Dyehouse Effluents Research Articles

Applicability and costs of nanofiltration in combination with photocatalysis for the treatment of dye house effluents.

Nanofiltration (NF) is a capable method for the separation of dyes, which can support and even improve the applicability of photocatalysis in effluent-treatment processes. The membrane process usually will need a special pre-treatment to avoid precipitation and fouling on the membrane surface. Conceptually NF can be applied in the pre-treatment prior to the catalytic reactor or in connection with the reactor to separate the liquid phase from the reaction system and to recycle finely suspended catalysts and/or organic compounds. When concerning such reaction systems on a bigger scale, cost figures will prove the usefulness of those concepts. Different applications of photocatalysis on the lab-scale have been published in recent years. Membrane technology is used almost in all those processes and an overview will be given of those recently published systems that have been reported to be potentially useful for a further scale-up. NF membranes are mostly used for the more sophisticated separation step of these processes and the additional costs of the NF treatment, without any associated equipments, will be described and illustrated. The total specific costs of industrial NF treatment processes in usefully adjusted and designed plants range from 1 to 6 US$/m3 treated effluent. Combination concepts will have a good precondition for further development and upscaling, if the NF costs discussed here in detail will be, together with the costs of photocatalysis, economically acceptable.

Comparison of a homemade cocoa shell activated carbon with commercial activated carbon for the removal of reactive violet 5 dye from aqueous solutions

Abstract A novel homemade furnace setup for preparation of chemically activated carbon was proposed in a quest for industrial wastewater treatment. Cocoa shell was initially mixed with inorganic components (red mud + lime + KOH + Al(NO3)3 + Na2SO4) and water to form a paste. The paste was placed in a mould cylinder, dried at a room temperature, and then the material was placed in a stainless steel reactor and heated up to 1073 K under inert atmosphere. Three carbon adsorbents with inorganic: organic ratio of 1.0 (CC-1.0), 1.5 (CC-1.5) and 2.0 (CC-2.0) were prepared. The adsorbents were acidified with a 6 mol L−1 HCl under reflux (24 h) to obtain corresponding ACC-1.0, ACC-1.5 and ACC-2.0. The chemical activation process was completed by leaching the inorganic components from the carbonaceous matrix through acidification. ACC-1.0 exhibited highest sorption capacity compared with the other two adsorbents. CC-1.0 and ACC-1.0 were characterised using FTIR, SEM, N2 adsorption/desorption curves and X-ray diffraction. A well-known commercially activated carbon (CAC) was used to compare the sorption capacity of ACC-1.0. The ACC-1.0 and CAC adsorbents were used for adsorption of reactive violet 5 (RV-5) textile dye from aqueous solutions. The equilibrium times of 45 and 150 min were observed for ACC-1.0 and CAC, respectively, at optimum pH 2.0. General order kinetic model best described the adsorption process than pseudo first-order and pseudo-second order kinetic models. Liu isotherm model gave the best fit of the equilibrium data at all experimental temperatures. The maximum amounts of RV-5 dye adsorbed at 298 K were 603.3 (ACC-1.0) and 517.1 mg g−1 (CAC). The adsorbents were tested on two simulated dyehouse effluents. ACC-1.0 is effectively capable of decolourising industrial textile effluents.

Electrochemical Decolorization and Removal of Indigo Carmine Textile Dye from Wastewater

