Dyadic Relationships Research Articles

Effect of virtual-reality-based education program for managing behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A randomized controlled trial

This study aims to evaluate the effect of the virtual-reality-based education program (VR-EduBPSD) for managing behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Sixty-six family caregivers of people with dementia were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group following a 1:1 ratio. The experimental group received VR-EduBPSD while the control group received analogous paper-based educational materials. The outcome measures were competence in managing BPSD, dyadic relationship, caring self-efficacy, attitudes toward dementia, and behavior management skill. Only the ‘awareness of symptoms’ sub-scale score for competence in managing BPSD showed a significant group-by-time interaction. Significant time effects were also observed on the total and sub-scale scores for competence in managing BPSD, as well as on the dyadic relationship. This program, which utilizes high-immersion VR technology, offers a valuable learning experience for those new to the care of people with dementia. This study was registered at cris.nih.go.kr with number of KCT0006788.

It takes three: Parental hostility, brain morphology and child externalizing problems in a parent-offspring neuroimaging trio design.

Hostility often co-occurs in parents and associates with increased aggression and inattention problems in children. In this population-based cohort of 484 mother-father-child neuroimaging trios, we investigated the degree to which associations of prenatal and childhood parental hostility would be associated with maternal, paternal and child brain structural differences. Also, we examined whether hippocampal volumes of the parents or child mediate the association of prenatal parental hostility with child externalizing behaviors. Maternal and paternal hostility was assessed with the hostility subscale of the Brief-Symptom-Inventory at three time points: prenatally at 30 weeks gestation, and when the child was 3 and 10 years old. During adolescence assessment wave (age 14), maternal, paternal, and offspring assessment included a magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI). Child externalizing problems were assessed with Youth-Self-Report-Child-Behavior-Checklist.Our findings suggest that maternal and paternal hostility were each associated with smaller gray matter, white matter, and hippocampal volumes of their own and their partner's brain. Prenatal maternal but not paternal hostility was associated with smaller total gray matter, white matter, and hippocampal volumes in the offspring. The child's hippocampal volumes partially mediated the associations of prenatal parental hostility (latent-construct) with adolescent externalizing behavior, even after adjusting for prior child externalizing problems. Moreover, parental psychopathology may have long-lasting neurodevelopmental correlates in children that underlie the intergenerational transmission of behavioral problems. The behavior of family members results from a system of interdependent dyadic relationships over time that associate with specific brain structural differences.Significance statement Parental hostility often co-occurs in the parents. Research suggests that what transpires in one family subsystem, e.g. hostility among parents, is related to what transpires in other subsystems, e.g. mother-child or father-child, and can negatively impact child development. To understand the neurobiological effects of parental hostility on the families, these can best be studied with trio analysis as parents and children may all be affected. Overall, the findings elucidate how hostility of a parent negatively relates to different family subsystems and associated brain characteristic, such as the hippocampal volume. Our findings suggest that the behavior of family members results from a system of interdependent dyadic relationships over time that associate with specific brain structural differences.

Examining Factors That Contribute to Poststroke Depression Within the Family Caregiver and Care Recipient Dyadic Experience

Purpose: Stroke survivors often experience biochemical changes in the brain. This decreases the ability to experience positive emotions. Stroke survivors contend with the loss of their former self and are often left with residual physical, cognitive, communicative, and psychological changes leading to a depressive state. With an increasing number of stroke survivors returning to the community, informal care provided by family members will continue to rise. Many of the challenges faced by stroke survivors with poststroke depression (PSD) and by family caregivers (FCGs) have a significant impact on the relationship itself. With the goal to obtain insight into potential contributing factors to poststroke depressive features in stroke survivors, this qualitative research study aimed to investigate the experiences, behaviors, and perceptions of participants with PSD living in the dyadic relationship between FCG and stroke survivors. Method: Six FCG–stroke survivor care recipient dyads served as the participants. All stroke survivor care recipients were diagnosed with or had signs and symptoms of depression poststroke. Semistructured interviews were conducted with stroke survivors within each dyadic relationship. All participants were within this dyadic relationship for at least 3 months. Results: Six themes emerged from the stroke survivors. The findings indicated that grieving of the former self, lack of self-efficacy, isolation, difficulty with communication, perceived stress of the FCG, and lack of depressive coping skills are factors that contribute to PSD. Conclusions: There were multiple factors experienced by stroke survivors within the dyad affecting their emotional state and leading to or exacerbating depressive symptoms. Additionally, stroke survivors have limited coping strategies for depressive symptoms. Stroke survivor informational counseling, training, and education may improve coping strategies and decrease symptoms of depression and therefore lead to strengthened rehabilitative outcomes. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27156381

