Wool Dyeing Research Articles

Extraction of natural dye from waste wine industry: Optimization survey based on a central composite design method

The wine industry rejected large amounts of pressed grape pomace containing huge reserves of natural dyes that could be exploited in textile dyeing. The present paper aims to develop and optimize an extraction method of natural dye from grape pomace in order to dye wool fabrics. The influence of the main extraction conditions (grape pomace amount, sodium hydroxide concentration, extraction temperature and duration) on the dyeing performances of wool fabrics was studied. These performances were appreciated by measuring the color yield (K/S) of dyed wool fabrics. A central composite design method made with MINITAB 15 software was used for the optimization of the extraction method. The optimum conditions were found to be: concentration of sodium hydroxide of about 0.13 M, amount of grape pomace of about 69.56 g/l, extraction temperature of about 80 °C and extraction duration of about 70 min.

Optimization and evaluation of CBSOL LE red wool dye adsorption from aqueous solution onto commercial activated carbon

Adsorptive removal of CBSOL LE red wool dye form aqueous solution onto commercial activated carbon (CAC) was investigated in a batch system. Various process parameters like pH, dosage of CAC (m) and adsorption time (t) were considered and optimized with full factorial central composite design under response surface methodology. At optimized parameters, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed and adsorption equilibrium data were represented using Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson (R–P) isotherm models. Also, diffusivity was calculated for the rate-limiting step in the adsorption process. Optimum process parameters were found to be m = 2.92 g/100 ml, t = 6.75 h and pH = 3.95, and at these optimized parameters, % removal of CBSOL LE red wool dye (Y) was found to be 86 %. Pseudo-second-order kinetic was found to best fit the adsorption kinetic data. Freundlich and R–P isotherms were found to best represent the equilibrium adsorption data. Diffusivity for the intra-particle diffusion was found to be 9.676 × 10−8 and 1.396 × 10−8 m2/s at initial concentration of CBSOL LE red wool dye (C 0) of 50 and 100 mg/l, respectively.

Study of the adsorption of reactive blue 50 on zero valent iron

In this study, removal efficiency of the Reactive blue 50 and adsorption mechanism on the zero valent iron were investigated. Reactive blue 50 which is used to wool and cashmere dyeing were selected due its non-biodegradable and metabolic stability. Zero valent iron particle has been synthesized by chemical method. A systematic characterization of zero valent iron was performed using X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and infrared spectrometer analysis. The optimal condition of adsorption was determined as initial reactive dye 50 concentration of 150 mg·L-1, zero valent iron mass of 0.2 g and solution pH of 6.0 at room temperature. At optimal condition, organic dye removal in a real wastewater sample from Tsombon Knit LLC was 99.5%.Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p21-26

Dyeing Properties of Gardenia Yellow, Lac Dye and Sodium Copper Chlorophyll for Wool

The dyeing of wool fabrics with three different natural dyes, gardenia yellow, lac dye and sodium copper chlorophyll was studied, and the important dyeing parameters such as pH of dyebath, dyeing temperature, and dyeing time were discussed. The good results were achieved when the dyeing was conducted at 90 °C for 60 min in a weakly acidic medium for gardenia yellow and lac dye, and under a neutral condition for sodium copper chlorophyll. In addition, the dyed and mordanted wool fabrics had higher color depth values, darker shades, and better color fastness than the dyed and unmordanted samples.

Genetic diversity and population structure analyses of Morinda tomentosa Heyne, with neutral and gene based markers