<p>The present paper discusses an integrated electrochemical decolorization/degradation treatment procedure of indigo carmine dye, which comprises electrocoagulation, electrooxidation and advanced electrochemical oxidation using the electro-Fenton process.</p> <p>The electrocoagulation process is performed by sacrificial iron electrodes, the indirect electrooxidation process by dimensionally stable Ti/Pt and graphite electrodes in NaCl electrolyte solution, and the electro-Fenton process by iron electrodes and added amounts of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. All electrochemical experiments are conducted in the same electrochemical cell with the same apparent electrode surface and inter-electrode distance.</p> <div> <p>The three different electrochemical processes are discussed, their efficiencies compared and evaluated. The initial dye concentration of 100 mg l<sup>-1</sup> was fast and efficiently removed in only a few minutes of electroprocessing time. The electro-Fenton treatment is the fastest, most efficient and economical process operated at very low current densities of 0.33 and 0.66 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> and consuming only 4.75x10<sup>-3</sup> and 5.23x10<sup>-3</sup> kWh m<sup>-3</sup> of treated solution respectively. The electrocoagulation treatment with iron electrodes and the electrooxidation process with Ti/Pt electrodes conducted at applied current densities of 5 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> consumed 0.511 and 0.825 kWh m<sup>-3</sup> of treated solution respectively. The proposed procedure is a safe, economical and efficient method for removal of indigo carmine dye from aqueous solutions and dye house effluents.</p> </div> <p> </p>

Keratin hydrolysate as an exhausting agent in textile reactive dyeing process

Salt is an essential exhausting agent for the dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes. The usage of salt leads to an increased effluent load in terms of total dissolved solids and also limits the opportunities for recycling textile dye house effluents. These effluents are difficult to degrade and their disposal leads to environmental pollution. In the present work, we have prepared keratin hydrolysate (KH) from waste of wool processing industries to reduce the usage of salt in dyeing. The KH was fixed to the cotton fabric at five different add on percentage, and the presence of the KH on the fabric was confirmed by FTIR, TGA and SEM-EDX Studies. The KH-fixed fabrics were further dyed with reactive dyes without addition of salt. The colour strength of the fabric increased up to 91 % to that of the control sample. The studies reveal that the tone of the fabric was not altered and KH usage can significantly reduce salt consumption in reactive dyeing process.

Adsorption of Procion Blue MX-R dye from aqueous solutions by lignin chemically modified with aluminium and manganese

A macromolecule, CML, was obtained by purifying and carboxy-methylating the lignin generated from acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse during bioethanol production from biomass. The CMLs complexed with Al3+ (CML-Al) and Mn2+ (CML-Mn) were utilised for the removal of a textile dye, Procion Blue MX-R (PB), from aqueous solutions. CML-Al and CML-Mn were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning differential calorimetry (SDC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and pHPZC. The established optimum pH and contact time were 2.0 and 5h, respectively. The kinetic and equilibrium data fit into the general order kinetic model and Liu isotherm model, respectively. The CML-Al and CML-Mn have respective values of maximum adsorption capacities of 73.52 and 55.16mgg−1 at 298K. Four cycles of adsorption/desorption experiments were performed attaining regenerations of up to 98.33% (CML-Al) and 98.08% (CML-Mn) from dye-loaded adsorbents, using 50% acetone+50% of 0.05molL−1 NaOH. The CML-Al removed ca. 93.97% while CML-Mn removed ca. 75.91% of simulated dye house effluents.

Influence of dyeing and printing industrial effluent on physicochemical Characteristics of water – Case study on the printing cluster of Bagru, Jaipur (Rajas than), India

In Rajasthan state printing and dyeing units represent an important economic sector.bagru in Jaipur district has got many printing and dyeing industry, in this industry Natural and vegetable dyes are mainly used for printing but some enterprises make use of synthetic dyes and mordants. So, the disposal of waste water effluents is a big problem in such industries. If the untreated water, directly disposed into open drains, the particulate may become the part of ground water due to seeping or it may directly used for crop cultivation. Dye house effluents are not only responsible for soil contamination but also responsible for water contamination. The present study is based on the determination of various physio chemical parameters of water due to direct disposal of untreated water in water sources in rainy season i.e. in the month of July, August and September 2013 and results are compared to textile effluent standards prescribed by Rajasthan state pollution control board.

