Dye Transport Research Articles

Adsorption studies of toxic metals and dyes on soil colloids and their transport in natural porous media

Mobile colloids in soils and aquifers can act as carriers for adsorbed contaminants and thereby facilitate the transport of contaminants. In order to understand the problem, colloids isolated from soil were used as adsorbents for toxic metals such as Pb(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cr(VI) and dyes such as alizarin red and methylene blue. Column experiments were conducted to investigate the mobilization of in situ colloids from soil and their size distribution. Experiments were also conducted to study the transport of alizarin red dye through soil columns at different ionic strengths (0.01 and 0.001 M) and pH (pH 7.5, 9.5 and 11.5) and toxic metals at the ionic strength of 0.001 M. The colloids showed significant adsorption toward the contaminants with the adsorption of methylene blue reaching as high as 625 mg g−1. The mobilized colloids had significant difference in their size distribution, and the cumulative mass curve of colloids followed a nonlinear pattern in contrast to the previously reported linear behavior on model systems. The dye and toxic metal transport experiments suggested their sensitivity to low ionic strength influent solution, with the capacity of colloids to transport the dye and toxic metals increasing at low ionic strength and the transport of dye at high pH. With decreasing ionic strength, the release rate coefficient of dye increased. This study represents an important step to understand colloid-associated contaminant transport in natural soils.

Electromagnetically Induced Transport for Soil/Groundwater Remediation

This paper studies the effect of electromagnetic (EM) waves—with minimal heat generation—on transport mechanisms to improve soil/groundwater cleanup. This effect was experimentally examined for the transport of a nonreactive dye in water. The setup was tested at frequencies between 50 and 200 MHz. EM waves’ electric field component was numerically simulated and then validated against an experimentally measured electric field. Dielectrophoretic forces were then computed by using the simulated electric field data. The dye flow was observed to be in the same direction as the numerically simulated, dielectrophoretic forces. Recorded temperature variations within the medium showed similar trends (<1°C increase during EM stimulation) for all frequencies; however, only at the specific frequencies of 65 and 75 MHz was the dye flow controlled by EM waves. This observation suggests that EM waves—and not thermal effects—controlled the dye transport.

Low-temperature synthesis of size-controllable anatase TiO2 microspheres and interface optimization of bi-layer anodes for high efficiency dye sensitized solar cells

Size controllable anatase TiO2 microspheres with compact nano-aggregate structures are synthesized via a facile and low-temperature solvothermal treatment. The diameters of as-prepared products can be controlled to vary from 250 to 1100nm. Different kinds of TiO2 microsphere films are built on the top of TiO2 nanoparticle underlayer to prepare a type of bi-layer anodes. It is illustrated that this type of TiO2 microsphere scattering layer can not only increase the absorption of light, but also improve the carrier transport and charge collection efficiency of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Therefore, an optimized efficiency of 8.20% is achieved for DSSC with a scattering layer consisted of 500nm TiO2 microspheres. Then we further optimize the interface of TiO2 microsphere scattering layer through TiCl4 treatment and Mg2+ modified TiCl4 treatment. TiCl4 treatment can improve the dye adsorption and connections between the TiO2 microspheres. However, it also generates more surface defects in the meantime. And through the Mg2+ modified TiCl4 treatment, we can increase the dye adsorption density and retard the interfacial charge recombination and decrease the surface defects, simultaneously. As a result, the efficiency of DSSC based on bi-layer anode is enhanced from 8.20% to 9.12%.

UV-mediated coalescence and mixing of inkjet printed drops

In this study, we experimentally investigated the material flows of coloured dyes in coalescing small inkjet printed droplets of different volume ratios. With two differently coloured dyes, one in each droplet, we were able to distinguish the time-resolved contributions in dye transport across the coalescence bridge due to convection and diffusion. Droplets with differently coloured dyes were inkjet printed onto a glass substrate at a sufficiently large pitch such that they do not touch each other. Under UV exposure, the wetting of the substrate improves, causing the droplets to coalesce. Filmed at 50 fps, the coalescence and mixing of the droplets of volume ratios 1:1, 2:1 and 4:1 was followed. For equally sized drops, the mixing of the dyes shows good agreement with a 1D approximation of Fick’s second law along the central axes of the coalescing droplets with a diffusion coefficient D = 2 × 10−9 m2 s−1. For unequally sized droplets, convective flows from the small to the large droplet were demonstrated. The convective flows increase in size with increasing volume ratio, but only enter the droplet over a small distance. Complete mixing of the dyes in the unequally sized droplets is only reached after a long period and is diffusion controlled. At the initial moment of coalescence of unequally sized droplets, a small convective flow is observed from the large into the small droplets. Further investigation in this phenomenon is recommended.

