Dutch Example Research Articles

The Circular Economy of E-Waste in the Netherlands: Optimizing Material Recycling and Energy Recovery

In the Netherlands, waste electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) is an important point for discussion on the circular economy agenda. This paper shows the Dutch example of how “waste” can be turned into a resource, and the climate change benefits from appropriate collection and recycling. It describes the avoided emissions of CO2-equivalents due to e-waste recycling and appropriate removal and destruction of (H)CFCs contained in cooling and freezing appliances. Six different e-waste categories were included, and the results of 2016 were compared to previous years (2009–2015). In 2016, 110,000 tonnes of e-waste were collected. 80% of this was recycled to useful materials. Additionally, it resulted in 17% energy recovery. That year, the recycling of e-waste and the removal of (H)CFKs resulted in approximately 416,000 tonnes of avoided emissions of CO2-equivalents. Although the phasing out of cooling and freezing appliances with (H)CFKs led to a general decrease in the quantity of avoided CO2 emissions over time, removal of (H)CFKs still explained most of the avoided CO2 emissions. Material recycling appeared particularly beneficial for cooling and freezing appliances and small and large household appliances. The paper ends with reasons to further close the loop and ways forward to do so.

Saving antibiotics for when they are really needed: the Dutch example

Doctors have responded well to the call to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions. But what about farming? The Dutch have shown that antibiotic use can be slashed in agriculture too. So...

Data driven improvements in public transport: the Dutch example

Due to reduced budgets, higher political expectations and increasing competition between operators, there is growing pressure on public transport companies and authorities to improve their operational efficiency. It is thus of utter importance for them to be able to identify inefficiencies, bottlenecks and potentials in their public transport service. Recorded operational data, which has quickly become more widespread in the last decade, aids greatly in this process and enables operators and authorities to continually improve. In this paper we identify some of the arising possibilities. We first describe the state of publicly available transit data, with an emphasis on the Dutch situation. Next, the value of insights from Automatic Vehicle Location data is demonstrated by examples. Thereafter, a software tool is presented that enables operators and authorities to quickly perform comprehensive operational analyses, and which was able to identify several bottlenecks when applied in practice.

Knowing What We Know Now

The purpose of this article, on the basis of a specific Dutch example, is to discuss some methodological problems that criminologists and/or criminal lawyers face when dealing with atrocities committed in the past. Can we legitimately apply contemporary concepts to describe/explain historical events? Or are we guilty of a ‘sin’ of anachronism because we ascribe meanings to actions that these did not (or could not) have at the time they were performed? Generally, most criminologists turn their attention to contemporary phenomena and, therefore, do not have to worry about the time dimension. However, when studying international crimes, which are often historical events, this should not happen. When dealing with crimes of a previous regime,, we should be aware of some methodological problems linked to the use of (contemporary) concepts to describe and explain events of the past. Legal scholars may also encounter problems when applying contemporary concepts to past atrocities.

Citizenship on paper or at heart? a closer look into the dual citizenship debate in Europe

This article seeks to promote an integrated approach to the study of citizenship policies, which pays due attention to their potential impact on migrants whose self-recognition are formally delimited by legal definitions. Through a novel approach that makes use of naturalisation processes as an empirical entry point into the narratives of citizenship embraced by Turkish migrants, this article investigates the role of dual citizenship policies in three European countries: Spain, the Netherlands and the UK. The evidence from the sample group displays a process of ‘self-bargaining’ prior to the naturalisation decision, which calls into question the link established between legal and emotional bonds of citizenship. The Dutch example demonstrates how Turkish migrants cope with the ban on dual citizenship by downplaying the identity-conferring role of citizenship status. This leads to a decoupling of legal and emotional aspects of citizenship and thereby to the adoption of a thin sense of citizenship. While Spain represents an in-between case that has a tolerant implementation despite a de jure ban, the British example shows how the process of ‘self-bargaining’ can result in the widening of emotional landscape, when dual citizenship is allowed. A thick sense of citizenship is therefore not only preserved but it can also be extended to the citizenship of the country of residence.

