Dutch Emigration Research Articles

Assessing roles and strategies of public sector stakeholders in an evolving (lifestyle) migration industry: the case of the Dutch Emigration Expo

ABSTRACT This study focuses on local and regional governments using place-branding strategies to attract intra-EU inward migration for demographic and/or economic purposes. This forms an important aspect of contemporary migration industries, whereby the interlinking of lifestyle, work and economic investment is pivotal. Taking the case of the Emigration Expo event in the Netherlands, it draws on interviews with the organizer and with public sector exhibitors to assess their purposes, roles and strategies when participating in the event. In addition, this paper examines to what extent public sector agents perceive this Expo as a viable physical event, contributing to a lifestyle migration industry. Findings suggest a shift in public sector strategies from attracting residents to recruiting skilled workers or lifestyle entrepreneurs and businesses. Exhibitors that maintain a recurring presence at the Expo over several years can build meaningful relations with each other and with prospective migrant visitors, providing practical information and integrated ‘packages’ to promote their destination as an attractive place to work and live. This supports the idea that (e)migration expos remain relevant physical sites of an evolving branch of the migration industry, including public-private partnerships involved in place and relocation branding as part of spatial planning strategies beyond growth.

Dutch founder SDHB exon 3 deletion in patients with pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma in South Africa.

ObjectiveScreening studies have established genetic risk profiles for diseases such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and pheochromocytoma–paraganglioma (PPGL). Founder effects play an important role in the regional/national epidemiology of endocrine cancers, particularly PPGL. Founder effects in the Netherlands have been described for various diseases, some of which established themselves in South Africa due to Dutch emigration. The role of Dutch founder effects in South Africa has not been explored in PPGL.DesignWe performed a single-center study in South Africa of the germline genetic causes of isolated/syndromic neuroendocrine tumors.MethodsNext-generation panel, Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligand-dependent probe amplification for endocrine neoplasia risk genes.ResultsFrom a group of 13 patients, we identified 6 with PPGL, 4 with sporadic or familial isolated pituitary adenomas, and 3 with clinical MEN1; genetic variants were identified in 9/13 cases. We identified the Dutch founder exon 3 deletion in SDHB in two apparently unrelated individuals with distinct ethnic backgrounds that had metastatic PPGL. Asymptomatic carriers with this Dutch founder SDHBexon 3 deletion were also identified. Other PPGL patients had variants in SDHB, and SDHD and three MEN1variants were identified among MEN1 and young-onset pituitary adenoma patients.ConclusionsThis is the first identification of a Dutch founder effect for PPGL in South Africa. Awareness of the presence of this exon 3 SDHB deletion could promote targeted screening at a local level. Insights into PPGL genetics in South Africa could be achieved by studying existing patient databases for Dutch founder mutations in SDHx genes.

No L1 privilege in talker adaptation

AbstractAs a rule, listening is easier in first (L1) than second languages (L2); difficult L2 listening can challenge even highly proficient users. We here examine one particular listening function, adaptation to novel talkers, in such a high-proficiency population: Dutch emigrants to Australia, predominantly using English outside the family, but all also retaining L1 proficiency. Using lexically-guided perceptual learning (Norris, McQueen & Cutler, 2003), we investigated these listeners’ adaptation to an ambiguous speech sound, in parallel experiments in both their L1 and their L2. A control study established that perceptual learning outcomes were unaffected by the procedural measures required for this double comparison. The emigrants showed equivalent proficiency in tests in both languages, robust perceptual adaptation in their L2, English, but no adaptation in L1. We propose that adaptation to novel talkers is a language-specific skill requiring regular novel practice; a limited set of known (family) interlocutors cannot meet this requirement.

