Typology Of Dwelling Research Articles

Climate adaptation in traditional dwelling typologies: the case of Southern Anhui, China

ABSTRACT This study focused on the climate adaptation of traditional dwellings in Southern Anhui to identify the architectural features that influence thermal comfort conditions and uncover the mechanisms behind climate adaptation from a typological perspective. To elucidate the relationship between architectural forms and bioclimatic strategies, this study categorizes climatically responsive solutions in traditional dwellings into three levels: built shape type, space gradients, and interface adaptation. This research was conducted through a field study in Southern Anhui, and the data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively and a simulation of the environmental performance was conducted. The research findings demonstrate that the architectural forms and construction logic prevalent in traditional dwellings in Southern Anhui are well suited to the local climate. There was an explicit mathematical and morphological correspondence between the three types of architectural forms and climatic comfort. Overall, the results of this study can contribute significantly to contemporary residential architecture in Southern Anhui by shedding light on the inherent value of bioclimatic strategies in traditional dwellings, thereby facilitating the critical transmission to modern architectural practices in the region.

Optimized thermal envelope of low-income dwellings in Santiago de Chile incorporating Pinus radiata wood impregnated with phase change materials

The demand for air conditioning and heating in the construction sector has increased in about two decades, mainly because of demographic and economic growth. The result of this increase in energy consumption has been more greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization design that helps reduce heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) energy consumption and increases the thermal comfort levels in low-income housing. Achieving these objectives required choosing a dwelling unit that is representative of the Chilean housing stock, which was identified with the help of the National Housing Monitoring Network (ReNaM). The selected optimization variables correspond to the type of windows, type and thickness of ceiling insulation, and type of PCM-impregnated Pinus radiata wood panel, with PCM melting points between 8 and 27 °C. Subsequently, we minimized the hours of thermal discomfort and the dwelling typology's electrical consumption of heating and cooling by using the algorithm the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II). The main results include a reduction of up to 21.5 % in the thermal discomfort hours and a decrease of up to 80.5 % in energy consumption associated with the optimal housing typology compared to the base case. Additionally, the economic analysis indicated the payback period is 12.9 years for the Pareto solution, which presents a lower distance to the utopic point (UP).

Circular, biomimicry-based, and energy-efficient façade development for renovating terraced dwellings in the Netherlands

Many studies concerning lowering the Operational Energy (OE) of existing dwellings have been conducted. However, those studies barely cover its collateral Embodied Energy (EE). As the Circular Economy is gaining momentum and the balance between OE and EE is shifting, the Life Cycle Energy Performance (LCEP) is becoming increasingly relevant as an indicator. LCEP accounts for all the OE and EE a building consumes during its lifespan. However, clear insights into the LCEP are still to be investigated. This study focuses on developing a circular and energy-efficient renovation solution for a common terraced dwelling typology in the Netherlands. The energy-efficient renovation is based on three circular strategies: Biomimicry, Urban Mining, and Design for Disassembly (DfD), covering the aspects of EE and future reuse of building materials and components. The developed renovation solution reduces 82% of the LCEP compared to the existing scenario. With additional photovoltaic (PV) modules, the dwelling reduces 100% of the LCEP. Applying biomimicry, urban mining, and DfD-based renovation can significantly lower the overall LCEP and its collateral environmental impacts to achieve a Life Cycle Zero Energy circular renovation.

Demographics, dwelling type and residents’ satisfaction at Zabdah affordable housing project, Jordan

PurposeThis paper aims to study the Zabdah housing project residents’ satisfaction on both dwelling and neighborhood levels. In addition, the determinants of residents’ satisfaction are studied.Design/methodology/approachA mixed methodology approach was used, merging quantitative and qualitative methods. The questionnaire was developed and filled out through structured interviews. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used to understand the residents’ satisfaction levels. In addition, the chi-square test of independence was used to determine whether demographics and dwelling type were related to residents’ satisfaction.FindingsIt was found that the residents’ satisfaction level with Zabdah housing was moderate on both dwelling and neighborhood levels. On the dwelling level, the tiny dwelling areas were a fundamental problem. On the neighborhood level, good neighborhood services were crucial to the success of this project, while the lack of green spaces negatively affected the quality of life of its residents. In addition, the number of family members and dwelling types were critical determinants of residents’ satisfaction.Practical implicationsThe findings can be developed into guidelines to govern the creation of better affordable residential environments. Furthermore, the successful dwelling typologies in this project can be modified to be adopted in the future.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study of its kind to explore the relationship of demographics and dwelling type with residents’ satisfaction in affordable housing in Jordan.

