Dye Extraction Research Articles

Extraction and Visual Test for Colour Fastness of Eco- Friendly Dye from Natural Plant (Calotropis Procera)

The study was on Extraction and Visual Test for Colour Fastness of Eco- Friendly Dye from Natural Plant (Calotropis Procera). The objectives of the study were the extraction of natural dye from Calotropis Procera plant; application of the extracted dyes on a fabric (white cotton); testing for color fastness of the dye on the fabric (cotton) using wash fastness; and testing for the color fastness of the dye on the fabric (cotton) using light fastness. The bark of Calotropis Procera was purchased from Itam market in Itu Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. The dye was extracted using maceration and Soxhlet techniques with distilled water and ethanol respectively. The dye was extracted in four states. Using Soxhlet technique with ethanol and distilled water as solvents, the colours obtained after filtration were Nespresso and marigold respectively. Using maceration technique with ethanol and distilled water as solvents yielded Hollister and honey colours respectively. The extracted dyes were applied on cotton fabric treated with mordant. Colours obtained after dyeing using Nespresso was yellow, marigold gave blonde, Hollister was honey and honey colour resulted to butter. The wash fastness visual results for cotton fabrics dyed with dye extracted using Soxhlet and maceration with distilled water as solvent were rated 1-2 poor while the ones extracted with ethanol as solvent using same techniques were rated 3 and 2-3 respectively.

Multifunctional Analysis of Banana Leaves Extracts for Dyeing Properties of Pima Cotton Fabric Using Different Mordants

Introduction Natural dyes have become very important for decades based on their extensive properties compared to synthetic dyes. Pima cotton was dyed with natural dyes derived from plants using mordants, a crucial step in modern industry. Objective This study explores the efficacy of banana leaf-extracted natural dyes with mordants in dyeing Pima cotton, examining color properties, chemical attributes, and fastness while exploring the potential for industrial applications. Methods In this study, banana leaf extracts were utilized for dyeing Pima cotton with mordants. The investigation assessed the multifunctional properties of alkaline and acetone using UV-Vis and FTIR or analyzed the dyed fabric's UPF. Applied to pre-mordanted Pima cotton, our dye interacts with various mordants like ferrous sulfate (Fe2SO4), copper sulfate (CuSO4), and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). Factors influencing dye fixation on Pima cotton, including cellulose and mordants, were examined. Treated and untreated fabric samples were tested for tensile strength and elongation. Dyeing performance was assessed using color parameters (K/S, L*, a*, b*, ΔE) using the Kubelka–Munk equation and fastness properties, with consistent results compared to standard protocols. Results The study on natural dye extraction from banana leaves has yielded promising outcomes, showcasing the effectiveness of mordants in dye fixation on cotton. The results demonstrate high tensile strength, color strength, and fastness properties in the dyed Pima cotton samples. Statistical analysis highlighted the nuanced relationship between mordants and dyes. The study's comprehensive approach, UV-Vis and FTIR analyses, dyeing temperature optimization, and phytochemical screening, confirming the presence of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and other bioactive compounds, positions banana leaf extracts as a sustainable and versatile resource for eco-friendly textile practices, offering a compelling alternative to synthetic dyes. Conclusion The study reveals Pima cotton's promising potential for eco-friendly dyeing, optimizing cost, time, and space for future sustainable textile applications.

Leather dye from Trema orientalis (L.) and its antibacterial effects

Synthetic leather dyes are chromatic agents specially formulated to impart color to leather substrates through dyeing. The current study involves the extraction of natural dye from the stem bark of Trema orientalis (L.) at different temperatures using water (with or without the addition of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide as additives). The optimal extraction was achieved at 80 °C without additives. Concentrating the extract using a rotary evaporator followed by freeze-drying resulted in a yield of 12.14%. The efficacy of the extracted dye was assessed by measuring the phenolic content, viscosity, and particle size. The highest value of total phenolic content of extract found, 266.13 mg GAE/g of dry extract, indicated the possibility of dyeing leather. The viscosity of the dye showed the temperature range of 51–54 ºC as optimum application criteria. The particle size of the dye exhibited a range spanning from 449 to 867 nanometers, indicating superb penetration ability through the leather pores. The antimicrobial efficacy was observed to be positive against a limited number of gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria. Final evaluation of the experimentally dyed sample against a control sample regarding relevant parameters viz. exhaustion, fastness, strength, SEM image indicated its potentiality as a colorant for leather industry.