Effect of Welfare and Employment Policies on the Correlation between Migration and Unemployment

IntroductionImmigration and its various aspects1 have been on the public and political agenda in most established countries for many years. Accelerated immigration is a result, among other things, of increased mobility stemming from cheaper and easier means of transportation, the widening wealth gap between industrialized and other countries that is leading many people to leave their country of origin in the hope of arriving at a country that seems to afford a better life, and local and regional conflicts2 creating tens of thousands of homeless and refugees. Incoming immigration has a considerable impact on a country's culture, demographics, politics, and religion, as well as on the local economy and labor market, as evident in many countries that have experienced such waves throughout history (Goldin et al., 2012; Lewis & Peri, 2014).This study has two interlinked goals: One is to detect and establish a correlation between the extent of immigration and changes in the rate of unemployment, by examining previous immigration trends in three prominent immigration destinations (Greece, Germany, and the United States) and analyzing their impact on the local employment market. The second is to locate an intervening variable associated with a country's welfare and employment policy that affects the structure of the domestic employment market and may be capable of influencing and even determining the direction of the correlation detected (or not) between these two indices. The research method will be based on a correlative analysis of immigration and unemployment data for the three immigration destinations mentioned above, while examining the welfare and employment policies in each of these countries.The growing stream of Syrian refugees across the borders of European Union (EU) countries in general3 and Greece and Germany in particular has earned the issue of immigration's impact on destination countries a renewed place on the public and research agenda (Ethan & Peri, 2015). Examination of previous immigration trends indicates that the economic effect of immigration on the host country is not clear-cut (Drinkwater, 2003; Waters et al., 2009). In some cases, immigrants contributed considerably to the local economy. One example is the mass immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union to Israel upon the former's dissolution in the early 1990s (DellaPergola, 1998).Then again, there are many testaments to the negative and undesirable impact of immigration on the domestic economy. One example is the immigration of Mexicans, Cubans, and Asians to the United States in the previous century, whose impact on the local labor market and its pay levels have been studied extensively (Portes & Bach, 1980; Portes & Stepick, 1985; Wilson & Portes, 1980; Saiz, 2003).1.A review of immigration around the world throughout historyAs stated, immigration, both between countries and between continents, is a phenomenon that has recurred throughout human history in different periods, from and to different places, and for different reasons and causes. Conspicuous examples are the extensive and lengthy waves of immigration from Canada and China to the United States from the early 19th and until the mid-20th century (Ramirez, 2009; Ramirez & Otis, 2001), and later on also immigration from Latin American and Asian countries to the United States in the 1980s and 1990s, (Saiz, 2003; Waters et al., 2009). These periods of immigration, deriving from the US immigration policy, strongly affected the local society and economy (Borjas, 2011).In Europe as well, immigration has played a major role, particularly since the conclusion of World War II. Examples are illegal Italian immigration to France and Switzerland (Rinauro, 2014), as well as the migration of Italian citizens across the borders of West Germany (Rieder, 2004). Also notable is the official Dutch emigration program (during 1945-1960) that encouraged local farmers to leave its rural areas for Canada (Flora, 2012; Fallon, 2000; Schryer, 1998), as well as the movement of citizens from various European countries (such as Poland, Germany, and Italy) to Brazil (Bastos & Do Rosario, 2012). …

Shifting Identifications in Dutch-South African Migration Policies (1910–1961)

This article examines the migratory movement from the Netherlands to South Africa and the associated migration policies in both countries over the years 1910 to 1961. Migration acts as a lens through which shifting constructions of national, transnational and racial identities can be observed. Depending on the politicians in charge, the contribution of Dutch migrants to the South African nation was alternately framed in terms of their white, civilised Europeanness (as opposed to black, uncivilised Africanness), and in terms of their alleged ‘kinship’ (stamverwantschap) with the Afrikaners (as opposed to the British). Under the restrained immigration policy of the Nationalist Party in the 1950s this gave Dutch immigrants a privileged position regarding admission to South Africa, and it gave South Africa a special appeal as country of destination for Dutch emigrants. This changed only when the ethnic identification with white Afrikaners, and European settlers in general, since 1960 gradually gave way to an internationally shared political identification with the struggles of black Africans against apartheid. By studying the migration dynamics between both countries we may gain insight into the making and unmaking of both Dutch and South African national and racial identifications, against the backdrop of a colonial heritage.