Structure and Permeability of Ion-channels by Integrated AFM and Waveguide TIRF Microscopy

Membrane ion channels regulate key cellular functions and their activity is dependent on their 3D structure. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images 3D structure of membrane channels placed on a solid substrate. Solid substrate prevents molecular transport through ion channels thus hindering any direct structure-function relationship analysis. Here we designed a ~70 nm nanopore to suspend a membrane, allowing fluidic access to both sides. We used these nanopores with AFM and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) for high resolution imaging and molecular transport measurement. Significantly, membranes over the nanopore were stable for repeated AFM imaging. We studied structure-activity relationship of gap junction hemichannels reconstituted in lipid bilayers. Individual hemichannels in the membrane overlying the nanopore were resolved and transport of hemichannel-permeant LY dye was visualized when the hemichannel was opened by lowering calcium in the medium. This integrated technique will allow direct structure-permeability relationship of many ion channels and receptors.

Effect of different trap states on the electron transport of photoanodes in dye sensitized solar cells

Trap states play important role in electron transport of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Different trap states (surface and bulk traps) contribute differently to the performance of DSSCs. However, there is a lack of classification of the trap states, especially in recent doping works of the photoanodes. In this work, the Ce4+ (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% molar ratio) in TiO2 and Ti4+ (15, 40 and 70% molar ratio) in SnO2 are assigned to surface traps and surface-and-bulk coexisted traps, respectively. The property of each trap state and its influence to the electron transport are characterized. Both the surface and bulk traps deteriorate the electron transport in DSSCs, however, the negative role of surface traps can easily be eliminated by surface modification in contrast to the bulk traps. Furthermore, contrary to the literature that the trap states will accelerate the interface recombination, it is found that the interface electron recombination time is prolonged with Ce4+ surface traps in TiO2 and Ti4+ bulk traps in SnO2, indicating that the recombination time is closely related to the property of the trap states.

Tumor vascular permeabilization using localized mild hyperthermia to improve macromolecule transport

The abnormal tumor vasculature presents a major challenge to the adequate delivery of chemotherapeutics, often limiting efficacy. We developed a nanoparticle-based technique to deliver localized mild hyperthermia (MHT) used to transiently alter tumor vascular transport properties and enhance transport of macromolecules into tumor interstitium. The strategy involved administering and localizing accumulation of stealth gold nanorods (GNRs, 103μg of GNRs/g of tumor), and irradiating tumor with a low-photon laser flux (1W/cm2) to generate MHT. The treatment increased vascular permeability within 24h after treatment, allowing enhanced transport of macromolecules up to 54nm in size. A mathematical model is used to describe changes in tumor mass transport properties where the rate of macromolecular exchange between interstitial and vascular region (R) and maximum dye enhancement (Ymax) of 23-nm dextran dye is analytically solved. During enhanced permeability, R increased by 200% while Ymax increased by 30% relative to untreated group in pancreatic CAPAN-1 tumors. MHT treatment also enhanced transport of larger dextran dye (54nm) as assessed by intravital microscopy, without causing occlusive cellular damage. Enhanced vascular transport was prolonged for up to 24h after treatment, but reversible with transport parameters returning to basal levels after 36h. This study indicates that localized mild hyperthermia treatment opens a transient time-window with which to enable and augment macromolecule transport and potentially improve therapeutic efficacy. From the Clinical EditorIn this study, local intra-tumor mild hyperthermia is induced using a nanoparticle-based approach utilizing stealth gold nanorods and irradiating the tumor with low-photon laser flux, resulting in locally increased vascular permeability enabling enhanced delivery of therapeutics, including macromolecules up to 54nm in size. Similar approaches would be very helpful in addressing treatment-resistant malignancies in clinical practice.

