phenols are significant plant-based pigments. Coloured pigments possess remarkable anthocyanin related to anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-metastatic features. The major objective of this work was to elucidate the coloured pigments from Nerium oleander L. ornamental flowering shrub and its dying properties in cotton fabrics. Natural dye from flower methanolic extract of Nerium oleander was extracted. Dying experiment on bleached (H2O2) cotton fabric with density of 140 g / square meter was used. Pre, simultaneous and post -mordanting action of cotton fabric samples were carried out using 1-3 % of various metallic salts such as ferrous sulphate, potassium dichromate, stannous chloride, potassium aluminium sulfate. Color strength of the dyed samples for different dyeing condition was assessed by means of K/S value. Best color strength was yielded for the samples dyed with N. oleander which were mordanted with Potassium aluminium sulfate and FeSO4. Color fastness of the selected dyed samples to water, washing, perspiration and rubbing were also ideal. In all cases mordanted samples with Potassium aluminium sulfate and FeSO4 exhibited best results with simultaneous or post mordanting respectively. This results justifies designing a sustainable technology for mobilizing the usage of N. oleander for coloration of cotton fabrics. Fungicidal potential against A. flavus, A. niger, F. moniliforme and wash analysis also yielded significant results. The exquisite assessment of all tested properties of colored samples evolves this technology can be commercially implemented by considering large scale trails.

Natural Dye from Nerium Oleander L. and Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics Using Different Mordants with Evaluation of Colour Fastness, Strength and Antifungal Properties

Natural Dye from Nerium Oleander L. and Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics Using Different Mordants with Evaluation of Colour Fastness, Strength and Antifungal Properties

Copolymerization of 4‐vinylsulfonyl aniline with acrylamide and its application as macromolecular dye backbone

AbstractA kind of copolymer, poly(4‐vinylsulfonylaniline‐co‐acrylamide) (P(VSA‐co‐AM)), was synthesized by the copolymerization of 4‐vinylsulfonyl aniline (VSA) and acrylamide (AM) using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the solvent and 2,2′‐azobis(2‐methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) as the initiator in the presence of a total monomer mass concentration of 15%, and a polymerization duration of 10 h. The effect of the monomer feed ratio on the copolymerization is investigated, and the results reveal that increasing the content of VSA in the monomer feed ratio increases the proportion of VSA in the copolymer. A feed ratio of 5:5 is selected for the copolymerization of VSA and AM, and a copolymer with 28% VSA is obtained. After diazotization, P(VSA‐co‐AM) with a molecular weight of 4.45 × 103 and a VSA ratio of 28% is coupled with the coupling component containing more chloro‐s‐triazine reactive groups, thus resulting in macromolecular reactive dyes. The fixation of the obtained macromolecular reactive dyes A, B, and C on cotton fabric is over 93% and have good light, rubbing, and washing fastnesses, thus indicating their potential application in the dyeing of cotton fabric.

Simultaneous regulation of pore size and surface charge of nanofiltration membrane using carbon quantum dots for improved selective separation

Designing nanofiltration (NF) membranes with tunable pore sizes and surface charges is highly desirable to meet the growing demand for precise separation. In this study, carbon quantum dots generated through lysine pyrolysis (l-CQDs) were utilized as monomers to fabricate NF membranes via interfacial polymerization (IP). Intriguingly, the surface charge (from negative to positive) and effective pore size (from loose to dense structure) of the resultant NF membranes could be simultaneously modulated by simply adjusting the diffusion of l-CQDs during the IP process, which endowed the obtained l-CQD-based NF membrane with a tunable separation performance. The negative and loose NF membranes (l-CQD; 0.1 wt%) achieved excellent dye/salt fractionation performance even at high NaCl concentrations (20 g/L). The recovered NaCl from the highly saline dyeing effluent could be directly reused in cotton fabric dyeing, indicating potential application prospects in the treatment of saline textile effluents. A dense and positive NF membrane was obtained when l-CQD concentration increased to 1.0 wt%; this membrane showed exceptional desalination performance with high rejection of MgCl2, CuCl2, and CaCl2 (98.77 %, 99.06 %, and 99.0 %, respectively), demonstrating the ability to remove metal ions from water. This work provides an approach for preparing NF membranes with tailorable pore size and surface charge and highlights the potential of l-CQD-based NF membranes for the practical separation toward various charged components.