Op klompen troch de dessa by Hylke Speerstra

68 WLT SEPTEMBER / OCTOBER 2015 There are several technical points that mar this work, the first of which can be attributed to neither the author nor the translator. Columbia University Press made the inexplicable decision to set the work in a sans serif font, which is difficult to read. Second, each page has a light gray circle in the center, echoing the one formed by the cover, that further distracts from the text. Third, each of the six chapters has, sequentially at the top of the first page, several of the steps necessary to fold an origami crane. There is certainly a connection between the atomic bombings and origami cranes, but this seems overly precious and disconnected from the literature. Erik R. Lofgren Bucknell University Hylke Speerstra. Op klompen troch de dessa. Gorredijk, Netherlands. Bornmeer. 2014. isbn 9789056153359 Friesland’s best-selling author has done it again; this time a collection of stories from survivors of the ill-advised and illfated attempt by the Dutch government to maintain colonial control of Indonesia. Shortly after the end of World War II, the Dutch sent one hundred thousand of their young men, many of them still in their teens, to gruesome combat in the jungles and rice fields of Indonesia. They went illprepared and ill-equipped. (The book’s title alludes to that: In wooden shoes through the rice fields.) They left behind siblings, parents, girlfriends, fiancées, and dreams of a future. Led to believe that they were fighting for a just cause, they discovered that they had been betrayed, that they were rather engaged in a guerilla warfare that would continue to haunt them with its shame and guilt. Hylke Speerstra, as he had done with Dutch emigrants who after World War II scattered across the globe (Cruel Paradise, 2005), searched out survivors of this dark chapter in Dutch history and gathered their stories. The story, for example, of Ale van der Meer who in the Depression years worked for a pittance, was picked up by the Germans in World War II and sent to a forced-labor camp (from which he walked back at war’s end weighing less than a hundred pounds), was pressed into military service and sent to Indonesia not long after that, became part of a firing squad carrying out executions, and shot a suspected sniper who turned out to be a young lad of twelve or thirteen: memories that tore at his soul the rest of his life. Survivors break their long silence in these stories. In the words of one: “I’m World Literature in Review eager to break the silence. I always kept it to myself, and it was as if I had built a wall around myself. But at last the wall collapses .” And the painful memories surface: of mass killings, including women and children; beheadings; finding the shallow graves of thousands of fallen young soldiers ; officers without a conscience sending their men into war-crime scenarios; seeing best buddies die; leaving behind lovers and their children when a political settlement was finally reached and they returned home. But what happened in the jungles of Indonesia came home with them, and they would never be the same. More than five thousand did not come home. Speerstra visits those stories, too, of bereaved parents whose grief never went away, or of fiancées who waited in vain. And though there is an inevitable similarity running through these stories, no two are the same. Speerstra’s storytelling powers are fully exercised here by varying the narrative techniques and by letting each subject tell his story in his own unique way. Characteristically, the author allows the stories their emotional dimension. In many of these stories, he listens to the heartbeat of a lost generation; in recording them, he makes sure that the war and its cost are no longer forgotten. Henry J. Baron Calvin College Goli Taraghi. The Pomegranate Lady and Her Sons. Sara Khalili, tr. New York. W. W. Norton. 2015 (©2013). isbn 9780393063332 Goli Taraghi, a renowned Iranian female author, now in her seventies, has lived in Iran, the US, and France and has written and published both before the Islamic Revolution...

