Respective Duties Research Articles

Kantian Harm Reduction.

The justification for harm reduction as an approach to drug use and addiction is seen by many to be consequentialist in form and it has been claimed that as a deontologist Kant would reject harm reduction. I argue this is wrong on both counts. A more nuanced understanding of harm reduction and Kant shows them compatible. Kant's own remarks about intoxication reinforce this. Moreover, there is a Kantian argument that harm reduction is not only morally permissible but more consistent with the Kantian duty of respect for autonomy than mandatory abstinence approaches.

Respect and the reality of apparent reasons

Rationality requires us to respond to apparent normative reasons. Given the independence of appearance and reality, why think that apparent normative reasons necessarily provide real normative reasons? And if they do not, why think that mistakes of rationality are necessarily real mistakes? This paper gives a novel answer to these questions. I argue first that in the moral domain, there are objective duties of respect that we violate whenever we do what appears to violate our first-order duties. The existence of these duties of respect, I argue, ensures that apparent moral reasons are exceptions to the independence of appearance and reality. I then extend these arguments to the domain of overall reason. Just as there are objective duties of respect for moral reasons that explain moral blameworthiness, so there are objective duties of respect for reasons (period) that explain blameworthiness in the court of overall reason. The existence of these duties ensures that apparent reasons (period) are exceptions to the independence of appearance and reality.

POLA PEMENUHAN HAK DAN KEWAJIBAN SUAMI ISTRI LONG DISTANCE RELATIONSHIP (LDR)

Ideally, a married couple lives together to carry out their respective duties and obligations. However, because the demands of work cause some of them must be far apart and live the life of Long Distance Relationship (LDR) as happened in Batujaya Village, Kec. Batujaya, Kab. Karawang. The problem that arises is how the pattern of fulfilling the rights and obligations of husband and wife in Batujaya Village, Kec. Batujaya, Kab. Karawang. How to communicate on LDR and how to overcome the difficulties that arise between the two. Through research using descriptive analysis method, the results of the study show that: (1) The pattern of fulfilling the rights and obligations of a husband and wife who are on a LDR at Batujaya Village, Kec. Batujaya, Kab. Karawang can be understood in three aspects, namely the Financial/material aspect is done by meeting in person/transferring money through Alfamart/ATM/POS. The biological aspect when far apart is by interacting by telephone, occupying with homework. Psychological aspects, namely by giving attention over the phone or when meeting by serving all their needs. (2) The way of LDR husband and wife communication via telephone, massage, whatsapp, and video call, but for those who do not use the telephone as a communication tool, the communication is carried out directly when meeting. (3) The way to overcome the difficulties that arise between the two is to maintain mutual trust, understanding, commitment, intensive communication, mutual attitude. The difficulties faced are financial, trust, communication, cooperation and sexual needs.

Analisis Keterlibatan Militer dalam Jabatan Sipil Tahun 2019 di Indonesia

This article aims to identify how the military is involved in civil service. During the phase of political upheaval in Indonesia the involvement of military groups was never even absent. This article finds that the two positions between civilians and the military have their respective duties in carrying out the mandate of the state which should not interfere with each other, based on the findings of this article that it turns out that until 2019 the efforts of military groups to fill civilian positions still exist. In addition, it was found that the political agenda in 2019 became a phenomenon with the strengthening of the issue of the Military Dual Function as a result of the transformation of the Indonesian Armed Forces Dual Function (ABRI) which had long disappeared after the collapse of the new order, so discourses of military involvement in civilian positions were considered political and became part of politics. From the project representation of political interests

Penyusunan Rancangan Qanun Pengelolaan Satwa Liar di Aceh

Human conflict with wildlife is a complex problem because it isn’t only related to human safety but also with the safety of wildlife itself. Conflicts that have occurred have pushed the Government of Aceh, District/City Government and related parties to be more wise in understanding the lives of wild animals so that the handling and prevention measures can be optimized and based on the root of the problem. For this reason, a legal protection is needed in the form of a qanun which is expected to be able to integrate all available resources to protect wildlife in Aceh. The method of implementation in community service is to get involved with the expert team Commission II DPRA in drafting the Qanun of Wildlife Management until finally the qanun was ratified on 27 September 2019 and then promulgated to be Qanun on 29 October 2019. The participation of the authors in the drafting of the draft qanun of wildlife includes part of the process of forming the qanun, including starting from the stages of planning, drafting, and discussion. While the stages of ratification or stipulation, enactment and dissemination are carried out by the DPRA and the Government of Aceh itself in accordance with their respective duties, functions and authorities.