Adsorption of Direct Blue 53 dye from aqueous solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes and activated carbon

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and powder activated carbon (PAC) were used as adsorbents for adsorption of Direct Blue 53 dye (DB-53) from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents were characterised using Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of initial pH, contact time and temperature on adsorption capacity of the adsorbents were investigated. At pH 2.0, optimum adsorption of the dye was achieved by both adsorbents. Equilibrium contact times of 3 and 4 h were achieved by MWCNT and PAC adsorbents, respectively. The general order kinetic model provided the best fit of the experimental data compared to pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic adsorption models. For DB-53 dye, the equilibrium data (298–323 K) were best fitted to the Sips isotherm model. The maximum sorption capacity for adsorption of the dye occurred at 323 K, with the values of 409.4 and 135.2 mg g−1 for MWCNT and PAC, respectively. Studies of adsorption/desorption were conducted and the results showed that DB-53 loaded MWCNT could be regenerated (97.85%) using a mixture 50% acetone + 50% of 3 mol L−1 NaOH. Simulated dye house effluents were used to evaluate the application of the adsorbents for effluent treatment (removal of 99.87% and 97.00% for MWCNT and PAC, respectively, were recorded).

Kinetics of the decolourization of a dyehouse effluent by Providencia rettgeri ODO

The potential of an organism isolated from a mixture of azo dyes to decolourize textile wastewater was investigated. The organism identified by 16S rDNA as a strain of Providencia rettgeri was able to remove 94 ± 0.56% of the colour in a dyehouse effluent within 24 h in batch experiments. P. rettgeri strain ODO was able to use the effluent as sole carbon and nitrogen source. The optimum pH and temperature for colour removal ranged between 7–8 and 30–35 °C, respectively. Analysis of the data showed that the decolourization process exhibited first order kinetics with respect to the colour intensity and biomass concentration. The rate constant k = 5.6 × 10−3 L/gDCMh at 37 °C. The specific growth rate, μ, of the organism was 0.013 h−1 while the mean doubling time was 52.9 h. The results indicated that P. rettgeri strain ODO has the potential for colour removal from textile effluent.

Ultrasound-assisted Acid red dye removal using leather fibre wastes as matrix: ‘intra wastes interaction’ approach

It is desirable to make effective use of solid wastes, as well as waste liquors, of the dye house generated from leather processing. The present study deals with the adsorption of Acid red 26 (Xylidine ponceau) dye using leather fibre waste (buffing dust) as substrate matrix by the means of ultrasound, magnetic stirring and conventional heating. The research examined the effect of various process parameters: ultrasonic power, concentration of dye, temperature and time. The dye uptake data have been fitted with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, indicating a useful dye adsorption process. A mechanism for dye adsorption in leather fibres has also been proposed. This study shows that it is possible to remove dyes from dye house effluent streams using leather waste fibres of buffing dust by means of ultrasound. Two different toxic wastes produced by the same industry can be effectively contained. This ‘Intra wastes interaction’ approach could reduce the burden of discarding wastes of other materials in the leather industry.

Treatment of dyehouse effluents using sequential combinations of electrochemical oxidation, membrane separation, and activated sludge

Reducing water demand in textile sector is one of the important environmental concerns. In this study, individual and combined effects of selected operational parameters on a full‐scale electrochemical oxidation (ECO) process treating dyehouse effluent were investigated experimentally. Combinations of variables including current density, wastewater pH, and conductivity resulting in maximum color removal efficiency were determined using the Box‐Behnken design method. In addition to color removal, variations in wastewater organic composition before and after ECO were also examined critically. Removal and/or generation of 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) before and after ECO were investigated under variable operational conditions. Treatability of ECO effluent using conventional activated sludge process was investigated by both full‐scale monitoring studies and batch‐scale nitrification tests. Toxicity impact of raw, ozonized, and electrochemically treated wastewaters on nitrifiers were also determined and compared. Water reuse and salt recovery alternatives were assessed by full‐scale tests in a pilot plant which is composed of nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), and activated sludge processes. Advantages and disadvantages of applying ECO process as a pretreatment prior to membrane‐based or biological methods were critically evaluated. The average flux values of NF and RO membranes without ECO were 39 ± 2 and 19.5 ± 1 L m−2 h−1, respectively. The average flux values of NF and RO membranes without ECO were 39 ± 2 and 19.5 ± 1 L m−2 h−1, respectively. The permeability of the membranes for raw dyehouse effluent (without ECO) were estimated to be 6.0 ± 11 and 0.73 ± 0.6 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 Another important observation was formation of some PAHs including naphthalene, acenaphtylene, anthracene, benzo(a)anthracene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene as a function of operational conditions maintained in ECO process. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 472–481, 2014

