Dye Penetration Technique Research Articles

Bond Integrity and Microleakage of Orthodontic Bands Cemented by Glass Ionomer Cements Stored in Static Magnetic Field

Aim: Improving the band-tooth bond integrity by glass ionomer cement (GIC) is essential in orthodontic treatments. As, microleakage under bands induced enamel demineralization. Storing the dental material to updated magnets improved their mechanical properties. This research aimed to assess the microleakage of GIC after storing in a static magnetic field (SMF). Material and Methods: Forty premolars and their suitable bands were randomly classified into two main groups according to the types of GIC tested in this research; resin-modified GIC (RMGIC) and conventional GIC (CGIC). Each group was subdivided according to the exposure to SMF before polymerization into two subgroups. CGIC not exposed to SMF (CC), CGIC exposed to SMF (CM), RMGIC not exposed to SMF (LC) and RMGIC exposed to SMF (LM). SMF intensity performed was 0.225 Tesla, exposed for 48 hours at room temperature. The entire tube of RMGIC was inserted in SMF, where the powder of CGIC was stored in SMF. The microleakage under the band was evaluated under a 20× stereomicroscope by dye penetration technique at the cement band interface. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for data analysis, p ≤ .05. Results: The main (SD) microleakage of GIC reduced significantly ( p = .043) after being exposed to SMF from 3.1950 (0.632) mm to 1.7095 (0.1176) mm and from 0.8745 (0.1104) mm to 0.6430(0.094) mm for CGIC and RMGIC, respectively. Conclusion: Storing the CGIC powder in (0.225 T) SMF improves band-tooth bond integrity. Additionally, the preservation of RMGIC in SMF minimized the microleakage under orthodontic bands.

Comparative Evaluation of Sealing Ability of Different Type of MTA as Root-End Filling Materials Using Dye Penetration Technique - An In Vitro Study

ABSTRACT Introduction: The main goal of the root-end filling material is to create a hermetic seal to protect against microbes and their by-products. Excellent biocompatibility and sealing ability are characteristics of MTA developed by Torabinejad et al. This study aimed to compare the sealing ability of different type MTA as root-end filling material using dye penetration technique. Material and Method: One-twenty (N = 120) extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were decontaminated, cleaned, and decoronated. Endodontic treatment and root-end resection were done. Then root-end cavity was prepared and filled with tested materials (N = 30). A calibrated stereomicroscope was used to evaluate linear measurement. All data were tabulated and statistically analyzed with a level of significance set at P < .05. Result: This order of increasing microleaks was observed: MTA Angelus < MTA Plus < PRO-Root MTA < Control group. There was a statistically significant difference in mean microleakage in MTA Angelus and MTA Plus groups (P = 0.040). MTA Angelus shows the least microleakage among all the bioceramic material groups. Conclusion: Although the sealing ability of MTA Angelus is superior to MTA Plus, PRO-Root MTA. MTA Plus, PRO-Root MTA could be considered an acceptable alternative to MTA Angelus in peri-radicular surgeries.

The effect of different enamel surface preparations on microleakage under orthodontic brackets