Implementation of Electronic Mortgage Rights (HT-el) at the Surabaya Land Office 1 : PELAKSANAAN HAK TANGGUNGAN SECARA ELEKTRONIK (HT-el) DI KANTOR PERTANAHAN SURABAYA I

This study aims to determine and analyze the implementation of mortgage rights electronically at the Surabaya Land Office 1 and determine the inhibiting factors that occur in the implementation of mortgage rights electronically at the Surabaya Land Office 1. This type of research is empirical research with data collection techniques carried out by field research by looking at and observe what is happening on the ground, the application of these regulations in practice in the community. Analysis of the data used is a qualitative approach to primary data and secondary data. The results of this study can be concluded that the implementation of electronic mortgage rights at the Surabaya Land Office 1 in implementing the land rights registration service system there are two ways, namely manual registration by visiting the land office and electronic registration without going to the land office carried out by three parties ( PPAT, BANK, and BPN) each of which has their respective duties, roles and functions. An electronic service system is an alternative to simplify and speed up the time of issuance of a mortgage certificate which previously could have taken months to complete with an electronic service system that only took seven working days. Even so, the implementation of electronic tagging rights has not been carried out effectively, there are still several factors that hinder the process of implementing the electronic service system that occurs, both in terms of the parties (PPAT, BANK, BPN) involved as well as factors outside the stakeholder's side. Thus, with the obstacles that occur there are also efforts to overcome the obstacles that become a solution in reducing these obstacles, it is expected that the parties must be better prepared in carrying out and operating the electronic system services recently published by the agrarian minister.

Current Aspects of Legal Personality in the Framework of Mega-Science Projects

The paper deals with the rights and obligations of participants of mega-science projects in relation to individual projects that are being implemented or are being prepared for implementation. Particular attention is given to the role of the state in organizing the work of unique scientific installations of the mega-science class and the interaction of various subjects of scientific collaborations. It is proved that in the process of scientific collaborations functioning various aspects of the personality of the collaborations themselves become up to date. Their individual elements, in particular the freedom of entry into mega-science projects and legal confirmation of the rights and duties of subjects, the combination of public and private interests when performing activities within the framework of scientific collaborations become of importance as well. Currently, states participate in mega-science projects through the transfer of significant public powers to specially established non-profit organizations — state corporations, as well as through the establishment of international intergovernmental research organizations with the rights of legal entities. The legal personality of public and private subjects of mega-science projects, which is formed by a regulatory act or contract, indicates a strict framework for proper and possible behavior and creates the need to use coordination tools based on the principles of reciprocity and common interests of participants. The paper examines the practice of legal regulation of interaction between the state and private entities when creating mega-science projects in Brazil, where legal entities responsible for the creation of the project are recognized by law as a subject with public responsibilities, and are subject to state authorities on the basis of the so-called management contract. The parties to such agreements do not have opposite interests, their interests coincide and are aimed at achieving public goals. Through these agreements, different entities structure their obligations and rights in the common interest and benefit from each other, provided that they effectively perform the actions stipulated in the agreement. The organization that has concluded such a contract is obliged to properly perform the tasks assigned to it. To the extent that it performs these actions properly, it will have the right to demand that the state perform its respective duties. Therefore, the management contract allows changing the structure of legal personality not only of individuals, but also of the state.