Lockdown impacts on residential electricity demand in India: A data-driven and non-intrusive load monitoring study using Gaussian mixture models

This study evaluates the effect of complete nationwide lockdown in 2020 on residential electricity demand across 13 Indian cities and the role of digitalisation using a public smart meter dataset. We undertake a data-driven approach to explore the energy impacts of work-from-home norms across five dwelling typologies. Our methodology includes climate correction, dimensionality reduction and machine learning-based clustering using Gaussian Mixture Models of daily load curves. Results show that during the lockdown, maximum daily peak demand increased by 150–200% as compared to 2018 and 2019 levels for one room-units (RM1), one bedroom-units (BR1) and two bedroom-units (BR2) which are typical for low- and middle-income families. While the upper-middle- and higher-income dwelling units (i.e., three (3BR) and more-than-three bedroom-units (M3BR)) saw night-time demand rise by almost 44% in 2020, as compared to 2018 and 2019 levels. Our results also showed that new peak demand emerged for the lockdown period for RM1, BR1 and BR2 dwelling typologies. We found that the lack of supporting socioeconomic and climatic data can restrict a comprehensive analysis of demand shocks using similar public datasets, which informed policy implications for India's digitalisation. We further emphasised improving the data quality and reliability for effective data-centric policymaking.

Rejuvenation in rural Ireland in response to the COVID-19 induced urban-to-rural migration phenomenon

The aim of this paper is to discuss the paradigm shift in residential choices induced by the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. Firstly, the resilience of the rural regions belonging to the Northern Periphery and Arctic Program will be explored—the challenges brought about by COVID-19 within their tourism sectors, and the opportunities for rural revival generated by the current shifts in workplace mobility. The paper will then delve deeper into the case study of Ireland. The pre-existing issue of Ireland’s one-off housing and suburban sprawl will be explored, and the extent to which the regional plan “Our Rural Future” will tackle these issues by optimizing building density and dwelling typology in the post-COVID-19 era.

Influence of climate change on the energy performance assessment of NZEB houses

The Energy Performance of Buildings (EPB) regulations aim to reduce primary energy use and carbon dioxide emissions of buildings, which are the result of creating a comfortable and healthy indoor environment. In this study, the influence of climate change on the regulatory EPB calculation results is analysed for the Flanders region in Belgium. The results of the analysis may be used by authorities to better define nearly zero energy building (NZEB) requirements today. Meteonorm has been used to simulate future climate change based on IPCC scenarios and urban heat island effect. These future climates have been implemented in a Revit-and Excel-based tool that calculates the stochastic variation of energy performance for six different dwelling typologies, based on the semi-steady state energy use calculation method applied in the regional rating method. Four different packages of measures to achieve NZEB performance (thermal insulation, energy efficient ventilation, renewable energy technologies,…) have been considered. The results for primary energy use, overheating indicator and net energy use for heating and cooling have been analysed. As may be expected, climate change is found to lead to an increase in overheating risk, an increase in cooling energy use, and a decrease in heating energy use in the analysed dwellings. Since in most cases the decrease in heating energy use outweighs the increase in cooling energy use, the total primary energy use decreases in most cases for the 2050 future climate.

Traditional Versus Contemporary Dwellings in a Desert Environment: The Case of Bechar, Algeria

Traditional architecture has always demonstrated a strong relationship between the buildings and their environment, as these are designed with the climatic conditions and socio-cultural values in mind. However, multiple challenges facing traditional buildings are linked to the ability of communities to sustainably preserve themin an ever changing and very different urban fabric. At a time of great socio-economic change and technological progress, sustainability, both tangible and intangible, means preserving as much heritage as possible, would be an important factor in restoring and preserving the city’s identity. The traditional “ksour”settlements have proved their environmental and socio-cultural credentials. Given that this dwelling typology is fast disappearing and being replaced by villas and apartments using contemporary production methods and materials, this work aims to compare the two dwelling typologies with a view to test to what extent the latter ones do fulfil their environmental and socio-cultural roles and to identify what lessons, if any, can be learned from traditional settlements. The research presented here, which was undertaken using a qualitative approach based on case study analysis, is likely to contribute to a better understanding of the design and functioning of the“ksar”, which is a fast disappearing urban dwelling typology.