Effect of a single-session mindfulness-based intervention for reducing stress in family caregivers of people with dementia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundCaregiver stress can pose serious health and psychological concerns, highlighting the importance of timely interventions for family caregivers of people with dementia. Single-session mindfulness-based interventions could be a promising yet under-researched approach to enhancing their mental well-being within their unpredictable, time-constrained contexts. This trial will evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of a blended mindfulness-based intervention consisting of a single session and app-based follow-up in reducing caregiver stress.Methods/DesignThe study is a single-blinded randomized controlled trial with two arms (intervention versus an education session on dementia care) and assessments at baseline, 8 weeks, and 6 months. The eligibility criteria include: family caregivers aged 18 years or older; providing care for an individual with a confirmed medical diagnosis of dementia for at least 3 months prior to recruitment, with a minimum of 4 hours of daily contact; and exhibiting a high level of caregiver stress. The intervention comprises a 90-minute group-based session with various mindfulness practices and psychoeducation. Participants will receive a self-practice toolkit to guide their practice over a duration of 8 weeks. Sharing activities will be implemented through an online social media platform. The primary outcome is perceived caregiving stress. The secondary outcomes include depressive symptoms, positive aspects of caregiving, dyadic relationship, trait mindfulness, and neuropsychiatric symptoms of care recipients. The feasibility outcomes include eligibility and enrollment, attendance, adherence to self-practice, and retention, assessed using mixed methods.DiscussionThe study will contribute to the evidence base by investigating whether a single-session mindfulness intervention is effective and feasible for reducing caregiver stress among family caregivers of people with dementia.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06346223. Registered on April 3, 2024.

Using State Space Grids to Quantify and Examine Dynamics of Dyadic Conversation

ABSTRACT This paper illustrates how to implement state space grid analysis for analyzing the back-and-forth multi-turn dynamics that manifest in dyadic conversations. In doing so, we contribute to a dynamic dyadic systems perspective that seeks to advance theories about individual and relational antecedents and outcomes of interpersonal communication through the articulation and study of dyadic interaction dynamics. We first review state space grid terminology, data requirements, visualizations, and quantifications, and how the use of state space grid analysis maps to conversation-related research questions. We then illustrate the application of state space grids to the examination of dyadic support conversations; specifically, we demonstrate how this method can be used to derive parameters that operationalize the use of or movement in the state space and to examine between-dyad differences in movement through the state space. Empirically, we found that conversation behavior flexibility was related to characteristics of the dyadic relationship but not to support receiver outcomes, and that our operationalizations of conversation attractors were related to neither relational characteristics nor support receiver outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of theoretical, methodological, and practical issues that researchers can consider when using state space grids in the analysis of conversation dynamics.

​​Solace of Substance​: Agency, Surrender, and Consolation in Addiction and Polydrug Use

Although preceding its association with substance use, early uses of the term ‘addiction’ signified intense attachment or ‘devotion’ to an activity or pursuit, indicating compromised autonomy, a necessary ‘culling’ of conflicting obligations, such as family and other concerns, and a potentially dangerous surrender (Lemon 2018). Recent advances in biomedical and neuroscientific understandings of addiction, as a relapsing neurological disorder, have sharpened notions of substance use as being outside of conscious control. Yet framing addiction in terms of individual, neurobiological predispositions towards addictive behaviour, continues to impact how we view agency, responsibility, and autonomy, even as substances are ascribed their own powerful agencies. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork with individuals and third sector services in south-east Scotland, this article attends to ambiguous notions of agency attributed to and by people who use substances, and to substances themselves. It asks how responsibility for recovery becomes divested onto individuals, and how a moral ‘devotion’ to one’s recovery is mandated by medical and judicial institutions. The article further highlights how dyadic and intimate relationships with heroin are emplaced within wider webs of relations, and how heroin itself is suffused with agency and intentionality: becoming at once a force for destruction and source of life-giving surrender.