Cleaner Production of Bioactive and Coloured Cotton Fabric Using Euclea Divinorum Dye Extract with Bio-Mordants

Coloured textile products are more marketable, and are therefore always in higher demand. This has increased the use of synthetic dyes in the textile industry, thus raising environmental pollution associated with synthetic dyes. Natural dyes have been shown to be suitable alternatives. However, the use of metallic mordants during dyeing means the process is not eco-friendly, hence the need to develop bio-mordants that can be used as alternatives to some toxic metallic mordants. In this study, the effects of bio-mordants on the dyeing properties of Euclea divinorum Hiern (Ebenaceae) dye extract were assessed using different mordanting methods on cotton fabric. Dyeing characteristics were evaluated in terms of colour fastness and colour strength. Antioxidant textile finishing properties of the natural dye on cotton fabric was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) method. The bio-mordants improved the colour strength for dyed cotton fabric from 0.612 to 0.863 and 0.911 for the cotton fabric mordanted with mango and rosemary, respectively. This study identified an important basis of suitable bio-mordants that can be applicable when dyeing cotton fabric with E. divinorum natural dye. In addition, the good antioxidant activity of 72.5% indicates that E. divinorum dye extract is a promising agent for the future development of bioactive, protective and health textile fabric.

Eco-Friendly Sustainable Dyeing of Cotton Fabric Using Reactive Violet 05 and Direct Violet 09 Dyes

Sustainable chemistry is a relatively new field that aims to achieve both economic and environmental goals simultaneously. This paper discusses a cleaner and more sustainable method for dyeing cotton fabric using Direct Violet 09 and Reactive Violet 05 dye. It has been noticed that good color characteristics were obtained when cotton fabric was dyed with 35 mL of microwave-treated Reactive Violet 05 dye solution of 7 pH and 2 g Aluminum sulfate for 30 min at 60 °C. When dyeing cotton fabric with Direct Violet 09 dye, it has been observed that cotton fabric, when microwave treated for 6 min and dyed at 80 °C for 50 min using 35 mL of non-treated dye solution of 7 pH with 2 g Potassium sulfate, produces good results. The colorfastness of the dyed fabrics using ISO standards was also evaluated. Overall, it was found that the use of microwave radiation improves the sustainability of the dyeing process.

Challenges and opportunities in product development using natural dyes

Dyeing is a crucial textile technology procedure and one of the most enjoyable Textile Arts. Dyeing is an ancient art form that predates our civilization. All over the world the coloring of textile material is done with bleached fabric using natural and synthetic dyes. Coloring with natural materials is now commonly used as a supplement to hand spinning, knitting, and weaving. This study aims to compare the effluent properties of synthetic and natural dyes. Additionally, a product was created utilizing natural dyes because they are safe for the environment.This research article compares effluent parameters for natural and artificial dyes used for dyeing cotton fabrics, with a focus on fastness attributes, because while colouring the textile materials not all dyes are transfer, around 10-15% of dyes will remains in dye bath itself. When this effluent discharge, it is intensely colorful and aesthetically unpleasant and it will produce environmental problems.