Intermodal Nodes for the European Metropolis: Amsterdam Zuidas as EURandstad's Gate

Since more than fifty years, in the Netherlands, the Randstad Holland [1,2] represents a model of reference within the international debate on the sustainable balance between urban areas, infrastructural development and preservation of natural environment. The polycentric urban structure of the country progressively built up a new metropolitan reality of Europe, based on a stable configuration of cities’ spatial relations around the maintenance of the Green Hearth core and on strategic logics of infrastructural developments. However today the double awareness to rebalance growing population of urban areas and to open the region towards North-Central Europe, create fundamental conditions for a renewed expanding vision [3]. The current Dutch metropolitan perspective looks at the densest cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam as main European and international gates, addressing large scale ambitions to clusters of urban developments at the intersection of main roads, railways and local infrastructures. This paper presents an investigative approach and intends to provoke academic discussion on the conflicting and possible relationships between urban policies and design strategies in the construction of a new metropolitan European perspective. Particular emphasis is put on the coordination between contemporary policies with spatial implications in the city of Amsterdam. Exploring its geographical advantages, the City tries to give form to policies’ abstraction of Randstad 2040 vision in the recent structural spatial Agenda, focused on strategic urban and economic cores. The current vision represents the metropolitan ambition of the Netherlands, where the project of Zuidas - literally South Axis - is a prime example of a new model of intermodal urban hub. Throughout the Dutch example, this paper attempts to presentZuidas testing its capability to enhance an innovative approach – in urban policy and spatial implication- to sustainable development.

The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating: Net Neutrality in Practice, the Dutch Example

The Netherlands is among the few countries that have put specific net neutrality standards in place. It was the first country to do so in the European Union. Contrary to the original European Union approach, which lacks a material implementation of net neutrality principles, the Dutch parliament decided to take a firmer position and introduced a quite detailed regimen on net neutrality. Providers of public electronic communications networks via which Internet access services are delivered and providers of Internet access services shall not hinder or slow down applications or services on the Internet. There is a limited group of exceptions to this rule. Hindering and slowing down Internet traffic is allowed a) to minimise the effects of congestion, whereby equal types of traffic must be treated equally, b) to preserve the integrity and security of the network and service of the provider in question or the end-user’s terminal, c) to restrict the transmission of unsolicited communication (spam) to end-users, provided that the end-users have given their prior consent for this to be done, and d) to implement a legislative provision or court order. Another very important net neutrality principle was based on incidents of blocked applications such as Skype and WhatsApp on the announcement by mobile operators that they would start charging for applications. The Dutch net neutrality article also forbids providers of Internet access services to charge for Internet access services dependent on the services and applications which are offered or used via these services. The newly proposed European rules on net neutrality (as part of the new regulatory package) have borrowed heavily from the Dutch example. However, are the Dutch rules a success? The no-blocking/no-charging restriction had an immediate effect on the market, in particular on the mobile one. Originally, the mobile providers intended to block or to charge for specific services (Skype, WhatsApp), but they had to abandon the idea due to the new net neutrality rules. This led to a new subscription structure, with a substantially increased emphasis on data traffic. Data bundles are priced more specifically, and existing packages with unlimited data access have been replaced by packages with a specific size (data caps) and specific speeds. In fact, voice is no longer a dominant factor in the pricing models. But how did these changes affect the consumer? The no-blocking/no-charging rule more or less killed traditional texting (SMS), but it is too early to tell whether net neutrality has had an effect on the overall costs for mobile broadband. There are some indications that the overall price levels and options in the Dutch market are (still) in line with the prices in other European countries. The new neutrality rules had no effect on the fixed market. Internet service providers on cabled networks have no history of blocking traffic. Only one incident with the slow-down of traffic was reported but turned out to be a ‘misunderstanding’. One should keep in mind that the Dutch fixed broadband market is very competitive with the incumbent operator offering high-speed DSL or fibre and the cable television network operators offering high-speed broadband via their coaxial networks. The Netherlands belongs to the top broadband countries in the world. The regulator in charge - the Authority for Consumers and Markets - took a first decision on applying the new rules in a case where Internet access in trains was blocked for congestion reasons. In another case, a service similar to WhatsApp was inaccessible via wireless networks. In two cases, the Authority investigated the bundling of data packages with free services (i.e. a mobile subscription with ‘free’ access to Spotify). To deal with these cases, a new guideline has been drafted by the ministry involved. The consultation process on the guideline has recently ended. The conclusion of the paper is that putting net neutrality into more material regulation is much more complicated than defining it in a more abstract sense. Putting the rules into practice is even more challenging. In our view, the Dutch example shows that if regulation is too detailed, the development of services might be hampered and might to some extent ridicule the true objectives of net neutrality. The focus should be on a dynamic and evolutionary approach, offering the opportunity to adapt interventions quickly, depending on the specifics of the case. In order to establish such a more flexible framework, the present provision needs to be amended.