Microleakage is caused by many factors, including polymerization shrinkage of the resin, thermal expansion differences between the enamel and the adhesive, and inadequate adherence. This study aims to assess the microleakage value under orthodontic brackets after three distinct enamel surface preparations and compare the results to the traditional procedure. Fifty-four intact upper premolars were randomly distributed into three groups. First group 18 teeth etched with 36% phosphoric acid Dentsply. Second group 18 teeth etched with %1.23 acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) incorporated phosphoric acid 25%APF 75%phosphoric acid Dentsply. Third group 18 teeth etched with Trans Bond TM Plus Self-Etching prime 3M Unitek, Monrovia, USA. Then, according to the manufacturer's instructions, all groups bonded to stainless steel brackets RAZOR, IOS, USA, using light-cured composite 3M Unitek/ Monrovia, USA. Then, each subgroup was divided into 3 subgroups, 6 teeth each. The first subgroup thermocycled 500 cycles between 5 C and 55 UC in deionized water and tested after 24 hours of water storage. The second subgroup was also thermocycled and tested after 2 months of water storage. The third subgroup was subjected to cyclic acid attack for 2 months by an acidic solution pH=2.5. Microleakage was evaluated using a dye penetration technique. All samples are sectioned and evaluated under a stereomicroscope. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed. P=0.05 was the level of significance. A significant difference was between etching groups following a thermocycler and a twenty-four-hour water storage, no significant difference after thermocycling and two months of water storage, and significant difference at the occlusal side and between overall means of compared etching groups. This study revealed that the highest microleakage values were in the SEP self-etch prime group, then EF 1.23% APF incorporated phosphoric acid group and the ER 36% phosphoric acid group. The gingival side had more microleakage than the occlusal side. Adding around 20-25 percent of 1.23 percent of phosphoric acid for enamel preparation before orthodontic bonding increases microleakage values, but SEP remains the highest. Keywords: Microleakage, Self-etch prime, Acidulated phosphate fluoride, Stainless steel brackets

Effect of Different Cavity Dimensions and Curing Systems on Cuspal Deflection of some types of Composite Resin Restorations

The cuspal deflection of different composite resin restorations cured with different systems and restoring different cavity dimensions were investigated using a total 60 freshly extracted human maxillary premolars. These teeth were divided into three main equal groups, based upon the tested restorative materials. Group (I) used T-Econpm Plus, Group (A1) (II) used Filtek Z250 XT (A2), and Group (III) used Filtek P90 (A3). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups based upon the prepared cavity dimensions. Each subgroup was further subdivided into two groups whether cured with Halogen (C1), or LED (C2). MOD cavity with two different dimensions, each restorative material was packed according to the manufacturer's instructions and cured. Dye penetration technique was used and specimens were sectioned in mesiodistal direction and examined by stereomicroscope. Collected data was statistically analyzed. The result showed T-Econom plus had statistically significant higher microleakage value, while Filtek P90 had statistically significant lower microleakage value. There was no statistically significant difference between groups cured with Halogen and LED. It can be concluded that silorane based composite, LED curing system, and smaller cavity dimension could significantly decreased cuspal deflection.

Relationship Between Operator Experience And In Vitro Microleakage of Different Composite Materials in Class II Restorations

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of operator experience on microleakage in class II restorations performing by different restorative materials. Material and Method: 2 cavities of 4x4x3mm dimensions were carried out on the mesial and distal surfaces of 20 molar teeth by one operator. The teeth were randomly assigned to two groups according to the operator’s skill: student group and expert group. It was divided into subgroups as specialist bulk-fill composite: Group 1A, student bulk-fill composite: Group 2A, specialist micro-hybrid composite: Group 1B, student micro-hybrid composite: Group 2B, Prime bond nt, a total-etch adhesive system, is used in all restorations. Each operator restored the mesial cavities with the bulk technique using a bulk-fill composite (Tetric-N-Ceram-Bulk) and the distal cavities with the layering technique using a micro-hybrid composite (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE). After 24 hour of water storage and thermocycling the marginal microleage was evaluted using dye penetration technique and data were analyzed. Results: When the restorative materials were evaluated without considering the applying operator, and when the scores of the operator who applied the restorations were evaluated without considering the restorative materials used, no statistically significant difference was found between them (p>0.05).When the occlusal and gingival leakage scores of Group 2A were evaluated, more gingival leakage was observed than occlusal (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the in-group occlusal and gingival leak scores of the other groups (p>0,05). Conclusion: There was no difference between the expert and the student in terms of microleakage values.

Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage of Various Restorative Materials in Pulpotomized Primary Molars - In Vitro Study.