Multifunctional HKUST-1-3D-printed device for the simultaneous extraction of hydrocarbons and dyes from water

Herein, we report a MOF polymer coating and in-situ growth mixed strategy to fabricate a multifunctional floating 3D printed device for simultaneous hydrocarbon and dye removal. Due to the superhydrophobic properties (water contact angle = 151o) of the upper part of the device, it was applied for the removal of oil from water, obtaining excellent separation efficiency (from 90 to 98.6 %) for n-hexane, decane, dodecane and hexadecane. In addition, this part of the device showed excellent reusability, maintaining its separation efficiency of hexane/water above 95 % with a relative standard deviation of 1.0 % after 25 consecutive extraction cycles. The lower part of the multifunctional device, coated with HKUST-1 synthesized by in-situ growth, was tested for methylene blue dye removal, demonstrating fast kinetics adsorption (percentage of removal higher than 90 % in 2 h) due to the combination of electrostatic and π-π interactions between HKUST-1 and the dye. Furthermore, this 3D support showed high versatility, exceeding a 92 % extraction capacity for various dyes (malachite green, crystal violet and methyl violet), with the advantage of being easily regenerated several times by a simple regrowth procedure. Finally, the complete 3D-modified device was tested for the simultaneous extraction of hydrocarbons and dyes from real groundwater sample with excellent results.

Investigating the feasibility of utilizing <i>Pennisetum purpureum</i> leaves waste as a sustainable dye: Extraction, characterization and application on textile

This study investigated the potential of Pennisetum purpureum (Elephant grass) leaves waste as a source of natural dyes. The objective was to extract, characterize and apply the natural dyes on textile fabrics. Elephant grass was chosen due to its abundant availability as agricultural waste, making it an environmentally sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes. The extraction process involved maceration, followed by filtration to obtain the dye extract. The dye components were isolated using vacuum liquid chromatography and then characterized using analytical tools such as UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the presence of specific compounds responsible for the dyeing potential. The perspiration fastness, rubbing fastness, light fastness and wash fastness properties were assessed to evaluate the durability and suitability of the natural dyes. The UV-Visible spectrum, HPLC and FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of chromophores such as conjugated systems, and provided information about chemical components namely rutin, quercetin, senecionine, hyoscyamine and tannic acid present in the dye, as well as the types of bond present in the molecules including C-H, O-H, C=O and C-O groups, which are characteristics of natural dyes. The dyed textile fabrics demonstrated somewhat fair to good with a rating of 3-7 for perspiration fastness, light fastness, rubbing fastness and wash fastness, indicating the potential of the natural dye for practical applications. The findings can inspire further research and development in utilizing agricultural waste for natural dye production, promoting sustainable practices in textile manufacturing.

Fabrication of efficient natural dye-sensitized Solar Cells using Mediterranean olive leaves as natural dye sensitizer

The synthesis of synthetic dyes employed in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is often associated with substantial costs and environmental concerns. As a result, there is growing interest in utilizing natural dyes as sensitizers for DSSCs. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the extraction of natural dyes from Mediterranean olive leaves using a methanol-based solution, with a particular focus on the impact of different drying times during the dye extraction process on the efficiency of fabricated solar cells. The extracted olive leaf dyes were systematically characterized, encompassing their optical properties analyzed through ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, electrochemical behavior, photovoltaic performance, crystallographic and morphological structures, as well as elemental composition. The research findings unveiled distinctive attributes of the olive leaf dyes, attributable to variations in their charge transfer processes to the band edge of the TiO2 semiconductor. These outcomes were substantiated through comprehensive analyses involving UV–Vis, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Notably, the olive leaf dye subjected to a longer drying time (referred to as OLDS1) exhibited an energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) closer to that of the conduction band of TiO2, facilitating efficient electron transfer. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed alterations in elemental composition upon dye adsorption onto the TiO2 surface, with a notable reduction in the intensities of the Ti 2p and O 1 s peaks. The OLDS1 dye demonstrated lower charge transfer resistance and recombination rates compared to the shorter drying time for both fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and indium-doped tin oxide (ITO)-based natural DSSCs (NDSSCs). Importantly, the choice of substrate material, specifically FTO and ITO, significantly influenced the NDSSC performance. The FTO/TiO2/OLDS1 configuration exhibited remarkable characteristics, including a high fill factor (FF) of approximately 0.73 and an efficiency of 0.31 %, accompanied by a short-circuit current density of 0.662 mA/cm2 and an open-circuit voltage of 0.642 V. These results highlight the crucial role of drying time and substrate selection in the fabrication of NDSSCs utilizing Mediterranean olive leaf extracts, with the FTO/TiO2/OLDS1 configuration emerging as the most promising and efficient combination.