Nonconformity of policy ambitions with biomass potentials in regional bioenergy transition: A Dutch example

Numerous regional authorities within the European Union are committed to meet renewable energy targets in line with the EU-20-20-20 strategy. Energy from biomass occupies a pivotal position in the renewable energy strategy of many regions. Effective bioenergy policy often depends on an assessment of the regional resource potential for energy from biomass. Using the Dutch province of Overijssel as a case study, this study presents a biomass resource potential assessment, based on existing statistics and a resource-focused methodology, to determine the region's theoretical and technical potential. Additionally, a methodological framework is provided to translate the outcome of this biomass resource potential assessment into the policy domain, to allow the region's bioenergy policy ambition to be evaluated. The results indicate that Overijssel's potential bioenergy target is a share of 8.3%, which does not match with the desired policy target of 14%. It is therefore clear that it is unlikely that the province's bioenergy ambition will be met with the current supply of biomass, in the absence of additional policy measures. The outcome of the biomass resource potential assessment has therefore been used to deduce and recommend multiple policy measures.

Reflections on a visit to a dementia care village

Hogewey village in Holland offers an alternative lifestyle for people with dementia. The model minimises disability and maximises wellbeing by providing a physical and social environment congruent with people's lifestyles. Residents live with those who have shared similar previous lifestyles and take an active role in all aspects of daily life, reflecting their interests and social norms. The village is staffed by healthcare professionals and well-supported volunteers, who promote personhood in small social groups and facilitate normal life. The authors explore how this approach contrasts with those used in the UK and draw conclusions about applying the model in the UK. They believe that healthcare professionals can learn from the Dutch example and adapt existing environments to reflect some of the concepts that are applied successfully at Hogewey. Well-supported volunteers, integrated into teams, could take on the role of supportive friends rather than clinically orientated problem-solvers and help to reintegrate people with dementia into local communities.

The Nation Made Real: Art and National Identity in Western Europe 1600-1850 by Anthony D. Smith

Reviewed by: The Nation Made Real: Art and National Identity in Western Europe 1600-1850 by Anthony D. Smith Brigitte Weltman-Aron Smith, Anthony D. — The Nation Made Real: Art and National Identity in Western Europe 1600-1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. 232. Anthony D. Smith is the author of several books dealing with the foundation of nations, national sentiment, and nationalism. In The Nation Made Real, he focuses on the contributions of visual artists to the perception of a shared national identity and to the rise of nationalism in Western Europe as of the seventeenth century. Smith contends that through a specific imagery of the homeland and its people, artists helped make the nation “real,” or tangible not only to educated elites, but to a wider audience as well. Their imagery involved the recourse to a variety of techniques and motifs, which he categorizes as didactic and even at times propagandist, poetic or evocative, and contemplative or commemorative. The introduction theorizes the notions of nation and nationalism, commonly involving the salient traits of community, territory, history, and destiny through sacrifice and the first chapter shows the extent to which modes of representation of ethnic identities before 1600 foreshadowed, yet differed from later tropes of national art, especially because of their lack of emphasis on inclusive nationhood. While Smith addresses social and political factors leading to the advent of nationalism, the main strand of his analysis consists in delineating the cultivation of myths and symbols enabling a self-defined community to identify with a national territory or to celebrate its heroic figures. With its examination of Dutch art in the seventeenth century, the second chapter argues that the array of visual components and scenes devised by Dutch artists provided a prototype of national visual culture or a repository of images standing for attachment to the homeland discernible elsewhere in Europe in the following centuries. The Dutch example helps explain why the local may at times convincingly stand for the national among European artists, or why a national allegory may also have a universal relevance in their works. In his study, Smith clearly recalls continuities with previous stylistic or thematic approaches in the time frame under consideration; in that respect, The Nation Made Real offers on many occasions a glimpse into the fascinating revival or “recycling” (a term not used by Smith) of former images and the reenactment of concepts that are endowed with fresh meanings. But Smith’s purpose throughout is mostly to expose and reflect on the emergence of significant shifts in artistic paradigms, contributing to establishing new ways of representing the old value of patriotism, as well as promoting novel ideologies of the nation, such as the notion of national destiny inherent in nationalism, by capitalizing on symbolic subject matter, or rituals like oath-swearing ceremonies in Revolutionary France that illustrate the collective relationship to the concept of nation. In that respect, Smith analyzes the break with the idealization or “Italianization” of landscape among eighteenth-century British, German, or Scandinavian artists as one that ties landscape with nation, a process in which landscape is appraised as ethnoscape. By so doing, artists inscribe the authenticity and uniqueness of a group in a place evoking the traditions of a national territory, while being increasingly identified with a particular community. Likewise, the celebration of authenticity is shown to have entailed an attention to veracity in the representation of places or historical [End Page 592] deeds, which was not exempt of poetical effusion, all contributing to a revaluation of the role of Nature in depicting metonymically the homeland and its inhabitants. The last two chapters of the study argue that while nationalism roots the community in a defined space, it equally anchors the nation in a distant past, the Middle Ages becoming for writers and artists a preferred reference in the late eighteenth century, an age in which developments in historical research emphasized the need for archival documents. In that view, nations are experienced as temporal communities with specific origins and trajectories, the destiny of which artists contributed to embodying through the depiction of foundational historical events, or with the commemoration of heroes and heroines whose virtuous selflessness and sacrifice...