Background and Objectives:Conventionally, stainless steel crown (SSC) is the preferred material for the restoration of pulpotomized primary molars. However, in situations where stainless steel cannot be used necessity for other restorative material arises.Aim:The aim of this study is to assess the microleakage of several coronal seal materials in pulpotomized primary molars– in vitro.Methodology:Seventy-five primary molars were prepared with proximo-occlusal cavities. Restoration was done with Zinc oxide eugenol cement, SSC, composite resin, resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (GIC), and amalgam. Microleakage was assessed using dye penetration technique with stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope.Statistical Analysis and Results:The Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests were used to statistically analyze the results.Conclusion:With regard to this present study composite resin and resin-modified GIC offers a good alternative for SSC.

In Vitro Comparison of Microleakage, Marginal Fit, and Cement Thickness of Conventional and Prepless Lithium Disilicate Veneers

To assess the influence of two preparation techniques on the microleakage, marginal fit, and cement thickness of lithium disilicate veneers. A total of 24 human maxillary central incisors were divided randomly into two groups according to preparation technique (n = 12): minimally invasive preparation with butt-joint design (0.3-mm depth) and a chamfer finish line (group MP); and no preparation (NP). All teeth were restored with lithium disilicate veneers cemented with photopolymerizable resin cement. Specimens were aged thermally (6,000 cycles of 5°C to 55°C) and mechanically (100,000 cycles at 100 N, 4 Hz). Specimens were immersed in fuchsin for 24 hours employing a standard dye penetration technique, then sectioned and evaluated under a stereomicroscope (x20). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests (P < .05). There was significant microleakage (P = .0163) at the cervical area compared to the proximal area. The marginal fit was similar, with no statistical difference (P = .212) between groups MP (153 ± 81 μm) and NP (111 ± 74 μm). Group MP showed a significantly (P = .006) reduced cement thickness at the cervical area (87 ± 27 μm) compared to group NP (210 ± 89 μm). Although the preparation technique was shown to influence the cement thickness, it did not show any influence on microleakage or marginal fit.

Sealing Ability of Various Types of Root Canal Sealers at Different Levels of Remaining Gutta Percha After Post Space Preparation at Two Time Intervals.

ABSTRACTObjective:This study evaluated the apical sealing ability of various types of sealers (Sure-Seal Root, AH Plus, and GuttaFlow2) at different levels of remaining gutta percha after post space preparation at two time intervals (1 day and 1 week after obturation).Materials and Methods:One hundred and two single canal mandibular premolars were decoronated at the cement–enamel junction and biomechanically prepared. Twelve samples served as negative and positive controls (n = 6). The remaining 90 samples were distributed into three groups (n = 30 each), based on the used sealer for obturation with gutta percha (Sure-Seal Root, AH Plus, GuttaFlow2). Each experimental group was divided into two subgroups (n = 15 each), subgroup I: post space prepared 1 day after obturation and subgroup II: post space prepared 1 week after obturation. For each subgroup, the post space was prepared to a length that remained 3, 4, or 5 mm of gutta percha apically for each of five samples. Then, the dye penetration technique was used to measure the apical microleakage. Data were analyzed using “ANOVA test” and “post hoc Duncan’s test.”Results:Sure-Seal Root sealer demonstrated the best apical seal compared with other tested sealers. Post space preparation 1 day after obturation exhibited less microleakage than the group with 1 week after obturation. Additionally, 5 mm of remaining gutta percha showed superior sealing value than 3 and 4 mm.Conclusion:Bioceramic (Sure-Seal) sealer is the material of choice to be used when post space preparation is required. Post space preparation was preferred to be done 1 day after obturation than 1 week after obturation. Superlative apical seal was obtained with a maximum length of remaining gutta percha.