New aqueous two-phase system formed by piperazinium-based surface-active ionic liquid for extraction of dyes

Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) as alternatives to traditional liquid–liquid extraction systems have been used intensively in recent years. In this work, a new ATPS composed of a piperazinium-based surface-active ionic liquid (SAIL), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazinium laurate ([HEP][C11CO2]), and a commercial cationic surfactant, dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (DDBAC) was prepared. The phase diagram for the ternary system DDBAC + [HEP][C11CO2] + H2O was determined, and the effects of composition and temperature on phase behaviors and properties were investigated. Phase separation was found spontaneous and thermodynamically favored when the mass fraction of water (w3) exceeded 0.60, primarily due to the salting-out of the hydrophilic ions [HEP]+ and Cl− in the bottom phase. Micelles were observed in the top phase where high concentrations of the hydrophobic ions [DDBA]+ and [C11CO2]− were present. Increasing the water content at a fixed surfactant-to-SAIL molar ratio resulted in a decreased top phase volume, while the extraction efficiency (EE) and the distribution coefficient (D) were both increased for extractions of Basic Blue 7 and Allura Red AC. When w3 reached 0.96 and the initial concentration of dye was below 1 × 10−4 mol·L−1, the EE values exceeded 98 % with all the D values surpassing 100, indicating the promising potential for SAIL-ATPS applications.

Sustainable Dyeing of Wool and Silk with Conocarpus erectus L. Leaf Extract for the Development of Functional Textiles

Natural dyes derived from plants offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes for textile coloration. This study examined the extraction of natural dyes from Conocarpus erectus L. leaves and their application on wool and silk fabrics. Aqueous extraction in an alkaline medium was used to obtain dyes from raw leaves, which were then applied to pre-mordanted silk and wool fabrics by applying the ultrasonic-assisted exhaust dyeing method. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for color strength (K/S) and CIELAB color coordinates. The color fastness (washing, rubbing, and light), ultraviolet protection factor, mosquito repellency, and antibacterial activity were established using standard testing protocols. The surface morphologies of silk and wool were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, the dyed fabrics displayed good color strength and color fastness properties. Moreover, the dyed wool samples revealed satisfactory antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) in both qualitative and quantitative assessment methods, good ultraviolet protection in terms of UPF, and good mosquito repellency against Aedes aegypti. This study for the first time presented the application of a medicinal plant (Conocarpus erectus L.) in the field of textile dyeing and finishing. Hence, the use of Conocarpus erectus L. leaf dyes offers significant results on wool and silk fabrics and contributes to sustainable functional textile production.

Removal of acid dye from wastewater by cloud point extraction and regeneration of surfactant by pH regulation

Abstract This work concerns the coacervate extraction of industrial dye, namely Acid Green 9 (AG-9) from aqueous solution by nonionic surfactant Lutensol AO7 and TX-114 (readily biodegradable). Binary water/surfactant and pseudo-binary phase diagrams were plotted. The extraction results as a function of wt% of the surfactant and temperature are expressed by: percentage of solute extracted, E%, residual concentrations of solute and surfactant in the dilute phase (X s,w and X t,w respectively) and volume fraction of coacervate at equilibrium (Фc). For each parameter, whose values are determined by a design of experiments, these results are subjected to empirical smoothing in three dimensionsusing response surface methodology (RSM). The aim of this study is to find out the best compromise between E % and Фc. Under optimal conditions, the extraction extent of AG-9 reaches 98 % and 96 % using TX-114 and Lutensol AO7, respectively. The effect of Na2SO4 and CTAB addition is also studied. Finally, the possibility of recycling the surfactant is proved.

MnCoFe-LDH/Ni-MOF nanocomposite-coated hollow fiber membrane for solid phase extraction of amaranth dye from water and food samples followed by spectrophotometric analysis