Decolorization of Dyehouse Effluent and Biodegradation of Congo Red by Bacillus thuringiensis RUN1

A dye-decolorizing bacterium was isolated from a soil sample and identified as Bacillus thuringiensis using 16S rRNA sequencing. The bacterium was able to decolorize three different textile dyes, namely, Reactive blue 13, Reactive red 58, and Reactive yellow 42, and a real dyehouse effluent up to 80-95% within 6 h. Some non-textile industrially important dyes were also decolorized to different extents. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis of the ethyl acetate extract of Congo red dye and its metabolites showed that the bacterium could degrade it by the asymmetric cleavage of the azo bonds to yield sodium (4- amino-3-diazenylnaphthalene-1-sulfonate) and phenylbenzene. Sodium (4-amino-3-diazenylnaphthalene-1-sulfonate) was further oxidized by the ortho-cleavage pathway to yield 2- (1-amino-2-diazenyl-2-formylvinyl) benzoic acid. There was induction of the activities of laccase and azoreductase during the decolorization of Congo red, which suggests their probable role in the biodegradation. B. thuringiensis was found to be versatile and could be used for industrial effluent biodegradation.

Photocatalytic treatment of textile dyehouse effluents with simulated and natural solar light

In the present study, the photocatalytic treatment of two synthetic textile dyehouse effluents was investigated. The first synthetic effluent (SE1) is a Remazol Black B aqueous solution, while the second one (SE2) is an aqueous mixture of sixteen dyes and auxiliary chemicals that are usually employed in the textile industry. Various illumination sources were studied, while emphasis was given on the use of simulated and natural solar light. Results indicated that the use of solar irradiation can constitute an advantageous treatment strategy, due to its energy efficient and environmentally friendly operation, for textile dyehouse effluents. Specifically, it was observed that total decolorization and mineralization of SE1 occurred after about 120 min and 300 min, respectively, in the presence of at least 2 g L-1 TiO2, under natural sunlight. On the other hand, total decolorization of SE2 was achieved only after 300 min of photocatalytic treatment, while COD removal practically remained unchanged, at about 20%, regardless the applied operating parameters, due to the presence of other organic and inorganic substances. Furthermore, it was found that process efficiency was significantly affected by the catalyst loading.

Comparison of Jatropha curcas shells in natural form and treated by non-thermal plasma as biosorbents for removal of Reactive Red 120 textile dye from aqueous solution

Jatropha curcas shell an abundant residue of the biocombustible industry, was used in its natural form (JN) and treated by non-thermal plasma (JP) as biosorbents for the removal of Reactive Red 120 (RR-120) dye from its aqueous solutions. These biosorbents were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and by nitrogen adsorption/desorption curves. The effects of pH, shaking time and temperature on adsorption capacity were studied. In the acidic pH region (pH 2.0), the adsorption of the dye was favorable using both adsorbents. The contact time to obtain equilibrium isotherms at 298–323K was fixed at 10h for both biosorbents. The general order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data compared with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic adsorption models. For RR-120 dye, the equilibrium data (298–323K) were best fitted to the Liu isotherm model. The maximum sorption capacity for adsorption of the dye occurred at 323K, attaining values of 40.94 and 65.63mgg−1 for JN and JP, respectively. Simulated dyehouse effluents were used to check the applicability of the proposed biosorbents for effluent treatment (removal of 68.2 and 94.6%, for JN and JP, respectively) in a medium with high saline concentration.