The influence of the operator's experience on the microleakage of two universal adhesives.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the influence of the operator's experience on the microleakage of two universal adhesives applied in self‐etch (SE) and etch‐and‐rinse (E&R) modes.Materials and methodsTwo class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 112 caries‐free extracted human molars and were divided into eight groups based on the combination of the factors “adhesive system” (Tetric N‐Bond Universal Adhesive [TNU]; Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU]), “adhesive strategy” (SE or E&R), and “the operators performing the procedures” (specialists in operative dentistry or intern students). After 24 h of water storage and thermocycling, the marginal microleakage was evaluated using the dye penetration technique and the data were analyzed.ResultsIn the SE mode, microleakage at the enamel margin for both adhesives was higher in the student group than in the specialist group (p values < 0.05). The operator's skill did not affect the microleakage scores of both adhesives applied in the E&R mode at the dentin and enamel margins or in the SE mode at the dentin margins (p > 0.05). The microleakage score was significantly higher at the dentin margins than the enamel margins for both universal adhesives applied in the E&R mode (p values <0.05).ConclusionThe microleakage values of the universal adhesives applied in the SE mode at the enamel margins were affected by the operator's skill. However, the operator's experience did not affect the microleakage scores of the two universal adhesives applied in the E&R mode at the enamel and dentin margins or in the SE mode at the dentin margins.

Potential of a repair system for grouted connections in offshore structures: Development and experimental verification

Grouted connections are intensively used in offshore rigs, platforms as well as jacket and monopile offshore wind turbine structures. Being located in remote offshore conditions, these connections can experience considerable adverse loading during their lifetimes. Degradation was reported inside similar connections, which were installed in the last three decades. Grouting in the offshore sites may often be proven difficult, which eventually leads to reduced load-bearing capacity of connections in the long run. Thus, repair and rehabilitation of such connections should be planned ahead to minimize operational delays and costs. In this study, scaled grouted connections were manufactured using a novel mould, whose integrity were monitored using digital image correlation (DIC). The connections were loaded under static load to visualize the main failure pattern using distributed fibre optic sensors and acoustic emission (AE) analysis. Grouted connections were then repaired using a cementitious injectable grout. The effectiveness of the grout injection was monitored using dye penetration technique. Finally, specimens are reloaded to identify the potential of such repair for grouted connections.

The effect of calcium hydroxide on the apical microleakage of canals filled with bioceramic and resin sealers

Aim: To evaluate the impact of calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2) on the apical microleakage of canals filled with the bioceramic Total Fill BC (TF BC) and the resin AH 26 sealers. Methodology:A total of 104 human single-canal maxillary teeth were prepared with rotary files. The teeth were randomly divided into two main test groups (n=48) and two control groups, one positive and one negative (n=4). In one test group, Ca(OH)2 was used; in the other test group, no dressing was placed within the canal. Samples in each test group - with or without Ca(OH)2 dressing - were randomly divided into two subgroups. In one subgroup, AH 26 sealer was used and in the other one, TF BC sealer was used. The specimens with Ca(OH)2 were kept at 37 °C in 100% humidity. A dye penetration technique was used to evaluate the leakage. The data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Fisher exact tests. Results: The mean microleakage in the subgroups filled with TF BC sealer, with or without Ca(OH)2, was significantly greater than that in the subgroups filled with AH 26 sealer. In addition, the microleakage of the TF BC specimens with Ca(OH2) was significantly higher than the microleakage of TF BC specimens without the dressing (P<0.001). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that use of Ca(OH)2 as an intracanal dressing negatively affected the sealing potential of TF BC.

Sealing Ability of Calcium Silicate-based Materials in the Repair of Furcal Perforations: A Laboratory Comparative Study

