Dutch Traders Research Articles

Lamalerap: A Whaling Village in Eastern Indonesia

The Timor Straits have borne vessels trafficking in the colorful and historic ventures of many periods in human navigation. Anciently, sandalwood from the island of Timor found its way, in all probability, to markets in China. The same product later attracted Arab, and Makasarese, Portuguese and Dutch traders and fleets. Local traditions allude to the navies of the ancient Javanese empire of Madjapahit or the political influence of the spice kingdom of Ternate. Magellan's Victoria sailed through the Timor Straits on its journey around the globe, as did many subsequent expeditions of discovery, exploration, commerce or conquest. It was a recognized hunting-ground on the schedules of nineteenth-century British and American whaling voyages, and modern commerce still uses it as a sea lane to Australia and the Western Pacific.

Could the Dutch Commercial Empire have influenced the Canadian Economy during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century?

FROM THE FIRST JOURNEY OF CHAMPLAIN to the end of the seventeenth century there are in Canadian historical documents numerous hints and direct references which indicate that the commercial empire of the Dutch Republic influenced the Canadian economy, mainly through its control of prices of imported goods. Lescarbot, as early as i6o6, warned against he Dutch traders. Champlain continued these warnings and proposed in I634 to root out the Dutch competition established on the Hudson River. Sagard mentioned in his History of New France that the French traders welcomed the Iroquois wars because they effectively stopped the French Indians' commerce with Fort Orange where prices were more attractive. The Jesuit Relations abound with accusations against he Dutch trade, especially during the years 1640-5 when the Dutch gun traffic provided the Iroquois with a definite advantage over the French allies in the fur trade. Avaugour, Talon, Colbert, and Frontenac in their correspondence pointed to the superior position of the Dutch fur trade, especially in the cheapness and quality of the Dutch merchandise. • Despite the destructive character of the Iroquois wars the French colonial government considered them a necessary evil in order to separate the French fur trade from the attractions of the trade of Fort Orange. Certainly, Dutch activities greatly influenced the French fur tradethe only staple Canada then possessed. Canadian historians have paid little attention to this impact, except where it had direct repercussions a , for

De Krimpende Horizon Van De Hollandse Kooplieden: Hollands Welvaren In Het Caribisch Zeegebied (1780-1830)

Summary This study, entitled 'The Narrowing Horizon of Dutch Traders', deals mainly with the development of Dutch Welfare in the Caribbean Area in the period 1780-1830. On the analogy of Means's definition of 'The Spanish Main' the term Caribbean Area here comprises the West-Indian islands and the coastal regions of Venezuela and Central America. In the Introduction some of the most important themes concerning the age of colonisation in America are indicated in brief. Thus attention is paid to the discussion in late-medieval Spain (1492 -1552) about legitimate colonisation and to the critical attitude of 18c England and France towards the colonies in the American world. In the 16th century the West-European nations -in particular the Low Countries -had come to the conviction that the superstitious and tyrannical Spanish Crown was prematurely exhausting the native population and was exploiting the riches of South America purely for its own benefit. The black legend, in which Las Casas appeared. as chief witness for the prosecution, is an expression of this West European sense of superiority with regard to Spain. Moreover in this introduction mercantilism is described as a political and economical programme of great traders and government officials, testifying to their fighting spirit. The hazards of sailing, the defectiveness of international transfer of payment and the competition of neighbouring states made world-commerce a hard struggle. Thanks to their strategic talent European traders knew how to use the American precious metal as a medium of exchange for Asiatic spices, silk and tea. In the 18th century the European sugar-plantations in West Indian islands became very prosperous. For the mercantilists slavetrade, the sugar-plantations in the islands and the trading-posts in North America, which supplied wood and corn, formed the basis of ensured prosperity. In the 18th century England and France succeeded in pushing the Dutch Republic into the background as the confident mediator between nations. In 1780 the Dutch Republic saw itself confronted with the decline of its prosperity, both in Europe and in the West Indies. The North American carriers won for themselves an important key-position as the 'Dutchmen of America'. The North American independence brought about among other things by the English opposition against the natural coalition of French sugar and the commercial energy of the continental colonists -meant a serious interference with the monopolistic relationship between the motherland and 'His Majesty's most opulent sources' in the West Indies (Bryan Edwards). After 1780 the quick growth of the cotton industry led to the rise of the class of self-confident manufacturers. The political economists Adam Smith and Tucker dissociated themselves from the complex policy of the mercantilists. New consuming markets, open to English trade, would make possible a rational exchange of goods. Thus in 1820, with Latin America in mind, Alexander Baring could claim freedom of trade as the birthright of all Britons. In the first part of this study a description is given of these changes with regard to the Caribbean Area...... Zie: Summary

Selected Chronology of Recent Japanese Philosophy (1868-1963)

JAPANESE PHILOSOPHY is scarcely known to philosophers and scholars in the English-speaking world. Translations of Japanese philosophical works in English are practically nil. Only recently has a single volume of Nishida Kitar6 been translated into English, just fifty years after it was written. Such a state of affairs in world philosophy is lamentable and intolerable. Therefore I propose to list some seminal books of Japanese philosophy from 1868, the year of the Meiji Restoration, to 1963 in a chronological sequence, giving the English reader an opportunity to scrutinize the variety and scope of Japanese philosophical publications in recent times. In a few introductory paragraphs, I will break up this ninety-five year epoch of Japanese Westernization in philosophy into five periods, to serve as a guide for those scanning the major topics of interest during those years. In the first period, which may be called the Awakening (from 1868-1880), Japanese philosophy outside the classical traditions of Confucianism and Buddhism began. First courses in philosophy were offered at Kaisei Gakk6 (later the Imperial University and now Tokyo University), which began as Ydsho shirabe sho, or literally The Foreign-books Investigation Office, in the Astronomical Observatory of Edo (Tokyo). Philosophy at first was taught by American, British, and German professors; later by Japanese who had studied in the United States or Europe. The first Japanese professor of philosophy was M. Toyama, who had studied at the University of Michigan under G. S. Morris. Logic was introduced at this time through Fowler's Deductive Logic and Mill's System of Logic, for presumably the Dutch traders showed as little concern for logic as they did for Spinoza. The first philosophical journal in Japan was founded in 1875, the Meiji Sixth Journal.' Buddhist intellectuals,

Dutch Explorers, Traders and Settlers in the Delaware Valley 1609-1664

Dutch Explorers, Traders and Settlers in the Delaware Valley 1609-1664

Dutch Explorers, Traders and Settlers in the Delaware Valley, 1609-1664

Dutch Explorers, Traders and Settlers in the Delaware Valley, 1609-1664

Indian-White Contacts in Eastern North America: The Dutch in New Netherland

America is a narrow one by comparison with the others represented on this program. Except for a few geographical and chronological fringes it was confined to the Hudson and Delaware valleys between 1624 and 1664, a period of only forty years. In generalizing about Dutch-Indian relations we must draw a sharp line between the tribes of the upper Hudson valley, primarily the Mohawk and Mahican, and the smaller Algonquian bands to the south. With the former, Dutch traders and Dutch officialdom almost invariably made it a point to be friendly. After the seaboard fur supply was exhausted in the first years of colonization these tribes, possessing direct or indirect access to the interior, supplied the-bulk of the peltry for which New Netherland was established and which contributed most of the province's revenue. Moreover these tribes were not in the path of Dutch settlement; no significant population expansion took place in this part of the colony until at least a generation after New Netherland had become New York. Thus there was almost no occasion for land disputes. Ft. Orange, on the site