THE POTENTIAL FOR INTER-INSTITUTIONAL COOPERATION FOR SHARIA ACTUARY NON-CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS FOR SHARIA INSURANCE IN INDONESIA

This study aims to explore the potential model of collaboration among institutions such as the Financial Services Authority (OJK) as regulators, higher education institutions, general higher education institutions and religious higher education, sharia insurance industry associations, actuary professional associations and sharia insurance companies to carry out non-sharia certification of the sharia actuary profession. This study uses descriptive qualitative approach and literature study method. The results of the study recommend that certification programs that span sharia actuaries require several institutional roles includingFinancial Services Authority (OJK), National Sharia Council (DSN), Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), Indonesian Syariah Insurance Association (AASI) and Indonesian Actuary Association (PAI). Each agency has their respective duties and functions such as regulators, prospective actuary providers, distance education providers, certification providers, and material providers.

Interprofessional Teams and the Office-Based Opioid Treatment (OBOT) Workforce

INTRODUCTION The current opioid crisis in the U.S. has led to an increased number of office-based opioid treatment (OBOT) programs that provide medication for opioud use disorder (MOUD) in primary care settings. MOUD (formerly known as medication assisted treatment) requires a medication and psychosocial component of care and thus, expertise from multiple types of providers. To help inform workforce development policies and strategies to train the future OBOT workforce, this study examined: (1) the provider composition of OBOT teams, (2) team members’ respective duties, and (3) communication patterns. METHODS Interviews with a convenience sample (N=12) of providers working as members of OBOT teams in outpatient primary care settings across the U.S. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Qualitative coding was used to identify patterns relevant to study objectives. RESULTS OBOT teams always included (1) a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)-waivered prescriber (typically physicians) as is mandated federally. However, other team members included; (2) a behavioral health provider (typically licensed clinical social workers); (3) a MOUD registry coordinator (varied in degree/background); and (4) other operational staff (typically medical assistants). OBOT clinics offering therapeutic behavioral interventions were more likely to employ multiple behavioral health providers, though there was variation in the types of behavioral health interventions utilized. CONCLUSION The demand for OBOT treatment teams presents a significant opportunity for interprofessional training of health professionals. Educators, policymakers, and researchers should evaluate the composition and service capacity of the current OBOT workforce in order to develop comprehensive interprofessional training programs that address the physical, psychopharmacological, behavioral health, and psychosocial components of care necessary for OUD treatment and recovery.

Optimalisasi Fungsi Pengawasan Komisi Yudisial terhadap Hakim

The purpose of this study was to analyze the optimization of the supervisory function carried out by the Judicial Commission for realizing a clear justice. This study used the legal research method, which means that research was conducted by examining existing library data and references, such as laws and regulations, books, magazines, and scientific journals. The optimization of the oversight function of the Constitutional Court was carried out by establishing a good relationship with the Supreme Court to identify the limits of their respective duties and authorities, forming the Liaison Judicial Commission, and the Network of the Judicial Commission. The role of Liaison Judicial Commission needed to be improved, not only receiving reports from the public but also actively finding violations of the code of ethics committed by judges. Socialization regarding the existence of the Judicial Commission should be carried out more through Network of the Judicial Commission to increase understanding of the community so that the community can play an active role in providing reports for the realization of a clear justice.

A Review of the ICO’s Draft Guidance on the AI Auditing Framework

The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) timely call for consultation regarding their ‘Guidance on the AI auditing framework: Draft guidance for consultation’ (February 2020) is part of a growing literature concerning the governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. The ICO’s draft leads the national conversation by producing guidance that encompasses both technical (ex. system impact assessments) and non-technical (ex. human oversight) components to governance and represents a significant milestone in the movement towards standardising AI governance. Welcoming this crucial intervention, we summarise and critically evaluated each section of the draft guidance, offering feed-back in line with the call for consultation. We conclude with a note on what we anticipate will be future debates and by presenting our general recommendations. These are namely: Data and AI: explicit discussion of the relationship between data protection and how it translates into auditing of AI systems. Case studies: templates development produced through discussion in an open forum for relevant stakeholders. Risks of other Machine Learning (ML) systems: in addition to guidance on Supervised Learning further guidance would be welcome about risks presented in other forms of ML. Regression and Forecasting: discuss the metrics and methods used when an AI system is used to tackle a Regression or a Forecasting problem. Target audience: better specification (Data Scientists, DPOs, etc.) or a framework should be created where each group is targeted within a structure that integrates their respective duties.