To assess the sealing ability of two calcium silicate-based materials in the treatment of iatrogenic furcal perforations using a dye-penetration leakage model. Furcation perforations were performed using a size 12 round burr on the pulp chamber floor of 20 first mandibular molars. The teeth were then randomly divided into two groups, two additional molars served as negative controls. The defects were then filled with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus in the first group and Biodentine in the second group. Leakage at the repaired sites was then evaluated using the methylene blue dye penetration technique. Significant differences in microleakage were found between the two groups at 72 hours (p < 0.001). MTA Angelus had greater dye penetration than Biodentine with a statistically significant difference. Subsequently, the sealing ability of Biodentine was significantly better than MTA Angelus (p < 0.001). However, the mean values of leakage and inadequate adhesion were significantly different from the theoretical value for both the MTA Angelus (p < 0.001) and Biodentine (p < 0.001). The current results suggested that Biodentine possesses higher sealing quality than MTA Angelus. Yet, both materials are not ideal and still need improvement to ensure perfect adhesion in case of furcal perforation. This article aims to compare the sealing ability of one dental repair material over another, after iatrogenically producing a furcal perforation. Leakage resistance and sealing ability are important factors in favoring the outcome of an endodontic treatment of a tooth that could otherwise be condemned for extraction.

Microleakage of a Self-Adhesive Flowable Composite, a Self-Adhesive Fissure Sealant and a Conventional Fissure Sealant in Permanent Teeth with/without Saliva Contamination

Objectives: Application of fissure sealants is a practical method for prevention of occlusal pit and fissure caries. Microleakage is an important factor affecting the success of fissure sealant treatment. This study aimed to assess the microleakage of a self-adhesive flowable composite, a self-adhesive fissure sealant and a conventional fissure sealant in permanent teeth with/without saliva contamination.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 108 extracted human third molars, which were randomly divided into six groups (n=18) of control, Denu-Seal conventional fissure sealant applied on etched enamel with/without saliva contamination, Vertise Flow self-adhesive flowable composite applied on rinsed and dried enamel with/without saliva contamination and Prevent Seal self-adhesive fissure sealant applied on rinsed and dried enamel with/without saliva contamination. Microleakage was assessed using the dye penetration technique and subsequent observation of samples under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey’s test.&#x0D; Results: Microleakage of the conventional fissure sealant with/without saliva contamination was significantly lower than that of other groups (P&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Microleakage of the conventional fissure sealant is less than that of self-adhesive fissure sealant and self-adhesive composite, irrespective of saliva contamination.

APICAL MICROLEAKAGE OF VARIOUS BIOMATERIALS IN SIMULATED IMMATURE APICES

Background:: In the treatment of open apex teeth, one-step apexification has been reported as an alternative method to the use of long-term calcium hydroxide. Methods:The present study evaluated and compared apical microleakage when ProRoot MTA (Dentsply) (Group I), DiaRoot BioAggregate (Diadent) (Group II) and Biodentine (Septodont) (Group III) were used in the endodontic treatment of the teeth with simulated immature apices. In order to simulate immature teeth, 57 bovine maxillary incisor roots were prepared and randomly divided into three groups (n = 15 per group). The remaining teeth were included in negative (n=6) and positive (n=6) control groups. The materials were prepared according to the manufacturers instructions and a radiograph was taken for each sample to confirm proper obturation of the samples. Apical microleakage was assessed using the dye penetration technique. Linear dye penetration was measured at 30X magnification and the data were analyzed using ANOVA.Results:Group I showed the lowest apical leakage with a mean dye penetration of 4.64 mm, whereas the leakage was highest in Group II with a mean dye penetration of 5.45 mm. The difference between the leakage in Group I and II was statistically significant (p&amp;lt;0.05), but the differences between other groups (Group I-III and Group II-III) were not (p &amp;gt; 0.05).Conclusions:The findings of the present study suggest that MTA has the best sealing ability when used for the obturation of immature apices. Keywords:BioAggregate, Biodentine, Endodontic treatment, Microleakage, MTA

Comparative assessment of diamond bur and Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation for cavity preparation and tissue modification: a microleakage study