Domestic energy mapping to enable area-based whole house retrofits

A long-standing challenge for area-based mass retrofits has been the ability to rapidly and accurately target appropriate dwellings for energy improvements. This paper demonstrates the application of a data-driven localised Geographical Information System (GIS)-based domestic energy mapping approach to create house-by-house baseline energy models and predict the potential for whole house energy retrofits in a case study of 431 dwellings in Oxford (UK). Top-down spatial datasets on energy, housing, socioeconomics and fuel poverty are combined with bottom-up energy modelling underpinned by actual dwelling details gathered through questionnaire surveys by the local community group. Multiple routes to identify suitable dwellings were tested such as grouping dwellings with high energy use, those with high levels of fuel poverty and by common dwelling characteristics. About 300 dwellings were found to be suitable for a whole house retrofit package, equating to 89–94% mean energy reduction over baseline. While the most common dwelling typology, 1930s semi-detached had high retrofit need, it fell in an area with low annual household income. The second most common dwelling typology, 1930s terrace, was dominant in areas with median level of household income. Funding programmes will need to be customised for different household segments to increase the take-up of energy retrofits.

Determination of Dwelling Typologies in Chile to Define Energy Efficiency Programmes

The Ministry of Housing and Urbanism of Chile (MINVU) has led the implementation of thermal conditioning requirements in dwellings (2000, 2007) as well as the Dwellings Energy Rating System (2012). To design improvements to both programmes, MINVU required a statistical analysis identifying the statistical distribution of the different parameters that influence the energy demand of the dwellings, as well as typologies and their distribution, both at the national level as well as that of the 9 thermal zones. A series of statistical analyses was developed for this purpose; mainly a Conglomerates Analysis, using specifically the hierarchic agglomerative method. This method was applied to detached dwellings, Semi-detached or Terraced dwellings and Apartment segments. So as to obtain more stable frequencies, as well as estimate standard deviations and confidence intervals, 200 random samples were obtained for each segment. The main result was the definition of 13 dwelling typologies in Chile, their respective distribution at the national and thermal zones levels, as well as the representation of the parameters that compose these typologies and influence energy demands. Finally, an analysis was carried out, based on secondary images of dwellings representing their respective typologies; this allowed complementing and correcting the typologies’ definition where it should be necessary. A second study is being carried out at the time of closing this document -using those results- this shall allow to establish the energy demand of dwellings built in Chile before 2018, by typology, thermal zone and thermal regulations stage, so that Minvu may quantitatively define the energy demand baseline, consolidate measurement metrics, and refine long-term improvement objectives.

A Comparative Analysis of the International Regulation of Thermal Properties in Building Envelope

To achieve the goals of reducing building energy consumption, regulations are being designed to guarantee the appropriate energy performance of buildings. Both European and South American countries establish requirements of thermal properties of building envelope according to the climate zone, thus implying notable differences in climate classifications and technical requirements. This research provides a general view of advantages and limitations between the different state regulations of three South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile) and three European countries (Spain, Portugal, and France). A total of 792 simulations were conducted with Energy Plus by considering 12 different dwelling typologies in 66 climate zones. Building envelopes were adapted to the regulations of the various countries. Results showed tendencies of performance clearly different between the South American and the European countries, with the latter being those with the lowest energy demands. The cluster analysis of distributions of energy demand revealed that buildings located in similar climates but in different countries present very different energy performances. This research opens up the discussion on the development of more demanding policies related to thermal properties of buildings. Also, the analysis at a continental scale could reduce the differences between countries and guarantee a more sustainable life for the building stock.

A tool for the assessment of energy-efficiency retrofit packages based on simulations, for single-family housing in Concepcion, Chile

A variety of retrofit options can be undertaken to reduce the growing energy consumption and ensure indoor comfort levels in housing. These offer specific solutions whose energy performance can be determined using building thermal performance simulations. This article presents a computer tool to help analyse alternatives to improve energy performance for single-family housing in the city of Concepcion, Chile. This software provides a novel procedure to manage thermal simulations, defining retrofit packages based on simulation results and that include price calculations. The software also allows estimates to be made using data from previously studied housing in the region. Background data are presented on the housing type under study as well as the proposed retrofit options and the analysis of some case studies. The software can suggest retrofit packages which provide reductions that range from a quarter to half the total energy demand at a cost of between 5 and 15% of total house value. These results show that the proposed tool works properly and provides good energy-efficiency retrofit recommendations for this type of housing, allowing it to be used as an innovative public dissemination instrument. Furthermore, it can be extended to manage simulations of other dwelling typologies or regions to support professional work.