A Miracle Mirrored?: The Reception of Dutch Economic and Political Thought in Europe in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

This review article discusses recent publications by David Onnekink, Sophus Reinert, Gijs Rommelse, Jacob Soll, and Arthur Weststeijn from the perspective of the reception of Dutch economic and political thought in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe. The Dutch Republic has been called ‘the first modern economy’ by Jan de Vries and Ad van der Woude. It looms large in ongoing academic and public policy debates about ‘The Great Divergence’, i.e. the question why the West made the transition to an industrialized economy around 1800, while China did not. Just how innovative the inhabitants of the Dutch Republic were in nearly all aspects of life is well-documented. Less attention has been paid to the reaction of contemporary Europeans. How did they perceive the Dutch example? What did they learn from it? Was the miracle really mirrored elsewhere? These are questions that deserve more attention than they have received in Dutch historiography hitherto.

The Netherlands’ New Authority for Consumers and Markets: Towards a Problem-Based Approach

Over the last two decades, there has been a trend amongst EU Member States to set up specialized market authorities with rather strictly defined competences. Recently, it seems that a different approach is favoured: EU Member States set up new authorities with broader scopes of competence or even combine existing authorities into super-authorities, thereby concentrating both power and responsibility. The Netherlands is an example where the legislator has chosen to combine three administrative bodies into one super-authority by 1 January 2013. This new entity, the Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM), is described by its Chairman-to-be, Chris Fonteijn, as a body that applies a problem-based approach. That being so, the questions remain as to exactly how the ACM will carry out this new approach and how it will use its competences in doing so. This article places the ACM within the general European trend of merging authorities and expanding power. It aims to answer the question whether the ACM has been given the right structure and the necessary powers to live up to the legislator's expectations. In the first place, we give an overview of the trend towards more concentrated market authorities in Europe. Secondly, we explain the structural changes which the ACM will undergo and identify its key elements. Thirdly, we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the new super-authority and explain their practical implications. We conclude with some remarks about what other countries can learn from the Dutch example.

Injecting Green Gas into the Grid, Dutch Example

The paper discusses the technical options for injecting green gas (biomethane) into the natural gas grid in the Netherlands, and identifies the main criteria for choosing one option over the other. The paper subsequently argues that cost-efficiency is not always the main driving factor behind this selection. The authors further investigate the reasons behind this issue, and reach the conclusion that it is largely due to the design of the current regulatory framework. The lack of clarity in the current regulatory framework with regard to the roles and responsibilities of the market parties involved in the implementation of technical solutions, can in some cases lead to the selection of less adequate and non-optimal solutions. This could in turn lead to unnecessary costs and investments. The paper proposes the solution of altering the current regulatory framework, in order to increase the degree of cost-reflectivity for the green gas market as a whole in the choice of the technical options for injecting green gas into the grid in the Netherlands.