Application of aqai stalks as biosorbent for the removal of Evans Blue and Vilmafix Red RR-2B dyes from aqueous solutions

The aqai palm stalk (Euterpe oleracea) is food residue used in its natural form (AS) as biosorbent for the removal of Evans Blue (EB) and Vilmafix Red RR-2B (VR) textile dyes from aqueous solutions. The effects of pH, biosorbent dosage, and shaking time on biosorption capacities were studied. The maximum adsorption of both dyes occurred at pH 2.0. The Avrami fractional-order kinetic model provided the best fit to experimental data compared with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption models. The equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips isotherm models. For both dyes, the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Sips isotherm model. Simulated dyehouse effluents were used to check the applicability of the proposed AS biosorbent for effluent treatment.

Comparison of Spirulina platensis microalgae and commercial activated carbon as adsorbents for the removal of Reactive Red 120 dye from aqueous effluents

Spirulina platensis microalgae (SP) and commercial activated carbon (AC) were compared as adsorbents to remove Reactive Red 120 (RR-120) textile dye from aqueous effluents. The batch adsorption system was evaluated in relation to the initial pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature. An alternative kinetic model (general order kinetic model) was compared with the traditional pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models. The equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Liu isotherm models, and the thermodynamic parameters were also estimated. Finally, the adsorbents were employed to treat a simulated dye-house effluent. The general order kinetic model was more appropriate to explain RR-120 adsorption by SP and AC. The equilibrium data were best fitted to the Liu isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities of RR-120 dye were found at pH 2 and 298K, and the values were 482.2 and 267.2mgg−1 for the SP and AC adsorbents, respectively. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption was exothermic, spontaneous and favourable. The SP and AC adsorbents presented good performance for the treatment of simulated industrial textile effluents, removing 94.4–99.0% and 93.6–97.7%, respectively, of the dye mixtures containing high saline concentrations.

Kinetic modeling and synergy quantification in sono and photooxidative treatment of simulated dyehouse effluent

The aim of this work was to explore the application of sulfate radical based advanced oxidation processes: photooxidation (UV/PMS/PS), sonooxidation (US/PMS/PS) and combined sono-photooxidation (US/UV/PMS/PS) for the mineralization of simulated dyehouse effluent (WW); using peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and persulfate (PS) as oxidants. Experiments were performed in a reaction vessel of a defined geometry and axially positioned source of UV-C radiation, all placed in the ultrasonic bath (35 kHz). Mathematical model of the process was developed according to the proposed degradation scheme. Decomposition of dyestuff (C.I. Reactive Violet 2, RV2 and C.I. Reactive Blue 7, RB7), surfactant (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate; hereafter: LAS) and auxiliary organic components was explored in three types of model wastewater: WW, simulated effluent excluding inorganic species (WW-IS) and model solution that consists of a specific compound (hereafter: compound model solutions). The influence of inorganic matrix (Cl−, CO32−/HCO3−) was studied due to the corresponding quenching affinity toward HO and SO4− radicals. The efficiency of applied processes was evaluated and the response to combined phenomena (cavitation and irradiation) was quantified as synergy index, fSyn. Sono-photooxidative treatment (US/UV/PMS/PS) of WW resulted in a partial mineralization and partial decolourization; approximately 40% of initial TOC and 30% of initial RB7 remained after 60 min of treatment, while RV2 and LAS molecule were completely decomposed. Circumstantially, the combined process increased the mineralization efficiency by a factor of 3 (fSyn = 3.026).