Morinda tomentosa Heyne (Rubiaceae) an evergreen small tree also known as Aal or Indian Mulberry or Nunaa has broad range of therapeutic and nutritional value and is broadly used for making morindone dye for the dyeing of silk, cotton and wool. This is the first report wherein twenty genotypes of M. tomentosa, an underutilized fruit plant collected from Madhya Pradesh, India were studied for genetic diversity analyses using 131 Start Codon Targeted Markers (SCoT) (gene based) and 97 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 70 Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) (neutral) markers. SCoT markers showed the highest level of polymorphism, Shannon’s Information Index and Polymorphism Information Content (70.23 %; 0.31 ± 0.27; 0.189 ± 0.103), while the total number of bands per primer (7.0) was highest for ISSR markers. Nei’s gene diversity (0.20) was found similar for both ISSR and SCoT markers. And geographical clustering was most pronounced with ISSR followed by SCoT and RAPD markers. Cumulative marker data revealed best clustering of genotypes based on their areas of the collection. And individually, our results showed the efficacy of both SCoT and ISSR (co-phenetic correlation values of 0.79 and 0.76 respectively) over RAPD (co-phenetic correlation value of 0.69) markers for genetic diversity and geographical patterning studies of M. tomentosa. Additionally, structure analysis grouped the twenty M. tomentosa genotypes into two sub-populations, this structuring and the identified markers can be utilized for making further strategies for collection and conservation of M. tomentosa from Madhya Pradesh and other states of India as well as for global collections.

Locally produced textiles: product development and evaluation of consumers’ acceptance

Textile and apparel represent one of the most globalised industries which can have negative impacts on the environment and social equity. This research used locally grown natural materials, including sheep's wool, mohair, and plant-sourced natural dyes, from a university campus and surrounding areas to develop textiles. The study demonstrated that local production can be a sustainable development strategy with economic, environmental, and social benefits. Focus group discussions and a questionnaire survey were conducted with university students to evaluate the users’ acceptance of the locally produced textiles. A majority of the participants liked the colours of the textiles, thought the textile yarns and scarf made from local materials were beautiful and comfortable, and were willing to buy the locally produced textile products. Students’ sustainability attitudes towards equity, economy, and environment affected their preference for locally produced textiles. Their interest in campus-sourced products was mainly driven by their personal connection with the university.

Multiple Reuse of Exhausted Acid Dyebaths for Wool Dyeing: Colorimetric Properties, Leveling Agent Effect, and Material Savings

The feasibility of reconstitution and reuse of an acid dye dyebath for wool dyeing with different dye concentrations was studied. The residual dyebath was analyzed and reconstituted to the required concentration of dye, auxiliaries, and water for repeated reuse without deterioration of colorimetric properties. Analysis of CIELAB coordinates of dyed samples showed that the qualities of samples dyed in reused dyebaths were the same as those obtained from initial fabric dyeing, despite the very high number of reuse cycles. The influence of leveling agent on dyeing behavior remained acceptable. Analysis revealed that such reuse could reduce the amount of water, dye, and leveling agent to reduce effluent treatment costs. A reduction of 90.48% in water consumption was achieved after twenty successive reuses.

Study the effect of ammonia post-treatment on color characteristics of annatto-dyed textile substrate using reflectance spectrophotometery

This research is aimed to study the influence of ammonia after-treatment on color behavior in wool yarns dyed with annatto extract. The dyeing was carried out using 15% (o. w. f.) dye concentration in presence of stannous chloride as a mordant and then treated with different percentages of ammonia solution. At the same time, color strength, CIE-Lab values and fastness properties of all dyed woolen yarns were also assessed. It was concluded that, in all cases after treatment with ammonia caused a decrease in lightness (L*) values, there was less lightness in the red hue of the wool yarns with the increase of ammonia percentage in solution. The K/S value of annatto dyed wool was found to increase after treated with ammonia. In addition, it was also observed that dyed wool yarns after post-treatment with ammonia did not return to their original color on acidification.