The Berlin Room

This article traces the history of the Berlin Room—a characteristic feature of Berlin's nineteenth-century layouts of flats. The Berlin Room was a space that connected the street-facing salon rooms to the back bedrooms, utility areas and servants’ quarters in the side wing. It functioned as a spacious thoroughfare, rather than the vestibule it would originally have been, and became the room where the family gathered for meals. This room became common in the early nineteenth-century bourgeois flat, where it embodied the new domestic ideals of the bourgeoisie: namely, informal social interaction and tight-knit family bonds. As a wave of immigrants came to Berlin in the mid-nineteenth century, the city's urban fabric was transformed by the construction of tenement housing. A municipal building officer, Gustav Assmann, developed a series of plans to serve as guides for tenement design and, rather than developing a distinct dwelling type to suit Berlin's lower-middle and working classes, Assmann developed a pared-down version of the bourgeois flat. Within this new typology, the Berlin Room remained the nucleus but was recast as a vehicle for conservative social reform. This article considers the changing values of the Berlin Room as it moved from one dwelling typology to another. Believed to have been unaffected by the corruptive Parisian property development industry, conservatives viewed the Berlin Room, as it reappeared in the tenement, as the last vestige of pre-modern German family life.

Socioeconomic analysis of domestic water end-use consumption in the Federal District, Brazil

This paper explores the relationship between domestic water consumption and dwelling typology, household income and number of occupants. It describes the data and methods used to estimate domestic water consumption and related end-uses for the different household income and residential building typologies of the Federal District, Brazil. To verify the consistency of estimated water end-use data acquired at a fixture-appliance level with metered consumption at the dwelling level, covariance error models were built. The error models were also used in the regularization of the regression of water consumption over socioeconomic variables, using a generalized least-squares approach. Based on linear regression using log-transformed data, this study validates and presents an indoor and outdoor domestic water consumption model. Findings suggest that dwelling characteristics, number of residents, and household income affect both indoor and outdoor water consumption patterns and, therefore, should be considered for adequate water demand predictions, rainwater harvesting, and water reuse system design dimensioning and quantifying potential water savings for different water conservation measures.

Restoration in Objects and the Methodology of Intervention

The purpose of the study is to highlight some of the ways of intervention that can be applied in various objects. In this study they treated theory- practical issues dealing with ways of intervention and essential elements in an object. Regards restoration as complex discipline which aims to value the monument as an historical proof. It’s a monument evaluation by considering the appropriate amount to the component of historical document. Each population even each period of its historical development contains the ethnical and temporal stamp. The experience of our country in the restoration of popular dwelling makes possible that within the basis of achieved realizations other important criterion should be highlighted. The popular dwelling is distinguished for huge transformation that has passed throughout time. Each monument changes throughout time, but popular dwellings being a category directly connected to socio-economical conditions reflects those conditions. The dwelling is a construction with intensive and continuous exploitations which remains same even after being labeled as a monument. In the construction relatively weak materials and techniques are being used, highlighting the degradation of its constructive and architectonical elements. - Some of the problems we are going to treat are: Positions that should be held towards the changes that has passed the dwelling over time. 1.The partial or overall restoration ( seen in report with monument evaluation) The constructive and architectonical degraded elements; 2. The methodology of interference; 3.The techniques of cleaning; 4. The special criterion for dwelling restoration, for the simple fact that all monuments have its history and place in popular dwelling typology, find in most of the cases a common effectuation. So in the same monument can be applied different criterion in different parts of it. Every restoration is a special case.

Restoration in Objects and the Methodology of Intervention

The purpose of the study is to highlight some of the ways of intervention that can be applied in various objects. In this study they treated theory- practical issues dealing with ways of intervention and essential elements in an object. Regards restoration as complex discipline which aims to value the monument as an historical proof. It’s a monument evaluation by considering the appropriate amount to the component of historical document. Each population even each period of its historical development contains the ethnical and temporal stamp. The experience of our country in the restoration of popular dwelling makes possible that within the basis of achieved realizations other important criterion should be highlighted. The popular dwelling is distinguished for huge transformation that has passed throughout time. Each monument changes throughout time, but popular dwellings being a category directly connected to socio-economical conditions reflects those conditions. The dwelling is a construction with intensive and continuous exploitations which remains same even after being labeled as a monument. In the construction relatively weak materials and techniques are being used, highlighting the degradation of its constructive and architectonical elements. - Some of the problems we are going to treat are: Positions that should be held towards the changes that has passed the dwelling over time. 1.The partial or overall restoration ( seen in report with monument evaluation) The constructive and architectonical degraded elements; 2. The methodology of interference; 3.The techniques of cleaning; 4. The special criterion for dwelling restoration, for the simple fact that all monuments have its history and place in popular dwelling typology, find in most of the cases a common effectuation. So in the same monument can be applied different criterion in different parts of it. Every restoration is a special case.