Dynamic Simulation of Batch Photocatalytic Reactor (BPR) for Wastewater Treatment

Reactive dyes discharged from dyehouse causes a serious environmental problem. UV/TiO2 photocatalysis has been employed effectively for these organic dyes removal from dye-house effluent. This process produces less amount of non-toxic final product. In this paper a photocatalytic reactor has been designed for Reactive red 198 (RR198) removal from aqueous solution. The reactor is operating in batch mode. After each batch, TiO2 catalyst has been separated and recycled in the next batch. Mathematical model equation of this batch photocatalytic reactor (BPR) has been developed considering Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics. Simulation of BPR has been carried out using fourth order Runge–Kutta (RK) method and fifth order RK method (Butcher method). This simulation results can be used to develop an automatic photocatlytic reactor for industrial wastewater treatment. Catalyst activity decay and its effect on each batch have been incorporated in this model.

Electrochemical treatment of Methyl Orange dye wastewater by rotating disc electrode: optimisation using response surface methodology

In the present investigation, a novel rotating disc electrochemical reactor has been developed to treat Methyl Orange dye effluent. Stainless steel and ruthenium oxide‐coated titanium electrodes were used as cathode and anode, respectively. A statistical tool of the Box–Behnken method has been used to design the experimental run and optimisation. The combined effect of the operating parameter on the efficiency of the process has been critically examined. A quadratic model for reduction of chemical oxygen demand has been developed. A maximum of 96% chemical oxygen demand removal was observed under optimum conditions. The degradation mechanism was studied by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform–infrared and high‐performance liquid chromatography. From the present investigation, it has been observed that dyehouse effluent can be effectively treated using the novel electrochemical reactor.

Ionic silica based hybrid material containing the pyridinium group used as an adsorbent for textile dye

The present study reports the development of an ionic silica based hybrid material containing the cationic pyridinium group, which was employed for the removal of the Reactive Red 194 textile dye from aqueous solution. Three hybrid material samples were prepared with planned textural and chemical properties, varying the inorganic precursor molar percentage in the sol–gel synthesis. The obtained samples were defined as Py/Si-90, Py/Si-92 and Py/Si-94, where the number specifies the inorganic molar percentage. The hybrid samples were characterized by elemental, infrared, 13C and 29Si NMR, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and thermogravimetric analyses. The dye-removing ability of these adsorbents was determined by the batch contact adsorption procedure. Effects such as pH value and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption capacities were studied. Four kinetic models were applied. The adsorption was best fitted to Avrami fractional-order kinetic model for the three hybrid material samples. The kinetic data were also adjusted to an intra-particle diffusion model resulting three linear regions, indicating that the adsorption kinetics follows multiple sorption rates. The equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich and Liu isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacities were 165.4, 190.3 and 195.9mgg−1 for Py/Si-90, Py/Si-92 and Py/Si-94, respectively. Simulated dye-house effluents were used to check the applicability of the proposed adsorbents for effluent treatment. Dye loaded adsorbents were regenerated (>98.2%) by using 0.4molL−1 of NaOH solution as an eluent.

Application of Aqai Stalks as Biosorbents for the Removal of the Dye Procion Blue MX-R from Aqueous Solution

The aqai palm stalk (Euterpe oleracea) is a food residue used in its natural form (AS) and also protonated (AAS) as biosorbents for the removal of the textile dye Procion Blue MX-R from aqueous solutions. This biosorbent was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption curves. The effects of pH, biosorbent dosages, and shaking time on the biosorption capacities were studied. In the acidic pH region (pH 2.0) the biosorption of the dye was favorable. The minimum contact time to obtain the equilibrium was 8 hours for AS and AAS biosorbents. The general order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data compared with the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic adsorption models. The equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips isotherm models. For both dyes the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Sips isotherm model. The enthalpy and entropy of adsorption of PB were obtained from adsorption equilibrium experiments ranging from 298 to 323 K. Simulated dyehouse effluent was used to check the applicability of the proposed adsorbents for effluent treatment.