Dyadic cannabis use, alcohol use and relationship satisfaction: A daily diary study

ObjectiveIntimate relationships are important contexts for understanding individuals’ substance use patterns and trajectories. Using a dyadic daily diary design reporting over 14 consecutive days, the present study examined the association between cannabis use, alcohol use, and momentary relationship satisfaction among adult couples MethodEligible individuals on Prolific were invited to participate. We identified 33 couples where both partners participated. Participants completed a baseline survey and a 14-day daily diary study assessing their daily cannabis use, alcohol use, and relationship satisfaction. Multilevel modeling was used, within an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM), to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of one’s own use and their partner’s use on relationship satisfaction ResultsSignificant actor and partner effects of alcohol and cannabis use were found using both baseline and daily report data. For individuals who use cannabis more heavily among sampled couples, cannabis and alcohol co-use was associated with reduction in their own next-day relationship satisfaction while alcohol-only use was significantly associated with increased next-day satisfaction. There were no significant effects of one’s own or their partner’s effects for individuals who use cannabis more lightly. ConclusionsFindings replicate and extend prior research by demonstrating the dynamic nature of dyadic substance use and highlighting the unique impact of alcohol and cannabis co-use on daily relationship functioning.

Choice of Communication Channel for Dyadic Relationship Dissolution Processes in Abusive and Non-Abusive Relationships

Abstract: This study employs an affordances and multiple goals approach to explore channel choices in the initiation of dyadic relationship dissolution processes. In an experiment, participants imagined breaking up with an abusive romantic partner, breaking up with a nonabusive partner, or not breaking up. Then they indicated their likelihood of using various channels (i.e., face-to-face conversation, texting, social media, voice call, and video call) to communicate with their partner, responded to perceived social affordances measures for each channel, and provided insights in an open-ended prompt. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed. Results reveal that face-to-face communication is often preferred for dyadic relational dissolution processes, as bandwidth, social presence, and a lack of accessibility can convey a sense of seriousness and respect for the non-initiator while preventing miscommunication. However, mediated channels offer protection from emotional manipulation (for abusive relationships), physical violence (for abusive relationships), and awkward situations (for nonabusive relationships) thanks to their unique combinations of affordances.

Associations between mother and father involvement with older adolescents: Mediating effects of parent‐adolescent and couple relationships

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to illuminate the dynamic interplay among subsystems within the family context to understand how mother and father involvement in their adolescent children's lives may be related.BackgroundConsistent with different predictions offered by family spillover and by compensatory conceptual models, whether there is an association between mother and father involvement, as well as the direction of the association, is unclear thus far in the empirical literature. Whether more proximal dyadic relationships, such as parent–adolescent relationships, may mediate the association between mother and father involvement has also been underexamined.MethodThis study was conducted using the adolescent subsample drawn from Wave 3 of the Welfare, Children, and Families Project. A total of 463 ethnically diverse adolescents from low‐income households living with two biological parents were involved in this study.ResultsResults of a structural equation modeling analysis indicated that the total effect from mother involvement to father involvement was significant, but a direct association between them was not significant; closeness in parent–adolescent and coparental relationships mediated the relationship between the two. Study results also indicated that model fits and associations were roughly the same across adolescent sex and ethnicity groups.ConclusionThis study advanced the understanding of the father involvement process. The findings support that parental involvement interventions for parents from low‐income families should focus on developing culturally responsive strategies for promoting their parenting beliefs and healthy functioning.

Unraveling relationship dynamics in sports teams: A primer on the social relations model

Interpersonal behavior in sports teams are inherently intricate. The Social Relations Model (SRM) presents a compelling framework to conceptualize and dissect these complexities, enabling the empirical testing of theories concerning relationships within group settings. The SRM decomposes dyadic measurements obtained from a round-robin design into components at the individual (actor and partner) level, relationship level, and team level. Leveraging data on need satisfaction, as experienced by the coach, team captain and two other athletes in relation to each other across 96 sports teams, we showcase the application of the SRM. A step-by-step introduction to the implementation of the model in R is provided. We elucidate how the SRM facilitates the investigation of research questions that deepen our understanding of team dynamics. Our illustration reveals that while the team effect exhibits minimal explanatory power over variability, substantial variability in need satisfaction is accounted for by both individual factors (actor and partner) and relationship effects. Notably, considerable differences are observed between sports teams in the extent to which coaches elicited need satisfaction in their team members. On average, coaches elicit lower levels of need satisfaction compared to other team members. Reciprocal relationships are evident in the team captain-athlete dyad and the athlete-athlete dyad, but not in dyadic relationships with the coach. In sum, this tutorial illustrates how analyzing dyadic data from a round-robin design using the SRM can enhance our understanding of dyadic relationship data within sports teams.