Surgery in times of COVID-19\u2014recommendations for hospital and patient management

BackgroundThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has escalated rapidly to a global pandemic stretching healthcare systems worldwide to their limits. Surgeons have had to immediately react to this unprecedented clinical challenge by systematically repurposing surgical wards.PurposeTo provide a detailed set of guidelines developed in a surgical ward at University Hospital Wuerzburg to safely accommodate the exponentially rising cases of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients without compromising the care of emergency surgery and oncological patients or jeopardizing the well-being of hospital staff.ConclusionsThe dynamic prioritization of SARS-CoV-2 infected and surgical patient groups is key to preserving life while maintaining high surgical standards. Strictly segregating patient groups in emergency rooms, non-intensive care wards and operating areas prevents viral spread while adequately training and carefully selecting hospital staff allow them to confidently and successfully undertake their respective clinical duties.

Development Based on Cloud Accounting as Accountant Reconciliation Media on Collage

In the process of academic activities, has staff that are structured in an organizational structure to provide excellent service. With the aim of succeeding all activities that are running, and having their respective functional duties, one of them is the head of finance. The head of finance is obliged to report all income and expenses that are needed by collages. Where the financial statements are reported monthly to top management such as the Director of Perguruan Tinggi Raharja The financial report can be said to be accurate if it has passed the final process of reconciliation. Reconciliation is an adjustment of the balance between bank balances and transaction data that we have. There are 8 (eight) financial statement processes until finally Reconciliation is carried out. However, the flow of the reconciliation process can be said to be still semi-conventional and lack the use of existing technology. In this study, 3 (three) problems were identified regarding the reconciliation process which had an impact on the accuracy of financial statements. Where in the reconciliation process accountants enter payment data input and data matching manually so that it requires a long time in the balance balance amount. With financial reports that are faster and more accurate, of course the work can be assessed as effective and efficient according to the time specified. The use of cloud accounting in the reconciliation process is expected to better assist accountants in real terms. So that in the process of reconciliation the accountant gets a financial report that is accurate and effective and efficient in time. This research is of course motivated by accountants in reconciliation activities that are still manually at College. Problems like this, with the use of cloud accounting in financial reports, are a new breakthrough for Perguruan Tinggi Raharja. By conducting 5 (five) literature reviews on reconciliation and cloud accounting to help the performance of accountants in obtaining financial reports. The final result of this study is the implementation of a cloud accounting system at collages in reconciliation activities by accountants.

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Two Stay Two Stray dalam Meningkatkan Keaktifan Belajar Pebelajar

The study aimed to improve the learning activeness of fourth-grade students through the application of the Two Stay Two Stray learning model. This research design is qualitative research. The instrument of data collection uses observation of teacher and student activities and interviews. The results of the study indicate that: this learning model must form groups of 4 people. Then discuss with the group that has been determined. After discussing, two people from each group visited other groups to get information on the results of discussions from each group. While the task of two members who settled in their group must give the results of their discussion to other groups. The learning process using the learning model Two Stay Two Stray can improve the learning activeness of fourth-grade students of MIN 1 Probolinggo. By using this learning model, students become enthusiastic in learning and they are no longer passive because each individual has their respective duties, so this learning model is declared successful in increasing student learning activeness.

Pflichtenkollision bei Achenwall/Pütter

In § 116 of Achenwall/Pütter Elementa Iuris Naturae the following possibilities of conflicts of duties are listed: “There can be a conflict 1. of prohibiting laws with each other, 2. of prescribing laws with each other, 3. of prescribing laws with prohibiting laws.” It will be examined in this article, whether the three theses can be made plausible by examples, and especially, whether thesis No. 1 is convincing in relation to the idea that perfect duties (or prohibiting laws) cannot come into conflict with each other. Fur­thermore the thesis of Immanuel Kant in his Metaphysics of Morals will be discussed, that there is no conflict of duties at all, but only a “contradiction of reasons of binding­ness”. Finally, the argument of Achenwall/Pütter, that the well known duty “bring your­self to perfection!” (Latin: “perfice te!”) may come into conflict with duties in respect to others, and that an argument for a right to act against others in cases of necessity can be given in this context (cf. Achenwall/Pütter, §§ 118, 205, 296).