Recovery of Levafix brilliant red E-4BA and Levafix brilliant red E-6BA from aqueous solution by supported liquid membrane

The transport and recovery of Levafix brilliant red E-4BA and Levafix brilliant red E-6BA were investigated using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fiber based supported liquid membrane containing tetra butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) in coconut oil as a carrier. The influencing parameters studied are: pH of the feed solution, concentration of dye in the feed solution, extractant concentration, and various kind of stripping agent, rate of stirring, time of transport, reusability of membrane and stability of membrane. Increase in TBAB concentration inside the membrane enhances the flux with its maximum value at <TEX>$1.553{\times}10^{-4}$</TEX> M TBAB. Further increase in the concentration of TBAB leads to decreased rate of transport due to increase in viscosity of membrane liquid. The optimum conditions for dye transport are: pH of feed (<TEX>$7{\pm}0.1$</TEX>), <TEX>$1.553{\times}10^{-4}$</TEX> M extractant concentration, 350 rpm for stirring, <TEX>$4.9{\times}10^{-1}$</TEX> M potassium hydrogen phthalate as a stripping solution, the time of transport 6 h. It was noticed that flux values were increased with increasing dye concentration in the feed phase. Applying this study to textile wastewater, dyes were transported up to 98% in 6 h. This recovery technique is rewarding to environment and economic.

Tidal residual eddies and their effect on water exchange in Puget Sound

Tidal residual eddies are one of the important hydrodynamic features in tidally dominant estuaries and coastal bays, and they could have significant effects on water exchange in a tidal system. This paper presents a modeling study of tides and tidal residual eddies in Puget Sound, a tidally dominant fjord-like estuary in the Pacific Northwest coast, using a three-dimensional finite-volume coastal ocean model. Mechanisms of vorticity generation and asymmetric distribution patterns around an island/headland were analyzed using the dynamic vorticity transfer approach and numerical experiments. Model results of Puget Sound show that a number of large twin tidal residual eddies exist in the Admiralty Inlet because of the presence of major headlands in the inlet. Simulated residual vorticities near the major headlands indicate that the clockwise tidal residual eddy (negative vorticity) is generally stronger than the anticlockwise eddy (positive vorticity) because of the effect of Coriolis force. The effect of tidal residual eddies on water exchange in Puget Sound and its subbasins was evaluated by simulations of dye transport. It was found that the strong transverse variability of residual currents in the Admiralty Inlet results in a dominant seaward transport along the eastern shore and a dominant landward transport along the western shore of the inlet. A similar transport pattern in Hood Canal is caused by the presence of tidal residual eddies near the entrance of the canal. Model results show that tidal residual currents in Whidbey Basin are small in comparison to other subbasins. A large clockwise residual circulation is formed around Vashon Island near entrance of South Sound, which can potentially constrain the water exchange between the Central Basin and South Sound.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons &lt;em&gt;In vivo&lt;/em&gt;

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Ice matrix in reconfigurable microfluidic systems

Microfluidic devices find many applications in biotechnologies. Here, we introduce a flexible and biocompatible microfluidic ice-based platform with tunable parameters and configuration of microfluidic patterns that can be changed multiple times during experiments. Freezing and melting of cavities, channels and complex relief structures created and maintained in the bulk of ice by continuous scanning of an infrared laser beam are used as a valve action in microfluidic systems. We demonstrate that pre-concentration of samples and transport of ions and dyes through the open channels created can be achieved in ice microfluidic patterns by IR laser-assisted zone melting. The proposed approach can be useful for performing separation and sensing processes in flexible reconfigurable microfluidic devices.

Highly Efficient Liquid Membrane Transport of Dyes Using Calix[4]arene-Linked Triphenylene Dimers as Carriers

The extraction of dyes from aqueous phase to organic phase using calix[4]arene-linked triphenylene dimers (1a and 1b) with large π-cavity as extractants were examined. 1a and 1b showed outstanding extraction percentage for four common dyes [Orange G sodium salt (OG), Brilliant ponceau (BP), Methyl Green (MG), and Xylenol Orange disodium salt (XO)]. The highest extraction percentage of 1a was 95% for MG. Moreover, the abilities of liquid membrane transport of 1a and 1b for dyes were studied. The influences of pH value, concentration, solvent, stirring speed, and the temperature on liquid membrane transport was investigated to optimize the transport condition. The results of liquid membrane transport suggested 1a and 1b were excellent carriers for tested dyes with high fluxes. The high concentration in the source phase or membrane phase, CH2Cl2, high stirring speed, and low temperature were favorable for the efficiency of liquid membrane transport. The high extraction percentages and outstanding liquid membrane transport abilities indicated that 1a and 1b possessed excellent complexation for dyes based on the π-π stacking action between dyes and triphenylene units.