To compare the effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation versus dental bur in class V cavities restored with a bulk fill resin-based material by the use of different etching protocols. Forty-five extracted third molars were used for this in vitro study. Class V restorations were prepared both on the buccal and lingual side of each specimen. All teeth were sealed with an all-in-one adhesive system and restored with a bulk fill material. The specimens were divided into five groups: group 1: bur preparation/phosphoric acid 37%. Group 2: bur preparation/Er,Cr:YSGG irradiation for etching. Group 3: Er,Cr:YSGG laser for cavity preparation without etching. Group 4: Er,Cr:YSGG laser cavity preparation/phosphoric acid for etching. Group 5: Er,Cr:YSGG laser for both cavity preparation and surface modification (different settings). After grinding and polishing, the specimens were stored in distilled water and thermocycled. Dye penetration technique was performed. The specimens were cleaned and longitudinally sectioned aiming to be observed under a stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 25 software. Significance level was set at p 0.05). Significantly lower microleakage values were detected to the other four groups. Within the limitations of this study, although diamond bur and acid etching are proved to be the gold standard in restorative dentistry, Er,Cr:YSGG irradiation appeared to be a valid alternative approach for cavity preparation and enamel modification.

Assessment of Biodentine as an indirect pulp capping material in young permanent molars

Objective Assess Biodentine as an indirect pulp capping material for treatment of young first permanent molars with deep carious lesions and its microleakage (in vitro). Materials and methods Indirect pulp capping was performed on 60 young permanent molars in 30 children aged 6–10 years then were randomly divided into two treatment groups of 30 molars for each group. Group I: The pulp was indirectly capped with Biodentine. Group II: The pulp was indirectly capped with Dycal. At the same appointment, the tooth was restored with Medifil as a semipermanent restoration. Clinical evaluation and standardized periapical radiographs were done after 3, 6 and 9 months. Microleakage test was assessed by dye penetration technique and followed up after 24 h, 1 and 3 months. Results The two groups were clinically successful as Biodentine showed 100% success rate and Dycal showed 92.6%. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between the two groups regarding to their clinical performance. While the radiographic examinations showed that Dycal had lower radiographic success rate (85.2%) in comparison to Biodentine (100%). Biodentine showed superior sealing ability than Dycal, with no statistically significant difference in the microleakage between the two tested materials (P > 0.05). Conclusion Biodentine is a promising material as an indirect pulp capping agent and exhibits superior sealing ability than Dycal.

Evaluation of the effect of home bleaching gel on microleakage of different glass ionomers reinforced with micro-hydroxyapatite.

Aim:This study aimed to evaluate the effect of home bleaching gel on microleakage of glass-ionomer cements reinforced with micro-hydroxyapatite (HAP).Methods:Class V cavities prepared on the forty extracted third molars were restored in four groups (n = 10): Group 1, Zirconomer; Group 2, resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI); Group 3, Zirconomer + micro-HAP (20% WT); and Group 4, RMGI + micro-HAP (20% WT). After thermocycling (1000 cycles at 5 ± 2/55 ± 2°C, a dwell time of 30 s), each group was randomly divided into two groups. The first half was kept in distilled water and the restorations of the second half were bleached with carbamide peroxide 15% (14 days, each time 6 h/day). A uniform thickness of bleaching agent (0.5–1 mm) was applied on the surfaces of the restorations, extending 1 mm beyond the margins, and the bleaching agent was exchanged every 6 h. Microleakage was evaluated using dye penetration technique that is based on the amount of dye penetration (0.5% basic fuchsine solution) from the occlusal/gingival margins up to the axial wall.Results:In distilled water, no significant difference was found between the occlusal microleakage scores (P > 0.05). The lowest and highest gingival scores in distilled water were observed in Group 4 and Group 3, respectively. In bleaching environment, there was no significant difference between four groups (P > 0.05). Comparing each glass ionomer in two environments revealed statistically significant differences in gingival and occlusal microleakage of Group 4 and in occlusal microleakage of Group 1 (P < 0.05).Conclusions:Micro-HAP incorporation did not affect the microleakage of the RMGI and Zirconomer in bleaching environment and their occlusal microleakage in distilled water. The lowest and highest gingival scores in distilled water were observed for the RMGI + micro-HAP and Zirconomer + micro-HAP, respectively. Bleaching procedure negatively affects the microleakage score of RMGI + micro-HAP and occlusal microleakage of Zirconomer.