Redrawing medical professional domains

This paper aims to investigate the forces that influence the shifting of professional boundaries on the entry of a new medical occupation in Dutch hospitals - non-specialist emergency physicians. Five case studies of Dutch hospitals were conducted and the emergency physicians' implementation process was analyzed by means of force field analysis. Emergency physicians were conceptualized as being the answer to unequivocal contextual changes. However, their contribution to better performance varies due to problems in the implementation process. Strong socio-political forces between traditional specialties and these new doctors mediate the intended improvement. The emergency physicians aim to establish their own organizational-, patient- and knowledge-domain by redrawing professional boundaries but they are not on a par with the specialists who set these boundaries. Consequently, emergency physicians only gradually redraw the existing boundaries, resulting in limited added value. Their reaction is to obtain power by striving to develop into a recognized specialty; ironically, by becoming an additional layer in the traditional medical hierarchy they might lose their envisaged added value. This paper is based on the first Dutch hospitals that implemented emergency physicians. The number of cases is therefore limited. Moreover, the study took place at an early stage of emergency physician implementation. The extent of successful redrawing depends on the implementation's transition logic, the existing degree of differentiation and boundary permeability and on the ideological power developed by the leaders. The introduction of emergency physicians is currently being discussed in many countries worldwide, and some countries consider following the Dutch example of non-specialist doctors. This paper supports health professionals and hospital managers in not falling prey to the same pitfalls as some Dutch hospitals.

Calling Citizens to a Moral Way of Life: A Dutch Example of Moralized Politics

Calling Citizens to a Moral Way of Life: A Dutch Example of Moralized Politics This article offers a sociological analysis of the moral revisions that accompany welfare state reforms in the Netherlands. It is argued that Dutch welfare state reforms after the Cold War rely on moral discourses in particular and moral language in general to legitimize and effectuate policy measures. The Dutch reformers have been pursuing a set of strategies of moralization designed to adjust the Dutch welfare state to the new, post-Cold War situation, in which social policies are redesigned to support the operation of global markets. This article seeks to show how this "moral revision" has been taking place by consulting data sources provided by Dutch media, policy documents, council reports, advices, speeches, and newspaper interviews. This implies that special attention is paid to the rhetoric, language, tones, symbolism, metaphors and moral images used and propagated by moral revisionists, elites and media, their definitions of the prevailing moral situation and of the desired one, their formulation of desired values and norms and the ways in which moral panics are aroused. Three recent Dutch policy innovations, namely the national debate on norms and values, the Charter Responsible Citizenship and the family policy memorandum, are interpreted as political strategies to re-engineer the new morality that can sustain a reformed state.

What If Patients With Dementia Use Decision Aids to Make an Advance Euthanasia Request?

Levi and Green (2010) successfully argue that the computerbased decision aid Making Your Wishes Known is an optimal instrument to ensure that a patient’s wishes concerning endof-life-care can be known and respected as much as possible. We agree that such an instrument can improve the quality of end-of-life care to an important extent. It can offer people real mental comfort, by allowing them to retain control of their end-of-life care, even after they have lost their decisionmaking capacity (Widdershoven and Berghmans 2001). Suppose, however, that Mrs. Klinger, the 78-year-old lady diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (Levi and Green 2010), lives in Amsterdam and uses the decision aid to develop an advance euthanasia directive. This could be a real-life possibility, since in the Netherlands, euthanasia in persons with severe dementia, as decreed in an advance euthanasia directive, is legally allowed. In such cases, life can be terminated (by administration of lethal drugs) when the dementia reaches a certain stage. In Belgium, bills have been put forward in the Parliament to follow the Dutch example. In this paper we point out what we believe are three pressing problems with the use of the decision aid in order to develop advance euthanasia directives.

The Complete Soldier: Military Books and Military Culture in Early Stuart England, 1603-1645 (review)