1599 HIGHER EXPRESSION OF PDE5 IN THE ANTERIOR FIBROMUSCULAR STROMA OF THE HUMAN PROSTATE COMPARED WITH OTHER GLANDULAR ZONE

injection into the prostate of SD rats. After 1 week, L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were removed and whole cell patch-clamp recordings were performed on individual D-AN and B-AN, which were labeled by retrograde axonal transport of fluorescent dyes, Fast Blue (FB) or DiI, injected into the bladder wall or the prostate, respectively. Since the majority of C-fibers are sensitive to capsaicin, FB and/or DiI-labeled cells that exhibited inward currents in response to capsaicin application were selected for evaluation. The mRNA level of an A-type K channel (KA) subunit, Kv1.4 in D-AN and B-AN was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR using laser-capture microdissection methods. RESULTS: Capsaicin-sensitive D-AN or B-AN from prostatitis rats exhibited lower thresholds for spike activation (-28.3 1.4 mV or -28.7 1.4 mV) compared to control rats (-19.5 1.1 mV or -21.3 2.2 mV). The number of action potentials of D-AN or B-AN during a 800 msec depolarizing pulse was significantly increased after prostatitis (5.1 0.7 or 3.5 0.4 spikes) compared to control rats (1.2 0.1 or 1.4 0.3 spikes). In prostatitis rats, Kv1.4 mRNA was significantly decreased in D-AN and B-AN compared to non-labeled neurons. In B-AN, the peak density of KA currents during membrane depolarization to 0 mV in prostatitis rats (39.3 5.9 pA/pF) was significantly smaller than that from control rats (76.5 11.0 pA/pF). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the excitability of capsaicin-sensitive C-fiber D-AN and B-AN is increased due to reduced KA activity associated with decreased expression of Kv1.4 -subunit following prostatic inflammation. Thus, pelvic organ cross-sensitization between prostate and bladder could be an important mechanism inducing storage LUTS in BPH patients with prostatic inflammation.

1707 INCREASED EXCITABILITY OF BLADDER AFFERENT NEURONS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED EXPRESSION OF KV1.4 α-SUBUNIT IN RATS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Incontinence/Female Urology: Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction1 Apr 20131707 INCREASED EXCITABILITY OF BLADDER AFFERENT NEURONS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED EXPRESSION OF KV1.4 α-SUBUNIT IN RATS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY Ryosuke Takahashi, Takakazu Yunoki, Seiji Naito, and Naoki Yoshimura Ryosuke TakahashiRyosuke Takahashi Fukuoka, Japan More articles by this author , Takakazu YunokiTakakazu Yunoki Fukuoka, Japan More articles by this author , Seiji NaitoSeiji Naito Fukuoka, Japan More articles by this author , and Naoki YoshimuraNaoki Yoshimura Pittsburgh, PA More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.2953AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Hyperexcitability of C-fiber bladder afferent pathways has been proposed as an important pathophysiological basis of neurogenic detrusor overactivity with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the molecular mechanisms inducing hyperexcitability of C-fiber bladder afferent neurons (B-AN) after SCI are not fully elucidated. We therefore examined changes in electrophysiological properties of B-AN obtained from SCI rats, especially focusing on voltage-gated potassium channels and the expression levels of α?subunits, which can form A-type K+ (KA) channels. METHODS Fresh dissociated L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons were prepared from female spinal intact and SCI (T9-T10 transection) SD rats. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were performed on individual B-AN, which were labeled by retrograde axonal transport of a fluorescent dye, Fast Blue (FB) injected into the bladder wall 7 days prior the dissociation. Since the majority (80%) of C-fibre bladder afferent neurons are known to be sensitive to capsaicin, capsaicin-sensitive neurons were selected for evaluation. The expression levels of Kv1.2 and 1.4 α-subunits were evaluated using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS Capsaicin-sensitive B-AN from SCI rats exhibited increased cell excitability evidenced by lower thresholds for spike activation (-26.4±1.3mV) and the increased number of action potentials (4.7±0.7 spikes) during a 800 msec depolarizing pulse compare to control rats (-21.8±0.9mV and 1.3±0.1 spikes). The peak density of KA currents during membrane depolarizations to 0mV in capsaicin-sensitive B-AN of SCI rats was significantly smaller (38.1±4.6 pA/pF) than that from control rats (68.6±6.3 pA/pF), and the inactivation curve of the KA current was displaced to more hyperpolarized levels by ∼10mV after SCI. On the other hand, the sustained delayed-rectifier K+ current density was not altered after SCI. The expression of Kv1.4 α?subunits, which can form KA channels, was reduced in B-AN from SCI rats compared to control rats. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the excitability of capsaicin-sensitive C-fiber B-AN is increased in association with reductions in KA current size and Kv1.4 α-subunit expression in SCI rats. Thus, the Kv1.4 α-subunit could be a potential molecular target for treating OAB due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity. © 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 189Issue 4SApril 2013Page: e702-e703 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Ryosuke Takahashi Fukuoka, Japan More articles by this author Takakazu Yunoki Fukuoka, Japan More articles by this author Seiji Naito Fukuoka, Japan More articles by this author Naoki Yoshimura Pittsburgh, PA More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Dye Transport Pattern in Compound Vortex Flow