In the present study, the new composite based on MnCoFe-LDH nanoflower/Ni-MOF/ hollow fiber membrane (HFM) was synthesized in such a way that first MnCoFe-LDH and Ni-MOF nanoparticles were synthesized separately, then converted into a composite and finally coated on the surface of the HFM. The final composite was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and EDX analysis and applied as a promising and effective sorbent for the solid-phase microextraction of amaranth dye (as a model analyte) in various water and food samples, followed by spectrophotometric analysis. It should be noted that two main driving forces for conducting the extraction process are the electrostatic and π-π interactions between the surface of the adsorbent and the analyte molecule. By using this proposed adsorbent, the requirement for using a centrifuge for phase separation was eliminated. Furthermore, there was no necessity to use the vortex or the stirrer to carry out the adsorption and desorption steps, and only by hand-shaking of the sample solution, high extraction recovery was achieved. These advantages made the extraction process greener, quicker, and easier. Optimizations of all parameters affecting the proposed method (such as pH, sample solution, HFM size, adsorption time, and desorption time) were done using the central composite design methodology. The findings indicate that the calibration graphs exhibited linearity in the range of 20.0–1000 µg/L, with the limit of detection of 5.6 µg/L, the limit of quantification of 17.2 µg/L, and the correlation coefficient of 0.9981 for the model analyte. Furthermore, the relative recovery was obtained in the range of 93.6–101 %. In addition, intra-day RSD, inter-day RSD, and preconcentration factor (PF) were achieved at 3.8, 6.9, and 30, respectively. The suggested sorbent was successfully synthesized and applied for effective solid-phase microextraction of amaranth dye in different real samples.

Facile one-pot synthesis of a waste copper phthalocyanine-derived nanocomposite for efficiently removing dyes from wastewater

Water pollution from synthetic dyes is a growing environmental concern and there is an urgent need for the development of eco-friendly, cost-effective, rapid, simple, and effective materials for the extraction of these persistent dyes from effluents.

Extraction and Application of Turmeric Dye on Silk Fabric

Extraction and Application of Turmeric Dye on Silk Fabric

EXTRACTION OF THE METHYLENE BLUE DYE FROM SOLUTIONS WITH SYCAMORE BIOMASS SAWDUST

The possibility of using the sawdust biomass of Platanus orientalis for the purification of model solutions from the dye "Methylene blue" (MG) was studied. Washed and dried sawdust fractions less than 1.0 mm were used. Adsorption studies were carried out under static conditions on model solutions. In experiments, the sorption capacity of the material under study was determined for native sawdust and modified with 3% H2SO4. It has been established that the sorption capacity of sawdust biomass is 0.26 mmol/g of MG for native biomass and 0.34 mmol/g for modified one. The specific surface of the sorption material, calculated through the Avogadro number, Na, and the cross-sectional area of the MG molecule, Q, was 0.28 m2/g for native biomass and 0.36 m2/g for the modified one. The efficiency of purification of the model solution from MG at the ratio of the mass of sawdust m to the initial concentration of the solution Сin (m/Cin) equal to 5 is 75% for the original sawdust and 86% for the modified ones; when the m/C ratio is changed to 8, the cleaning efficiency for native sawdust is 92%, and for modified sawdust it is 95%. Adsorption isotherms have been obtained, which, according to the IUPAC classification, characterize single-stage adsorption on microporous solid adsorbents. Mathematical processing of adsorption isotherms in the framework of the Langmuir, Freidlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich models showed that the adsorption process is most adequately described by the Freudlich model for both native (R2 = 0.9501) and modified (R2 = 0.9389) sawdust. The value of the Gibbs energy, ΔGo, kJ/mol·K, has a negative sign both for native (ΔGо = -7.237) and for modified ones (ΔGo = -19.568), which indicates a spontaneous flow of the process. Sorption capacity of sawdust biomass after treatment with acid increases from 0.26 to 0.34 mmol/g, i.e. by 30%.

Influence of various solvents in extraction of natural pigments from Annona atemoya and Physalis peruviana as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells

Herein, we investigate the effect of various solvents on the extraction of natural dyes from two different fruit skins, namely Annona atemoya (Atemoya) and Physalis peruviana (Physalis), as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The functional groups of the extracted dye pigmentation were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to verify the presence of anthocyanin radicals. To fabricate the DSSCs, semiconducting TiO2 nanoparticles were deposited on FTO glass as a photoanode (using the spin-coating method), and platinum was also deposited on FTO glass as a photocathode (using the drop-casting method). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to verify the surface roughness and morphologies of the TiO2 photoanode and Pt photocathode. The photoelectric performance results of the fabricated DSSCs were examined and revealed the influence of various solvents on the extraction of Annona atemoya and Physalis peruviana dyes. The extraction of Annona atemoya and Physalis peruviana dyes in methanol solvent showed higher energy conversion efficiency of 2.02 % and 0.31 %, respectively, compared to other solvent extractions. In general, this work demonstrates that constructing solar cells from natural dyes at a reduced cost is a viable and sustainable alternative to traditional silicon cells.