Nature dye/nanosphere dispersion with high light stability and colorability for cellulose fabric

Monodisperse poly (methyl acrylate-meth-acyloxy-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) cationic nanospheres were synthesized by soap-free emulsion polymerization, and were subsequently combined with gardenia to prepare dye/nanospheres. The influence of the concentration of gardenia yellow, rate of vortexing, temperature and pH of mixing on the adsorption capacity and stability of microspheres were thoroughly investigated, and the prepared gardenia/poly (methyl acrylate-meth-acyloxy-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) nanospheres acted as liquid pigments to dye the fabric substrates by the impregnation method. In particular, the photostability of gardenia/poly (methyl acrylate-meth-acyloxy-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) and the reflection of its dyed fabrics are distinctly described, the comparison of the dyeing property effect between gardenia/poly (methyl acrylate-meth-acyloxy-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) and gardenia yellow dyed by mordant dyeing were analyzed. According to the experimental findings, the dyestuff nanospheres have high stability when the pH is 7–8, the mass ratio of gardenia yellow to poly (methyl acrylate-meth-acyloxy-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) nanospheres was 12.8:1, the temperature was 60°C for 30 min, and the mixing speed was 500 rpm. Dyeing cotton fabrics with gardenia/poly (methyl acrylate-meth-acyloxy-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) produced higher color strength and color fastness than the gardenia yellow with mordant dyeing.

Cetylpyridinium chloride cationic finishing improves the dyeing and antibacterial properties of madder dyed cotton

AbstractIn this work, after cationic pretreatment of cotton fabric with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), the compound of citric acid (CA) and succinic acid (SUA) were used as crosslinking agents to dye cotton fabrics with natural madder dye to improve the dyeing and antibacterial properties and realise the multifunctional finishing of cotton fabric. The effects of mordant dyeing, CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing, and CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing on the microstructure and properties of cotton fabrics were compared. The dyeing by the three processes occurred primarily in the amorphous zone of the fibres, and all kept the original crystalline form of the cotton. CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing and CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing increased the thermal stability of the cotton fabric. CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyed cotton obtained excellent dyeing results with the colour depth value (K/S) of 12.3 and rubbing fastness and washing fastness of levels 4–5, and the levelness and dye permeability were acceptable. Furthermore, the antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached 99.99%, and the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) reached 50+. Moreover, the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) increased by 55% compared with raw cotton. This showed that CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyed cotton had excellent antibacterial, anti‐ultraviolet, and anti‐wrinkle performances.

Natural Dye Extracted from Pomegranate Peel: Physicochemical Characterization, Dyeing of Cotton Fabric, Color Fastness, and Photoprotective Properties

Natural Dye Extracted from Pomegranate Peel: Physicochemical Characterization, Dyeing of Cotton Fabric, Color Fastness, and Photoprotective Properties

Eco-friendly coloration from mahogany wood waste for sustainable dyeing of organic nonwoven cotton fabric

Most synthetic dyes used in the textile industry are non-biodegradable, carcinogenic, and significantly harm the environment. Recent years have seen a significant increase in interest in natural dyes as a means of avoiding the environmental issues associated with synthetic colorants. This research focuses on the extraction of natural dyes from mahogany wood waste and the identification of environmentally safe ways for dyeing organic nonwoven cotton fabric. Natural coloring compounds were isolated using an aqueous extraction method, and organic cotton fabric was colored with the extracts after being mordanted with several mordant types including ferrous sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, and stannous chloride. The wash, light, rubbing, and perspiration fastness qualities of colored organic cotton fabric were investigated. The organic cotton fabric colored with wood waste was found to have good to excellent fastness qualities, when it was mordanted with a combination of ferrous sulfate 2%, potassium aluminum sulfate 2%, and stannous chloride 1%. Using the conditions, the color strength value was also found higher, and it was 4.28. The scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the dye particles were present on the dyed fabric surfaces. Therefore, utilizing naturally derived dyes from mahogany wood waste to color organic cotton fabric may be a good substitute for synthetic dyes in the textile sector due to environmental concerns.