Synthesis, characterization and application of anionic metal complex azo dyes as potential substitutes for Cr-complex dyes

The synthesis and characterization of Cu-, Al-, Zn-, Ni-, Mn- complexes as substitutes for the Cr- and Co-complex acid azo dyes with lower toxicity was carried out and the subsequent use of ultra-filtration was studied with the aim of purifying the metal complex dyes and thus increasing dye strength and solubility and additionally reducing the free metal present in the final dye. A drastic reduction in the content of inorganic additives and free metal was achieved by the ultra-filtration process. The ultra-filtrated and non-ultra-filtrated dyes were used to dye wool and nylon fabrics. Color measurements and fastness properties were performed on the dyeings produced on wool and polyamide and compared with the Cr-complex dyeing, thus examining the possibility of using successfully these complex dyes as possible replacement of the Cr- and Co-complex dyes.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND APPLICATION OF SOME NATURAL EXTRACTS AND ITS METALLIC MORDANT COMPLEXES AS DYES FOR TEXTILE FABRICS

The aim of this present study is to evaluate the performance and efficiency of dyeing of cotton, wool and polyamide from dry skin Allium cepa and henna fabrics with natural dyes obtained as extracts leaves. In recent years, an upsurge of interest in natural dyes has been manifested as replacement of synthetic dyes for food and drugs’ safety and so forth. Natural dyes have limitations of fastness, and brilliancy of shade. Therefore, in present work, use of metallic mordant was investigated to produce depth of shade, bright and fast colors. Natural dyes may chemically be classified as vat, direct, acid andor pigment. Accordingly, efficiency and performance of dyeing were assessed on different natural and synthetic fibers. However, some good fast colors were obtained. The preference of using easily, and cheaply, without any chemical processing, results in availability of materials for dyeing by conventional dyeing which lowers the cost of natural dyeing; this enhances resource productivity, and as a result, reduces solid wastes. This makes onion scale and henna leaves one of the easily available raw materials for natural dyeing industry. However, part (II) of present work compiles preparation , physico-chemical assessment, and application of some metallic mordent’s (Cr+3,Co+2,Ni+2,Cu+2) of present natural dyes ,in a trial to obtain more chromaticity ,affinity and better fastness of colour.

Optimization of nano TiO2 pretreatment on free acid dyeing of wool using central composite design

The aim of the research is to investigate nano technique of wool acid dyeing without the presence of acid auxiliary agent at temperatures lower than the boiling. The wool fabrics are first pretreated with nano TiO2 and BTCA at different concentrations. The dyeing process is then carried out on the pretreated fabrics with C. I. Acid Blue 113 and C. I. Acid Black 3 dyes. Also, the central composite design analysis is applied to design the relation between nano TiO2 and BTCA concentrations, and dye exhaustion. The response surface methodology is also applied to find the optimum conditions for the wool fabric pretreatment. The scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction are employed to indicate the presence, crystal type and size of TiO2 nanoparticles on the wool surface. The pretreatment optimization on the wool surfaces considerably enhances the absorption of acid dyes. The suggested method demonstrates the improvement of fastness properties than control dyeing and could be introduced as a new route, disclosing various desirable multi-functional characteristics, to wool fabric. This technique is also free from some of the disadvantages of acid chemical involved in dyeing such as damage to wool fabrics than wool conventional dyeing.

The effect of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine on the dyeing of wool fabrics with natural dyes

The influence of the introduction of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine on the dyeing of wool with natural dyes was studied and the kinetics and thermodynamics of the dyeing process were also investigated. None of the previous techniques employed report the possibility of modification of wool fibers with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine for dyeing. The modified wool fabrics represented important advances in dye adsorption and decrease in dye desorption at a low dyeing temperature (80 °C) that are not available in the other systems without metallic mordants. Our results demonstrated that the adsorption of natural dyes on wool fabrics was greatly improved through the selective reduction of disulphide bonds with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine. In addition, experiment data was analyzed using pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir type isotherms. The results indicated that the diffusion coefficient of dyes was increased while the dyeing entropy and enthalpy were decreased with the introduction of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine.