Dyadic examination of parents' general psychological distress and coparenting in families with young children: The mediating role of couple satisfaction

AbstractThe current research explored the dyadic relationships between general psychological distress (GPD) and coparenting dimensions (cooperation, conflict, triangulation) through the mediation of couple satisfaction among parents with young children. The sample comprised 184 heterosexual couples (184 mothers, 184 fathers, age range from 25 to 57 years) married for 10 years on average. The actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) and APIM Mediation Model analyses demonstrated significant relationships between mothers' and fathers' GPD and all three of their own coparenting dimensions (direct actor effects), also through their own couple satisfaction (indirect actor–actor effects). Additionally, mothers' GPD had direct effects on fathers' coparenting cooperation (partner effect). Fathers' GPD had significant indirect effects on all dimensions of mothers' coparenting through mothers' couple satisfaction (partner–actor effects), plus on mothers' coparenting triangulation through fathers' couple satisfaction (actor–partner effect). Findings were in line with Family System Theory and consistent with prior research. Clinical implications were discussed.

Sensemaking of Subordinates’ Perception Through Supervisor Interactions and Its Role in Informing HRM Practices: A South Asian Perspective

The dyadic relationship between subordinate-supervisor garners significant focus within organizational studies and human resource management (HRM), being deemed a perpetual source of the organization’s most direct experiences. Nonetheless, these interactions are transient, as the dyadic and complex nature of their relationship transcends simple exchanges at workplace. The study provides an in-depth analysis of sensemaking in the context of modern-day organizations, particularly focusing on South Asian workplaces. Sensemaking is a cognitive process that individuals undergo when they encounter changes in their work environment, seeking clarity and formulating appropriate responses. The paper examines sensemaking’s influential role in shaping HRM practices. The authors adopted a deductive thematic analysis method to analyze 30 nominated texts using the MAXQDA content analysis tool. The authors propose a conceptual model based on five key themes derived from sensemaking: perception of supervisory behavior, perception of work relationship aspects, perception of workplace culture, opportunities-challenges in HRM practice, and outcomes of subordinate perception informing HRM practice. The study concludes that sensemaking is deeply embedded in the institutional, cultural, and organizational fabric of South Asian workplaces, and it significantly influences HRM practices.

Interpersonal Relationships in Organizations: Building Better Pipes and Looking Through Prisms

In this review, we attempt to make sense of the broad, complex, incoherent, fascinating yet frustrating literatures that implicate interpersonal relationships in organizations by focusing on how relationships are treated and what relationships do for organizations and the people therein. We leverage the existing literature to push the study of interpersonal relationships in organizations in three ways. First, we conceptualize relationships in ways that are deeper than are typically studied, in terms of the nature of interpersonal bonds, the trajectory of relationships, and how relationships are measured. Second, we build on multilevel research that demonstrates how (top-down) organization-level processes and relational systems impact dyadic relationships and associated outcomes, and how (bottom-up) those same relationships implicate organizational processes and outcomes. Third, we realize the potential of viewing relationships not just as pipes for the direct transmission of knowledge and socioemotional support but as prisms for studying indirect processes of attention and interpretation.