Dyeing Properties, Color Gamut, and Color Evaluation of Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (Amur Cork Tree Bark)

The application of plant dyes in the textile industry has been very limited due to their limited sources, incomplete color space, and narrow color gamut, etc. Therefore, studies of the color properties and color gamut of natural dyes and the corresponding dyeing processes are essential for completing the color space of natural dyes and their application. In this study, water extract from the bark of Phellodendron amurense (P. amurense) was used as a dye. Dyeing properties, color gamut, and color evaluation of dyed cotton fabrics were studied, and optimal dyeing conditions were obtained. The results showed that the optimal dyeing process was pre-mordanting with liquor ratio at 1:50, P. amurense dye concentration at 5.2 g/L, mordant concentration (aluminum potassium sulfate) at 5 g/L, dyeing temperature at 70 °C, dyeing time of 30 min, mordanting time of 15 min, and pH 5. Through the optimization of the dyeing process, a maximum color gamut range was obtained with lightness L* value from 74.33 to 91.23, a* value from -0.89 to 2.96, b* value from 4.62 to 34.08, chroma C* value from 5.49 to 34.09, and hue angle h° value from 57.35° to 91.57°. Colors from light yellow to dark yellow were obtained, among which 12 colors were identified according to the Pantone Matching Systems. The color fastness against soap-washing, rubbing, and sunlight on the dyed cotton fabrics all reached grade 3 level or above, further expanding the applicability of natural dyes.

Adsorption of Reactive Red 120 in Decamethyl-Cyclopentasiloxane Non-Aqueous Dyeing System

Traditional dyeing usually consumes a significant amount of water and salts, thus causing environmental pollution. Salt-free and low-water dyeing has become an important research direction in the cotton fabric dyeing industry. The non-aqueous media dyeing technology, using decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) as the dyeing medium, has achieved energy saving and emission reduction in this industry. To investigate the influence of inorganic salts on the dyeing properties of reactive dyes in a non-aqueous medium dyeing system, the adsorption kinetics and level dyeing property of C.I. Reactive Red 120 were investigated at various concentrations of sodium sulfate. When no salts were included in the siloxane non-aqueous dyeing system, 80% of the reactive dye could diffuse onto the cotton fabric surface after 10 min. However, if 13% salts were added during dyeing, 87% of the reactive dye could diffuse to cotton fabric surface over the same amount of time. Moreover, the adsorption rate of dye was increased from 3.85 mg/g·min to 5.04 mg/g·min when the quantity of salts was increased from 0% to 13%. However, the concentration of sodium sulfate had minimal effect on the color depth of the dyed fabric and the final uptake of dye. But, when the concentration of sodium sulfate was significant, the level dyeing property of the dye became poor as the Sγ(λ) value was increased from 0.020 to 0.042. The adsorption kinetic of C.I. Reactive Red 120 in D5 dyeing solution may be best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. As the sodium sulfate concentration increases, the half-dyeing time gradually decreases and the adsorption rate of dye increases. The repulsive force between the dye and the cotton fiber was lowered by the addition of sodium sulfate. Consequently, in the D5 dyeing system, the level dyeing property of reactive dye may be affected by the adsorption rate. Therefore, the formula of reactive dyes that do not contain salts can be applied successfully in non-aqueous dyeing systems.

Optimization of a Green Dyeing Process Using Natural Dyes Extracted from Corchorus Olitorius Leaves

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to develop a green dyeing process using Corchorus olitorius dye extract. Corchorus olitorius leaves were used as a new dyestuff source that has never been used for cotton fabric dyeing. Dye extraction was performed using a non-conventional clean process containing ethanol in an ultrasound bath. The extracted dye was applied to cotton fabric in a bath exhaustion process. The effect of dyeing parameters on the color strength of dyed fabric was studied. A response surface methodology design was used to optimize the dyeing process. The results showed that pH, dyeing temperature, and dyeing time significantly affect the dyed fabric. The optimum dyeing parameters were found at 90°C in a bath pH of 9 for 90 min. Finally, to improve the color strength, and the color-fastness, three mordanting processes, and three different mordants were used. Results show that pre-mordanted dyed cotton fabric using aluminum potassium sulfate produces the best fastness properties.