Simultaneous dyeing and mothproofing of wool against Dermestes Maculatus with madder optimized by statistical model

Fabric pests are insects that feed on and damage natural fibers such as wool fabric. Insects are the only animals capable of digesting keratin. One type of insects responsible for serious damage of the usual protein wool fabric is called hide beetle Dermestes maculatus. In this research, a novel mothproofing procedure is introduced through dyeing of protein wool fabric with madder as environmental friendly dye. The wool fabrics were first mordanted with aluminum sulfate and then dyed with madder as both colorant and mothproof agent. The mothproofing properties of control, alum-mordanted, and madder-dyed wool samples were evaluated statistically. Mothproofing was assessed through the study of damages on wool surface by the larvae of hide beetle, D. maculatus, as feeding protein fibers and wool weight loss (%) were measured. The damage intensity of wool fabric surface was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy images. Further, the analysis of variance was utilized to obtain the optimum conditions for mothproofing. Also, reflectance and absorbance of wool samples were reported. Overall the experimental results indicated that the madder-dyed protein wool has highest protection against D. maculatus in comparison with control and alum-mordanted wool.

A route from olive oil production to natural dyeing: valorisation of prina (crude olive cake) as a novel dye source

An attempt has been made to valorise an agroindustrial solid waste in natural textile dyeing as a novel dye source. The dyeing and fastness properties of prina (crude olive cake/pomace) extract were evaluated to fill the gap in this field. This very cheap biomass was utilised (80 g/l) by applying chemical solvent‐free aqueous extraction to dye wool fabric with only small amounts (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/l) of metallic mordants, namely alum, iron(II) sulfate, copper(II) sulfate, stannous chloride, and potassium dichromate, and avoiding the use of alkali, acid, chemicals, and auxiliaries in dyeing and washing processes. Colour shades of beige, cream, sandy, apricot, straw, cumin, mustard, olive, and khaki were obtained. Significant differences in colour strength and CIELab coordinates were observed, depending on mordant type and mordanting method. Copper(II) sulfate and iron(II) sulfate ensured the most significant colour changes and nuances, the darkest colours, and the best light fastness values. Prina extract itself (without mordant) has a light fastness of 3 (fair) and excellent wash fastness of 4–5, both for colour change and bleeding. Irrespective of the concentration and mordanting method, alum, stannous chloride, and potassium dichromate did not generate a light fastness improvement compared with the control sample. Although good light and wash fastness values have been achieved without mordants, it is necessary to use them to widen the colour gamut and to obtain increased colour strength.

Statistical optimization of wool dyeing with Alizarin Red S as a natural dye via central composite design

Recently a revival interest in the use of natural dyes in textile coloration has been growing. The major parts of natural dyes are anthraquinones. Depending on substituents, anthraquinone compounds are dyes, as represented by Alizarin Red S (ARS) which is a major constituent of the natural colorant madder. In this study, colorization of wool fiber by ARS as a natural dye was studied. The progress of the colorization process was followed spectrophotometrically at 500 nm as λ max. The effective factors on the process were investigated using one factor at a time (OFT) method. Then, the central composite design (CCD) method was applied to design experiments for the evaluation of the interactive effects of the four most important operating variables. The values of the optimized factors for OFT and CCD methods in wool dyeing with ARS were respectively as follow: temperature 70 °C and 55 °C, L/R: 40/1 and 40/2, pH 5.0 and 2.5 and time 60.0 min and 42.0 min. The predicted results by CCD had significantly higher exhaustion percentages and relatively better fastness properties than OFT and were found to be in a good agreement (R2=0.9908) with those obtained by performing experiments. Finally, the obtained results were shown a good wash fastness for dyed wool with ARS.