Shapes of deformed water surface and transport of dyes in compound vortex flow are studied experimentally. Vortex motion is produced by rotating disc at the bottom of vertical cylindrical container. Strong anisotropy of substance transport from a compact spot in compound vortex is traced. In a fluid at rest drop of dye placed on a free surface forms cascade of circular vortices in the water depth. Drop of dye placed on curved surface of compound vortex is transformed into fast changing heli- cal structures. On the free surface extended spiral arms are span up from initial spot. Dye from surface spot is also extracted into liquid body and transported along so-called ‘dye walls’ inside compound vortex. Structure stability of the flow pattern is discussed.

Hepatic excretory function in sepsis: implications from biophotonic analysis of transcellular xenobiotic transport in a rodent model

IntroductionHepatobiliary elimination of endo- and xenobiotics is affected by different variables including hepatic perfusion, hepatocellular energy state and functional integrity of transporter proteins, all of which are altered during sepsis. A particular impairment of hepatocellular transport at the canalicular pole resulting in an accumulation of potentially hepatotoxic compounds would have major implications for critical care pharmacology and diagnostics.MethodsHepatic transcellular transport, that is, uptake and hepatobiliary excretion, was studied in a rodent model of severe polymicrobial sepsis by two different biophotonic techniques to obtain insights into the handling of potentially toxic endo- and xenobiotics in sepsis. Direct and indirect in vivo imaging of the liver was performed by intravital multifluorescence microscopy and non-invasive whole-body near-infrared (NIRF) imaging after administration of two different, primarily hepatobiliary excreted xenobiotics, the organic anionic dyes indocyanine green (ICG) and DY635. Subsequent quantitative data analysis enabled assessment of hepatic uptake and fate of these model substrates under conditions of sepsis.ResultsFifteen hours after sepsis induction, animals displayed clinical and laboratory signs of multiple organ dysfunction, including moderate liver injury, cholestasis and an impairment of sinusoidal perfusion. With respect to hepatocellular transport of both dyes, excretion into bile was significantly delayed for both dyes and resulted in net accumulation of potentially cytotoxic xenobiotics in the liver parenchyma (for example, specific dye fluorescence in liver at 30 minutes in sham versus sepsis: ICG: 75% versus 89%; DY635 20% versus 40% of maximum fluorescence; P < 0.05). Transcutaneous assessment of ICG fluorescence by whole body NIRF imaging revealed a significant increase of ICG fluorescence from the 30th minute on in the bowel region of the abdomen in sham but not in septic animals, confirming a sepsis-associated failure of canalicular excretion.ConclusionsHepatocytes accumulate organic anions under conditions of sepsis-associated organ dysfunction. These results have potential implications for monitoring liver function, critical care pharmacology and the understanding of drug-induced liver injury in the critically ill.