User-based design for inclusive urban transformation: learning from ‘informal’ and ‘formal’ dwelling practices in Guayaquil, Ecuador

In Latin American cities, modes of housing and settlement production are rapidly shifting with city-making becoming an increasingly unequal process. While the Latin American region was once a cradle for ground-breaking research on incremental urban development, more recent housing policies have radically disengaged from incremental dwelling typologies and socially engaged design practices. Taking a people-centred approach, this article documents the ways in which urban dwellers contribute to the production of the urban environment in Guayaquil, the largest city of Ecuador. Grounded in an intensive case study methodology, the inquiry focuses on the ways in which users resourcefully transform, adapt or contest space at the micro and the meso scales in both consolidated low-income settlements and state-led resettlement housing projects, most commonly present in the consolidating city of Guayaquil today. On this basis, the study examines how and to what extent spontaneously produced dwelling environments may inform new formal housing arrangements in the city and vice versa. It reflects on key principles for a new set of housing policies and design strategies suggesting the cultivation of a ‘variety of choices’ and draws attention to user-based design and housing mechanisms that foster inclusive urban transformation.

Morphological-Ontological Analysis of Urban Texture Changing with Dwelling Typologies

Cities are defined by historical, geographical, sociological, cultural, economic and administrative aspects; each concept exposes different characteristics of cities as social structure and architecture from the others. The differentiating characteristics also form the identity of cities/settlements. While the physical fabric of cities makes it necessary to analyse in a morphological way, the ontological structure which is affective on the formation of this morphological structure and searches background of “existence” is seen as an unknown aspect of space. In fact, morphological and ontological space calls into being and affects each other. In this study, urban fabric changing with the existence of new dwelling types is accepted as a factor affecting the urban change. The ontology of the new one is investigated and the negation brought to the context is handled morphologically and sociologically. Konya is selected as site area; it is focused on Meram region as one of the main districts. Differentiating life conditions and the reasons of that is various in Meram regions like any other area; the existence of new dwelling typologies deteriorates the fabric pattern. This negative situation is investigated in this study not only morphologically but also sociologically because of different user profiles. In last 10-15 years, high rise buildings with security, private buildings with security, studio type dwelling applications started to exterminate the original one. Especially studio dwelling applications and designs disowning the social dimension have the potential of exterminating and changing the morphological and ontological sustainability of the neighbourhoods defined as sub-public area.

Italo-Australian Transnational Houses: Critical Review of a Qualitative Research Study

The research study aimed to understand how first generation Italian migrants in Brisbane have influenced the form of a specific typology of dwelling, the archetypal ‘house on a quarter-acre block’, in the post WWII period. In order to understand the forces behind and outcomes of migrants’ influence on the form of their Italo-Australian transnational houses, qualitative data collected from the testimonies of Italian migrants in conjunction with evidence left from four houses were analyzed. The findings revealed that the architectural form of the house was influenced by architectural traditions, sociocultural factors and urbanization patterns. It was shown that the form of the transnational house mirrored the cultures derived from the ways of life belonging to two societies. Therefore, the form of houses built by Italian migrants in post WWII Brisbane is the manifestation of the Italian and the Australian cultures. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and critically review the qualitative methodology adopted for the study, the limitations of the study and the recommendations for further exploration and development of both theoretical and applied areas of research.

Factors affecting the variability of household water use in Melbourne, Australia

This study investigates the variability of household water use in Melbourne with the aim of improving the current understanding of factors affecting residential water use. This understanding is critical to predicting household water demand, particularly at an appropriate spatial and temporal resolution to support Integrated Urban Water Management based planning and to improve the understanding on how different household water demands respond to demand management strategies. The study used two sets of data each collected from 837 households under significantly different water use conditions in the years 2003 and 2011. Data from each household consist of the household characteristics and quarterly metre readings. Ordinary Least Square regression analysis followed by detailed analysis of each factor was used to identify key factors affecting household water use. The variables studied are household size, typology of dwelling, appliance efficiency, presence of children under 12 years, presence of children aged between 12 and 18 years, tenancy, dwelling age, presence of swimming pool, evaporative cooler, and dishwasher. All of them except presence of children aged between 12 and 18 years, tenancy and dwelling age were identified as variables that contribute to the variability of household water use in Melbourne. The study also found that the explanatory capacity of these variables increases with decreasing water use. This paper also discusses the significance of the explanatory variables, their impact and how they vary over the seasons and years. The variables found in this study can be used to inform improved prediction and modelling of residential water demand. The paper also explores other possible drivers to explain residential water use in light of the moderate explanatory capacity of the variables selected for this study thus, provides useful insights into future research into water demand modelling.