Investigation on the adsorption of cationic dyes and heavy metal ions on zeolite HY from aqueous solution

Every living creature on the earth needs access to clean water. Water is being contaminated by humans in numerous ways. Heavy metals and textile dyes are two of the major contaminants in wastewater. Dyes and heavy metals are harmful to human health and have negative effects on the environment as well. Zeolites are excellent adsorbent materials for various types of pollutants including organic and inorganic such as dyes, heavy metals, ammonium ions, etc. In this study, we have presented the synthesis, characterizations, and application of zeolite HY for the extraction of cationic dyes and heavy metal ions. Zeolite Y was synthesized by hydrothermal approach and converted to its H-form. Different characterization techniques such as Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Field-Emissions Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized for the characterization of zeolite HY. The synthesized material zeolite HY (ZHY) was then employed for the adsorption of two cationic dyes i.e., MB and CV, heavy metal ions i.e., cadmium (Cd+2) and chromium (Cr+6) and ammonium (NH4+) ions from its aqueous solution. The adsorption data showed 97.2 % removal of MB 49 % removal of CV, 0 % removal of both Cd+2 and Cr+6 heavy metal ions and 5 % removal of NH4+ ions.

A Green Switchable Hydrophilic Solvent Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction for Preconcentration and Spectrophotometric Determination of Sunset Yellow Dye

A capable, fast, and simple switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based homogenous liquid-liquid microextraction (SHS-LLME) followed by magnetic-solid phase extraction (MSPE) on highly hydrophobic linoleic acid (LA) modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has been developed as a new approach for the extraction and preconcentration of sunset yellow dye before its spectrophotometric determination. The main parameters affecting the efficiency of extraction procedures and signal improvement were examined and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the method was linear in the range of 10 to 100 mg L-1 for the analyte, with a correlation coefficient R² of 0.9923 and a detection limit of 5.20 mg L-1.

Forensic examination of different textile fibres using UV- Vis spectroscopy

Objective: The purpose of this study is to forensically examine different textile fibres using UV/visible spectroscopy. Methodology: Five different fibre types of ten different local brands have been analyzed using uv-vis spectroscopy.Each fibre was dissolved in 3ml of chloroform and were kept overnight for the extraction of dye from the fabric. Then the extracted dye sample was analysed in UV-vis spectroscopy. Results: The results demonstrated that concentration of dye was higher in cotton samples and lower in polyester samples. The mean concentration of dye in cotton samples were (443.0-846.5) nm, polyester (402.0-656.0) nm, jute (484.0-673.5) nm and silk (402.0-661.0) nm respectively. But in wool samples dye did not get extracted. It may be because in wool keratin is present and these materials differ only by the presence of crysteine in wool, which were more intense for wool fibres. Conclusion: There has been a considerable amount of importance of fibre evidence in criminal investigations. Investigating the various dyes utilised to colour textile fibres can provide extra information in the process of determining the chemical compounds of the fibre. In the forensic study of fibres, colour discrimination relies heavily on UV/visible spectroscopy.

Silk Dyeing with Anthocyanin Dye Extract from Melastoma malabathricum L. Fruits Using Metal Oxides and Reducing Agents to Ameliorate Photo–Fading

Silk Dyeing with Anthocyanin Dye Extract from Melastoma malabathricum L. Fruits Using Metal Oxides and Reducing Agents to Ameliorate Photo–Fading

Physico-chemical Indicators of food color pigments derived from Ocimum basilicum (Rahon) vegetation

At this work the physico-chemical Indicators of food color pigments derived from Ocimum basilicum vegetation is presented. This is known that in addition to color pigments, natural food coloring substances contain other biologically active components: vitamins, trace elements, organic acids. The raw material of the plant was extracted for 18 hours and the obtained solution was filtered, solid particles were separated in a centrifuge. The dry matter content of the purified natural dye-preserving solution,pH medium, specific density was determined. The solution was concentrated in a vacuum rotor evaporator for condensation, and its physical and chemical parameters were determined. The amount of fructose in the dye extract obtained in a 20% carbohydrate solution was 5.94 mg/l, the maximum value was 9.12% in the 40% extract, and the fructose content in the dye obtained in a 50% solution was 7.14%. - organized. It was found that the amount of vitamins in the concentrate is higher in 40% and 50% alcohol solution. The safety of the natural dye was analyzed. Heavy metals and their salts, dangerous substances for humanhealth were analyzed.

Silk Dyeing with Anthocyanin Dye Extract from Melastoma malabathricum L. Fruits Using Metal Oxides and Reducing Agents to Ameliorate Photo–Fading

Montra Chairat1,2,Email Phattaraporn Thongsamai1 Thamonwan Meephun1 Suwijak Pantanit1 Siritron Samosorn3 Warayuth Sajomsang4 Pattarapond Gonil4 John B Bremner5