Reviewed by: The Complete Soldier: Military Books and Military Culture in Early Stuart England, 1603-1645 Gervase Phillips The Complete Soldier: Military Books and Military Culture in Early Stuart England, 1603-1645.By David R. Lawrence. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-17079-7. Abbreviations lists. Note on dates. Illustrations. Notes. Appendix. Selected bibliography. Index. Pp. xix, 439. $221.00. Lawrence's foray into the dissemination of military theory and practice in the late Tudor and early Stuart period is a fascinating and useful addition to the, currently rather dynamic, historiography of warfare in early modern England. It is an exercise not merely in military history but intellectual history too, with a focus on the relationships between authors and printers; theory and practice, and experienced 'men of warre' and 'paper soldiers.' He places particular emphasis on the lessons learned in the Low Countries by Elizabeth's veterans, men such as Robert Barrett, Roger Williams and Thomas Trussell; they fostered a progressively-minded military culture, as avid readers of both domestic and foreign military theory (the Huguenot general François de La Noue was one favourite) and as authors themselves of books and treatises that aimed to educate 'the complete soldier': drill-master; tactician; infantryman; cavalryman and field engineer. The importance of 'military circles' (groups of veterans and theorists enjoying the patronage of prominent households, such as that of the Veres or Henry, Prince of Wales) is noted too, in sustaining a vital military culture between Elizabeth's wars [End Page 939]and the civil wars of the 1640s and in 'remilitarizing' the English aristocracy. For the common soldier, militia organisations, such as London's Honourable Artillery Company ('the incubator of English military practices'), allowed veteran professionals and amateurs to drill and train together, forging a positive relationship that encouraged some militia captains, most notably William Barriffe, to enter the theoretical fray and publish their own studies of 'moderne' warfare. The most significant manifestation of this lively early Stuart military culture was the codification and regulation of military practice; heavily influenced by the Dutch example and drawing productively on Jacques de Gheyn's Wapenhandelinge, the Instructions for Musters and Armesauthorized by the Privy Council in 1623 was a particularly important step in standardising English drill. Among the difficulties of studying military theory, drill-books and manuals are analysing the extent to which they actually reflected contemporary practice in the field and, on the other hand, understanding the time-lag between the adoption of a particular practice and its emergence in the literature as a topic worthy of note. Lawrence is generally very aware of these issues; when discussing Maurice of Nassau's reforms in infantry drill in the 1590s he follows Harald Kleinschmidt's suggestion that the Dutch drew upon established English infantry drills and that the countermarch, by which Dutch infantry maximized its firepower, actually echoed early sixteenth-century Landsknechttactics. However, in other areas, it is possible that Lawrence has not always recognised some important precedents. For example, Lawrence suggests that sixteenth-century English soldiers 'were never enamoured with [ trace italienne] fortresses' and it was only having encountered them in Holland in 1585 that they began to pay serious attention to siege-craft (reflected in the publication of Paul Ives's The Practice of Fortificationin 1589). This is clearly wrong. Lawrence seems unaware of the scale and nature of the fighting in France and Scotland, 1542-50 (which he dismisses as 'occasional battles with the Scots') and the significance of the trace italienneto those campaigns. The first such fortification in the British Isles was constructed by the English at Eyemouth in 1547; others followed, including the massive earthwork fort at Haddington that twice resisted French sieges, 1548-49. Two of the veteran authors Lawrence discusses, Humphrey Barwick and Thomas Churchyard, fought in these campaigns. The former must certainly have seen modern artillery fortifications at Boulogne in 1545; the latter was defending one, at Lauder, when the English war effort collapsed in 1550. This tendency to ignore important early sixteenth-century precedents does not distract from Lawrence's overall thesis, but neither is it a wholly insignificant point; Lawrence, like others before him, rather...

Immediately and with all available means: the Dutch Red Cross and the field hospital on behalf of the Netherlands Voluntary Legion in WWII

Medical neutrality is one of the main principles of medical-humanitarian aid, and certainly of Red Cross aid. But how does this work in times of foreign occupation? Is it even possible then, or does it almost automatically lead to collaboration? The Dutch example of 1940–1945 gives some insight into this problem. Abandoning its post would end the aid the Dutch Red Cross (DRC) gave, so it was decided to stay in business. This, however, led to adherence to German orders, given not for humanitarian, but for military-political reasons. Amongst other things, the DRC helped to equip a field hospital for Dutch volunteers to the Waffen-SS on the eastern front, so directly strengthening the German war effort. It was clear that the doctors and nurses of this field hospital would do next to nothing to help save Russian sick or wounded, and that, if necessary, they would have to fight alongside German and Dutch soldiers.

Creditor Protection at the Crossroads of Company and Insolvency Law: The Dutch Example

This contribution investigates the crossroads of company and insolvency law against the background of the fact that EU Member States are not free in their approach of establishing the applicable law in the cross-border context of companies and insolvency.

Flexicurity in the Dutch Temporary Work Sector: A Positive Sum Game?

This paper describes and analyses in depth the Dutch example of simultaneous deregulation and re-regulation of the temporary agency market. It is argued that this 'flexicurity deal' represents a trade-off between enhanced external-numerical flexibility on the one hand, notably flexibility in hiring and firing, and enhanced employment and income security for temporary agency workers on the other.