Use of almond shell extracts plus biomordants as effective textile dye

Abstract An ecological approach has been presented by valorisation of outer green shell of almond fruit as a novel natural dye using chemical solvent free extraction, small amount of metallic mordant, alternative natural mordants, auxiliary free dyeing and washing. The main objective of this study is to evaluate biomordants versus metal mordants and to reveal the substitution of the prevalent metallic mordants for biomordants as renewable natural sources. The use of a smaller amount of metallic mordant (0.2 g/L - 1 %) and less plant (1 g plant/3 g fabric) than in most current natural dye applications is a major advantage of dyeing with almond shell extract. Wool fabrics dyed using metallic mordants namely alum, iron II sulfate, copper II sulfate and potassium dichromate were compared with the samples dyed using biomordants; powder of valex (acorn of Quercus ithaburensis ssp. macrolepis ), pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) rind, rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ) and thuja ( Thuja orientalis ) leaves in terms of colour measurements, light and wash fastness values. These biomordants were used alone and in conjunction with almond shell extract in the same bath to dye wool fabric. Rose, brown, cinnamon and burgundy/reddish hues were achieved by using alum, iron II sulfate, copper II sulfate and potassium dichromate respectively. Especially rose and burgundy/reddish shades are unique colours for natural dyes. Biomordants exhibited different interactions with almond shell extract resulting in quite different colour gamuts. Rosemary can be alternative to alum (pre and post mordanting), iron II sulfate (pre mordanting) and copper II sulfate (pre, simultaneous and post mordanting). Thuja orientalis leaves, valex and pomegranate rind cannot be precisely substituted for any of the metallic mordants used in this research. However, thuja leaves with almond shell ensured relatively similar colours to alum (pre and post mordanting). Considering the fastness properties; thuja was not effective on washing and light fastness, valex and pomegranate rind improved both washing and light fastness, rosemary was not effective on light fastness while it slightly improved the washing fastness. Valex and pomegranate produced equal light fastness to copper and iron mordant while they exceeded that of the alum and chromium. The light fastness values of rosemary and thuja were similar to alum and chromium and less than copper and iron. Use of biomordants is very promising concept as an alternative method that may help to reduce the reliance on toxic metal salt mordants.

<b>Structure and Dyeing of Wool Treated by a Ball-Milling Method</b>

We investigated the relationship between superstructure, especially crystallinity determined by the X-ray diffraction intensity of 2θ=9°, and dyeing of wool treated by mechano-chemical method, and the effects of water on the structural change of the wool. The cuticles of wool surface seemed to be completely destroyed by ball-milling. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the crystallinity (2θ=9°)originating from α-helix structures of keratin in the wool markedly decreased by the ball-milling when water content of the wool was low. The wool samples with water content of over 25% tended to keep their crystallinity even after the ball-milling treatment. The degree of dyeing of wool samples increased with decrease of the crystallinity of the wool, probably due to increasing accessibility of dyes to inner structure. On the other hand, the superstructure including the crystallinity of the wool seemed to be recovered with addition of water after ball-milling treatment, resulting in low dyeing ability.

The Optimum Pre-mordanting Conditions of Vanadium in the Dyeing of Wool with Sumac Gallnut as a Natural Plant Dye

The Optimum Pre-mordanting Conditions of Vanadium in the Dyeing of Wool with Sumac Gallnut as a Natural Plant Dye

Montmorillonite K10: An Effective Adsorbent for Removal of a Toxic Reactive Mono-Azo Dye, Procion Red MX 5B, from Water

Reactive dyes are widely used in industry to dye cellulosic fibres, nylon, silk and wool. Azo dyes and their precursors are generally considered as human carcinogens and their presence in water is also a known health risk. The present study investigates utilization of the commercially available clay mineral, montmorillonite K10, to remove Procion red MX5B from water. Adsorption was carried out in a batch process with pH, dye concentration, amount of clay mineral, interaction time and temperature as the process variables. Montmorillonite K10 was characterized with XRD, FT-IR and Surface area measurement. Adsorption was favourable in acidic pH and highest adsorption was observed at pH 2. First and second order kinetic models, intra-particle and liquid film diffusion models were applied to the rate processes that showed the second order model to have the highest applicability. The adsorption capacity of the clay mineral was found by applying Langmuir isotherm which showed that the dye uptake was 11.04 mg g -1 at 303 K. The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption like enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy were also evaluated from experiments conducted over the temperature range, 293 to 323 K, and these were used to validate the observed endothermic interactions.

Mordant-free dyeing of wool using apricot twig extract ; adorsoption, hue and color fastness

Mordant-free dyeing of wool using apricot twig extract ; adorsoption, hue and color fastness