Electromagnetic Stimulation of Two-Phase Transport in Water for Geoenvironmental Applications

Air sparging is a popular remediation technology for contaminated soils. However, the application is not efficient due to the limitations of airflow that result from the formation of random preferential air channels. Controlling the formation of these air channels and enhancing diffusion surrounding them can considerably improve the effectiveness of air sparging. This work is a study on how electromagnetic (EM) waves—without a measureable increase in temperature—enhance the transport of a nonreactive dye in water as a visible analogy of air sparging (i.e., airflow within groundwater). This paper explains the details of the experimental setup and procedures required to conduct the EM-stimulation experiment as well as electric-field mapping and digital imaging of dye transport for the purpose of digital visual analysis. Several antenna designs and the way they direct the transport mechanism are studied. The results of EM-stimulation tests with no measureable temperature increase show that EM waves enhance and direct the dye transport in accordance with the EM source (transmitting antenna) and its radiation pattern. The rate of transport of the dye is studied and compared for unstimulated and EM-stimulated tests. Because of the small size of the dye molecules and existence of an alternating electric field, dielectrophoresis is the most likely potential transport mechanism. However, the existence of other competing factors dominating dielectrophoresis interferes with this type of study. Future modifications in the experimental design seem to have the potential to improve the investigation of the transport phenomenon.

Hyperbranched Polymeric Ionic Liquids with Onion‐like Topology as Transporters and Compartmentalized Systems

A new family of hyperbranched polymeric ionic liquids ("hyperILs") with onion-like topology and facile polarity design were tailored as transporters and compartmentalized systems. Applications include transport and dispersion of water-soluble dyes and functionalized graphene nanosheets from aqueous phase into nonpolar fluids, including polymer melts.

An experimental study of the spatial structures of the instabilities of longshore currents on plane beaches

A laboratory experiment on alongshore currents is conducted for two plane beaches with slopes 1:40 and 1:100 to investigate the instability of alongshore currents. The dye release experiment is also performed synchronously in surf zone. Complicated and strongly unstable motions of alongshore currents are observed in the experiment. To examine the spatial and temporal variations of the shear instabilities of longshore clearly, dye batches are released in surf zone. The deformation of the dye patch is observed efficiently and effectively with charge coupled device (CCD) system. Some essential characteristics of the shear instability are validated from the results of image analyses of the temporal variation of the dye patch. The influences of alongshore currents, Stokes drift, large-scale vorticity and the shear instabilities on the transport of dye are analyzed using the collected images. The spatial structure of the instabilities of longshore currents is studied by analyzing collected images of the dye patch. And the phase velocity of the meandering movements is obtained through measuring the movement distances of the oscillations of dye patch in alongshore direction with time. The results suggest that the propagation speed of the shear instability is approximately 50%–75% of maximum of mean alongshore currents for irregular and regular waves. The calculated propagation speed using a linear instability analysis theory is compared with the experimental results. The comparison shows agreements between them.

Recovery of Golden yellow and Cibacron LSG dyes from aqueous solution by bulk liquid membrane technique

Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) was used as carrier for the transport of Golden yellow and Cibacron LSG dyes through a hexane bulk liquid membrane. The transport efficiency of dyes by TBP was investigated under various experimental conditions such as pH of the feed phase (dyes solution), concentration of the receiving phase (NaOH solution), concentration of TBP in membrane, rate of stirring, effect of transport time, type of solvent, dye concentration in feed phase, effect of temperature.. The maximum transport dyes occurs at ratio of 1:1 TBP-hexane At pH 3.0 0.1 (feed phase) the transport dyes decreased. At high stirring speed (300 rpm) the dyes transport from the feed phase to the strip phase was completed within 60 minutes at <TEX>$27^{\circ}C$</TEX>. Under optimum conditions: Feed phase 100 mg/L dyes solution at pH 1.0 0.1, receiving phase 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution, membrane phase 1:1 TBP-hexane , Stirring speed 300 rpm and temperature <TEX>$27^{\circ}C$</TEX>, the proposed liquid membrane was applied to recover the textile effluent.