Microleakage of a Self-Adhesive Flowable Composite, a Self-Adhesive Fissure Sealant and a Conventional Fissure Sealant in Permanent Teeth with/without Saliva Contamination.

Objectives:Application of fissure sealants is a practical method for prevention of occlusal pit and fissure caries. Microleakage is an important factor affecting the success of fissure sealant treatment. This study aimed to assess the microleakage of a self-adhesive flowable composite, a self-adhesive fissure sealant and a conventional fissure sealant in permanent teeth with/without saliva contamination.Materials and Methods:This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 108 extracted human third molars, which were randomly divided into six groups (n=18) of control, Denu-Seal conventional fissure sealant applied on etched enamel with/without saliva contamination, Vertise Flow self-adhesive flowable composite applied on rinsed and dried enamel with/without saliva contamination and Prevent Seal self-adhesive fissure sealant applied on rinsed and dried enamel with/without saliva contamination. Microleakage was assessed using the dye penetration technique and subsequent observation of samples under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey’s test.Results:Microleakage of the conventional fissure sealant with/without saliva contamination was significantly lower than that of other groups (P<0.05).Conclusion:Microleakage of the conventional fissure sealant is less than that of self-adhesive fissure sealant and self-adhesive composite, irrespective of saliva contamination.

Sealing ability of two adhesive sealers in root canals prepared with different rotary file systems

Aim To evaluate the apical seal for two different adhesive sealers used with two different rotary systems. Materials and methods Forty extracted single-canaled premolars were cleaned, decoronated into equal length root specimens and randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 20). Root canals of root specimens in group 1 were prepared using iRace rotary files while those of group 2 were prepared using ProTaper Next files. Specimens of each group were further subdivided into two equal subgroups (n = 10). Specimens in subgroup 1 were obturated using bioceramic sealer while those of subgroup 2 were obturated using resin sealer. Microleakage test was conducted using dye penetration and longitudinal sectioning technique. Collected data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's comparison to stand over the difference between the tested subgroups at significance level of P value less than 0.5. Results There were no statistically significant difference between the tested subgroups and the sealers showed a comparable and satisfactory sealability. Conclusion Both bioceramic and resin sealers are comparable in their sealing ability when used for obturating root canals that were prepared with either iRace or ProTaper Next rotary files.

Root canal morphology and assessment of incidence, type, and position of isthmus in permanent mandibular central incisor in North Indian population: An in vitro study

Background and Objectives: Mandibular incisor's anatomy presents a challenge when making endodontic access because of its small size and high prevalence of two canals and isthmus within them. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the root canal anatomy and its aberrant morphology in mandibular central incisors. Knowing the variations in canal anatomy such as two canals, presence of isthmus, type, its prevalence, and position in the mandibular central incisors, which help improve the procedure of successful root canal treatment. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty extracted human mandibular central incisor teeth were collected. Two different studies have been performed. Sixty teeth were studied through tooth clearing and dye penetration technique. Teeth were decalcified with 5% nitric acid, dehydrated with increasing concentrations of alcohol and rendered clear by immersion in methyl salicylate. Hematoxylin dye was inserted in access cavity and canals. The samples were observed under dental operating microscope. These samples were evaluated for root canal morphology to assess its root canal configuration. Sixty teeth were studied through sectioning of apical 3 mm (1, 2, and 3 mm from the apex) simulating a surgical resection method was followed. The sectioned samples were observed under stereomicroscope for evaluating isthmus and its type. Results and Conclusion: Sectioning study showed that canal shapes varied from round to oval, long oval, and ribbon shaped, while the prevalence of isthmus was more at 3 mm section. Tooth clearing study showed that 46.6% teeth had single canal, 49.8% teeth had two canals, and only 5% teeth had two separate apical foramina.