Research on genetic databases: duties of rescue and equal respect to all

Research on genetic databases: duties of rescue and equal respect to all

Legal Aspects of Participation Practices in the Albanian Education Context

Abstract The article aims to provide an analysis of Albanian legislation regarding children’s and parents’ participation in education, by taking into account their respective roles and duties as known in the legal framework, as well as their on-going functional role as participants in practice. This research will analyse Albanian legislation and policies as regards the educational system, shedding light on the steps needed to be taken towards achieving international standards regarding the promotion of the participation of children and parents in education. Albania was under a communist regime, in which parental participation in the educational system was extremely limited and information given to parents was only regarding the progress of their child. After the fall of this monist regime changes did not happen immediately in the Albanian education system. The Convention on the Rights of the Child was one of the first international instruments ratified by the Albanian government focusing on the sanctioning and protection of the rights of the child, in a time when these rights were considered non-existent. Sanctioning the right of the child to express freely his or her own views in various issues where the child’s opinion is necessary requires that Albanian legislation includes the participation of children in every field especially in education. A general principle of the Convention is that the child’s right to be heard be considered as one of the four principles needed for the interpretation of all other articles. Research also demonstrates that effective schools have high levels of children’s and parental involvement. Despite the fact that legal steps have been taken towards recognition of the involvement of children and parents in education creating bodies such as the pupils’ government, school boards, parental councils, and lately the national council of parents, there are still unclear legal ways to implement their participation in the Albanian education system. In order to make participation possible, first and foremost, it is important to provide information regarding school activities, processes and decisions which must be transmitted to the children and parents, by creating routes of communication. This can be achieved by setting up some useful mechanisms that promote children’s and parents’ participation in education.

The Cosmopolitan Tradition: A Noble but Flawed Ideal by Martha C. Nussbaum

Reviewed by: The Cosmopolitan Tradition: A Noble but Flawed Ideal by Martha C. Nussbaum Ryan Patrick Hanley Martha C. Nussbaum. The Cosmopolitan Tradition: A Noble but Flawed Ideal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019. Pp. 309. Cloth, $27.95. Martha Nussbaum's latest book is a lucid and accessible study of a concept with clear contemporary relevance. In an age of resurgent nationalism, a study of the idea and ideals of cosmopolitanism is remarkably timely. But this is hardly a mere tract for the times; as its acknowledgments note, parts of the book date back to 2000 (289). And ultimately, for all its timeliness, this is a scholarly rather than a popular study of "the long tradition of cosmopolitan political thought" (1) and the ways this tradition can help inform current debates in political philosophy. Nussbaum's book is organized into seven chapters. The first lays out the core idea of the cosmopolitan tradition: the Cynic/Stoic insight "that politics ought to treat human beings both as equal and as having a worth beyond price." Nussbaum calls this "one of the deepest and most influential insights of Western thought" (2) yet is keenly aware of the challenges involved in translating this ideal into political practice. A key argument of her book is that an otherwise admirable commitment to a "dignity that life's accidents cannot erode" led several leading cosmopolitans to devalue external goods and claim that material goods are "unnecessary for human flourishing." Thus, the "bifurcation of duties" that Nussbaum finds at the heart of the cosmopolitan tradition, which elevates and absolutizes duties of respect and justice to others, also downplays duties of material aid (5). The second chapter turns to Cicero, the source of this "puzzling bifurcation" (9). Cicero, it is shown, separated duties of justice from duties of material aid (20–23), as the former are "universal, and impose strict, exceptionless obligations" (30), whereas duties of beneficence are "imperfect" (47)—a view said to be shaped by Cicero's acceptance of the Stoic position that external goods are mere "gifts of chance" and "irrelevant for the truly well-lived life" (34). Chapter 3 turns to the Stoics directly to develop this idea that external goods are things "indifferent" and "not necessary" for flourishing (79, 72). This provides Nussbaum an opportunity to introduce her own "moderate cosmopolitan" alternative, which [End Page 829] counters that human beings need material goods in order to cultivate our capacities: we all "require external support—love, health, food, shelter, education" to develop "mature human internal powers of choice, action, and emotional response" (91). Chapters 4 and 5 shift from antiquity to modernity, focusing respectively on Grotius and Adam Smith. Grotius is credited with "bringing the Stoic tradition into the modern world" (99) by translating the question of duties of beneficence into one of the duties of states to provide international humanitarian aid, and is praised for his insight that "nations and their citizens have moral obligations to people in other nations" (11, see also 119–23). Yet it is Smith who is credited with "the most useful contributions toward undoing the bifurcation" in emphasizing "national commitment to material redistribution" (12). But even as Smith is praised for his "decisive progress on these problems" (143) by recognizing that "deprivation of external goods can damage the development of parts of the personality essential for a life worthy of human dignity" (159–60, see also 165), his system is said to be vitiated by its "deep attachment to some problematic Stoic doctrines" (144, see also 175), including especially a "Stoic machismo" (197) replete with "sadomasochistic elements," for which he is said to have had "a quasi-erotic fascination" (201–2). The final two chapters turn from the tradition to today, suggesting various ways in which Nussbaum's own "capabilities approach" in fact "fleshes out the insights of the tradition" (236). Chapter 6 examines how the capabilities approach can help us make headway on problems in human rights law and humanitarian intervention and asylum, while chapter 7 argues that the key to overcoming the tradition's bifurcation lies in rethinking both moral psychology and the nation. Nussbaum is at her best in these final chapters on contemporary...