Prescription of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in Memory Clinics: Data from the Clinical Pathway for Alzheimer's Disease in China (CPAD) Study

ObjectivesNonpharmacologic interventions are recommended to improve outcomes in dementia. Little is known about their prescription in practice, especially in non-Western populations. We investigated individual- and institution-level characteristics associated with nonpharmacologic interventions prescription in China. DesignA multicenter observational study. Setting and ParticipantsThis study used cross-sectional data from 889 community-dwelling outpatients living with dementia aged ≥45 years from a multicenter registry of 28 memory clinics in China. MethodsPrescription records of nonpharmacologic interventions, carer and clinic characteristics, and reasons for declining interventions were collected. Multilevel logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the prescription. ResultsNonpharmacologic interventions were prescribed in 323 people (36.3%) with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Cognitive activities and carer training/support were the most prescribed interventions. Multilevel logistic regression showed that 73% of the variance in prescription was attributed to institutional characteristics of the memory clinic. Greater caregiving gain [odds ratio (OR), 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09], lower burden (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-1.00), worse carer-perceived dyad relationship (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-0.99), and family history of dementia (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.19-3.65) were individual-level factors associated with prescription. Among 440 people considered having a need but received no prescription, declined by user/carer was the main reason for not prescribing (70.7%). Skepticism about effectiveness by physicians/carers and carers being unable or lacking resources to use the interventions were the common reasons given. Conclusions and ImplicationsA relatively low prescription rate of nonpharmacologic interventions is related to both individual- and institution-level factors. Carer support and education, instrumental support, and prescription guidelines across specialties and sites are possible strategies to improve access to nonpharmacologic interventions in dementia care.

Digital integration capability asymmetry and buyer product innovation: the contingent roles of environmental dynamism and innovative climate

PurposeFirms are increasingly digitalizing their business processes and expanding them into digital platforms, which are believed to generate digital and relational resources that can facilitate and deliver innovations for firms. Instead of focusing on the extent of digital integration capability (DI), this paper seeks to empirically evaluate whether the DI asymmetry between the buyer and supplier firms influences bilateral information sharing and the buyer’s product innovation. We also examine the moderating effects of firms’ external (environmental dynamism) and internal (innovative climate) environments on these relationships.Design/methodology/approachPrimary and secondary archival data on 180 buyer-supplier Chinese dyadic relationships were collected and analyzed using multiple linear regression models. Additionally, the Process macro was used to shed a nuanced light on the moderation effects of environmental dynamism and innovative climate.FindingsThe results show that DI asymmetry negatively impacts buyer firms’ product innovation through decreased information sharing. Environmental dynamism weakens the negative relationship between DI asymmetry and information sharing. Meanwhile, the innovative climate negatively moderates the relationship between information sharing and product innovation.Originality/valueThis study adds knowledge to the literature regarding the dark side of “one-sided digitalization.” By exploring the influences of unbalanced DI in buyer-supplier relationships, this study yields essential theoretical and managerial implications for product innovation success in a digital era.

The Couples Coping Enhancement Training – Sexual Minority Stress (CCET-SMS) Relationship Education Program: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Evidence of Effectiveness

Individuals with diverse and traditionally underrepresented sexual orientations – those who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) – experience compounded stress due to their marginalized identity in a heteronormative society. Such stressors, which include but are not limited to discrimination and internalized heterosexism, increase risks for various affective disorders and negatively impact relationship functioning. Empirically supported relationship education programs, including the Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET), have been found efficacious in increasing psychological and relationship well-being; however, the original CCET and related education programs do not specifically target how couples can identify, communicate, and cope with sexual minority stressors. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary evidence of effectiveness of the Couples Coping Enhancement Training – Sexual Minority Stress (CCET-SMS) relationship education program. Results from nine couples showed trends in decreased reports of sexual minority stress and general distress, and significant increases in reports of positive dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction. Additional results based on the program feasibility and acceptability along with limitations and suggestions for future directions are presented.

Hypergraph-Based Influence Maximization in Online Social Networks

Influence maximization in online social networks is used to select a set of influential seed nodes to maximize the influence spread under a given diffusion model. However, most existing proposals have huge computational costs and only consider the dyadic influence relationship between two nodes, ignoring the higher-order influence relationships among multiple nodes. It limits the applicability and accuracy of existing influence diffusion models in real complex online social networks. To this end, in this paper, we present a novel information diffusion model by introducing hypergraph theory to determine the most influential nodes by jointly considering adjacent influence and higher-order influence relationships to improve diffusion efficiency. We mathematically formulate the influence maximization problem under higher-order influence relationships in online social networks. We further propose a hypergraph sampling greedy algorithm (HSGA) to effectively select the most influential seed nodes. In the HSGA, a random walk-based influence diffusion method and a Monte Carlo-based influence approximation method are devised to achieve fast approximation and calculation of node influences. We conduct simulation experiments on six real datasets for performance evaluations. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the HSGA, and the HSGA has a lower computational cost and higher seed selection accuracy than comparison mechanisms.