Analysis of Four Categories of Personnel and Their Role in the Inner-Party Supervision System of Colleges and Universities

an important measure of managing the Party in an all-round and strict way is to strengthen inner-party supervision and perfect the system and mechanism construction of inner-party supervision. At present, the construction of inner-party supervision mechanism in colleges and universities lags behind, the implementation of supervision measures is not in place, the supervision consciousness of leading cadres and the broad masses of party members is not strong, the enthusiasm of non-party groups and personnel to participate in supervision is not enough, and the way is not enough, which has caused the poor effect of inner-party supervision in colleges and universities, and the risk of corruption is high. The staff in the inner-party supervision system of colleges and universities can be divided into four categories, namely, party committee members with party committee secretaries as the core, discipline inspection staff with discipline inspection committee secretaries as the leaders, all party members and non-party teachers, who bear different responsibilities in the inner-party supervision work. Giving full play to the role of these four categories of personnel and making them perform their respective duties plays an important role in promoting the construction of inner-party supervision system and mechanism in colleges and universities and improving the effectiveness of inner-party supervision in colleges and universities.

STUDI TENTANG KINERJA APARATUR PEMERINTAH DALAM PELAKSANAAN PELAYANAN PUBLIK DI KANTOR KELURAHAN TANJUNG PALAS TENGAH KABUPATEN BULUNGAN

To find out the performance of government officials in the implementation of public services at the Tajung Palas Tengah Sub-district office in Bulungan Regency and to find out the supporting factors and hamper the performance of government officials in implementing public services at the Tajung Palas Tengah Village Office in Bulungan Regency. Type of qualitative descriptive research. Informants were Head of Village, Secretary of Kelurahan, Head of Government Office, Kasi Kessos and community economy Kasi empowered the community, and Community leaders were two people. Data collection techniques are observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study show that the performance of public services at the Tanjung Palas Tengah Sub-District office in Bulungan Regency has gone well. Productivity Kelurahan employees carry out duties in accordance with their respective duties, and are able to complete tasks in a timely manner in accordance with community demand. The performance shown by the obedience of the kelurahan employees in carrying out their tasks has gone well. Obedience includes obedience to time, kelurahan employee code of ethics, adherence to leadership, and obedience in completing tasks. Employee performance in cooperation is good. Cooperation supports the implementation of good service because it supports each other and shares work according to their duties and functions. Employees are responsible for serving the community. Supporting factors for public service performance at the Tanjung Palas Tengah Village office are the ability of employees to provide good public services. Cooperation with employees, cooperation supports the success of urban village officials in providing good public services.