Filial piety belief profiles among Chinese couples: Associations with relationship satisfaction and insecure attachment

AbstractThe present study examined the heterogeneity of Chinese romantic couples' filial piety belief patterns. In addition, we investigated how the configuration of filial piety belief profiles within couples can link to individuals' perceptions of romantic relationship satisfaction and different attachment tendencies. We recruited 297 dyads of Chinese couples currently in heterosexual romantic relationships in the university. The couples completed self‐reported measures of dual filial piety beliefs (reciprocal and authoritarian filial piety), romantic relationship satisfaction, and insecure attachment (attachment anxiety and avoidance). We used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify couples' dual filial piety belief interaction profiles. Four‐couple profiles emerged: (1) authoritarian couples, (2) balanced couples (while men with slightly higher reciprocal filial piety), (3) balanced couples (while men with lower reciprocal filial piety), and (4) divergent couples (balanced men and non‐filial women). The couples in the four profiles did not show significant differences in their romantic relationship satisfaction, but their attachment styles differed. (1) authoritarian couples experienced the highest levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance; (2) balanced couples experienced relatively lower levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance; and (3) non‐filial women in divergent couple profiles experienced significantly higher levels of attachment avoidance. This was the first study to uncover the possible associations between Chinese young couples' dual filial piety interaction profiles, and their dyadic relationship satisfaction and insecure attachment by adopting the person‐centered approach. We further discussed the theoretical and practical implications of the findings.

Legitimacy and transparency in dyadic supply chains: Does competition intensity matter?

Working only with suppliers that meet certain social and environmental standards has become a new norm in the selection of business partners for many firms, which encourages suppliers to become more transparent to gain a competitive advantage. This study investigates whether buyer legitimacy is associated with supply chain transparency from an environmental, social, and governance (ESG) perspective. Using a dataset of 605 dyadic relationships from Chinese listed firms for the period 2011–2019, we empirically examine our conceptual framework using hierarchical linear regression models. We demonstrate that buyer legitimacy is positively associated with supplier ESG transparency in dyadic supply chains. We further find that the supplier's competition intensity negatively moderates the positive relationship between buyer legitimacy and supplier ESG transparency. Overall, our findings contribute to a better understanding of organizational legitimacy and the buyer–supplier relationship and offer practical guidelines for enhancing supply chain transparency.

Reciprocal prospective effects among parental psychological distress, family cohesion, and child socioemotional behavior within families.

This study explores the dyadic longitudinal interplay among parents' psychological distress, family cohesion, children's internalizing/externalizing behaviors, and peer-related social competence within individual and dyadic relationships. Data came from a nationally representative longitudinal cohort study of children in South Korea. The analyses included 1,779 families across three annual timepoints. Children were 4 years old (48.6% girls) and the mean ages of mothers and fathers were 34.8 and 37.3 years, respectively, at baseline. At each assessment point, mothers completed questionnaires regarding their psychological distress, cohesion, and their child's internalizing/externalizing behaviors, while fathers provided information on their psychological distress and family cohesion. Preschool teachers also evaluated children's peer social competence at each measurement timepoint. The results revealed bidirectional associations between maternal ratings of psychological distress and children's internalizing/externalizing behaviors as well as between maternal ratings of cohesion and children's internalizing/externalizing behaviors. Paternal ratings of psychological distress were longitudinally related to maternal ratings of children's internalizing behaviors. Teacher ratings of children's peer social competence were associated with maternal ratings of internalizing/externalizing behaviors and paternal ratings of psychological distress and cohesion. Teacher ratings of peer social competence and maternal ratings of internalizing and externalizing behaviors were reciprocally associated. Maternal and paternal ratings of psychological distress and cohesion were prospectively and bidirectionally associated. The findings demonstrate prospective transactions among family subsystems, some of which were moderated by child sex, while highlighting the importance of obtaining data on each family member and considering interactive effects of both parent and child sex in this line of inquiry. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).