Een warm welkom voor blanke nieuwkomers? Nederlandse emigratie en Zuid-Afrikaanse natievorming (1902-1961)

This article examines the dynamics between European emigration and the South African immigration policy and nation building in the years 1902-1961. It investigates changing ideas and regulations that promoted or impeded transnational mobility of certain national and ethnic categories of ’white’ migrants from Europe to South Africa, and it shows how Dutch emigration fitted into this pattern. A pattern that was determined by a controversy between advocates of an inclusive policy that aimed at opening up the country to white immigrants from all over Europe, and those who were in favour of an exclusive policy that was primarily concerned with strengthening their ‘own’ Protestant, Afrikaans political culture (protecting it from British, Jewish, and catholic influences). When the Dutch government found it necessary to stimulate Dutch emigration, it called on the alleged ‘kinship’ (stamverwantschap) between Dutch and Afrikaner part of the South African population to overcome the obstacles.Dutch newcomers soon were welcomed again to strengthen Afrikaner nationalism and thus support the Apartheid regime.

Invisisbility and selectivity. Introduction to the special issue on Dutch overseas migration in the nineteenth and twentieth century

Invisibility and selectivity. Introduction to the special issue on Dutch overseas emigration in the nineteenth and twentieth century. The contributors to this special issue describe the emigration of people from the Netherlands to the most important overseas destinations (the usa, Canada and Australia) in the nineteenth and the twentieth century. Part of the Dutch (overseas) emigrants formed strongly separated communities. Dutch emigrants were also rather invisible. In North America we see a combination of separateness and invisibility, in Australia mainly invisibility. Both in the nineteenth and in the twentieth century, migration was highly selective (with differences according to religion, class, ethnicity and gender). Only in the twentieth century (and especially after 1945) there was a strong influence of government policy on migration. In this issue, the comparison of emigration from one country – the Netherlands – to several destinations and the comparison over time show the influences of the societal context of the country of origin on the formation of Dutch emigrant communities.

Language Attrition in Dutch Emigrants in Anglophone Canada

Language Attrition in Dutch Emigrants in Anglophone Canada

Longing for the Good Life: Understanding Emigration from a High‐Income Country

The outline of this article is as follows. First, we provide information on trends in emigration from highly developed countries. We review salient aspects of Dutch emigration history to provide a broader context for the extraordinary nature of today’s upsurge in emigration. We describe the theoretical background, data, measures of concepts, and statistical methodology. We conduct empirical analyses of potential migrants’ evaluation of public goods and their impact on intentions to migrate. We conclude with remarks about the emigration of talented citizens from industrialized countries and possible public policy responses.

Last in First Out?

This paper examines whether the order in which Dutch emigrants in the English-speaking part of Canada lose their first language is the reverse of that in which Dutch-speaking children first acquire their mother tongue. This idea, captured in the regression hypothesis, has not been extensively tested so far. Through an experimental research design, the study shows that regression does obtain in the case of morphology, but that syntax is more dominated by second language influence from English. The results furthermore indicate that regression is a much more subtle phenomenon than has previously been assumed with attriters showing more parallels with advanced L1 acquirers than with children in the initial stages of their linguistic development.

Personality and Dutch Emigrants' Reactions to Acculturation Strategies

This experimental questionnaire study examined individual differences in affective and normative reactions to acculturation strategies. A sample of 265 Dutch emigrants with a dual cultural background read scenarios describing the experiences of an emigrant. Eight (4 × 2) different scenario versions were developed, each referring to 1 of 4 acculturation strategies (Berry, 1997) and representing either the Frisian or the Dutch native culture. Participants reacted most positively to the integration strategy. There were no differences in reactions to Frisian or Dutch original culture. With respect to the influence of personality, as measured with the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (van der Zee & van Oudenhoven, 2000), individuals high in flexibility responded more positively to the assimilation strategy than did individuals who scored low on this dimension.

Attachment styles, personality, and Dutch emigrants' intercultural adjustment

The present study examines the relationship of adult attachment styles with personality and psychological and sociocultural adjustment. A sample of 847 first‐generation Dutch emigrants filled out measures for attachment styles, the Big Five, and indicators of psychological and sociocultural adjustment. Positive relationships were found between Secure attachment on the one hand and psychological and sociocultural adjustment on the other. Ambivalent attachment was strongly negatively associated with psychological adjustment. Dismissive attachment was mildly negatively related to sociocultural adjustment. Significant relations were found between attachment styles and the Big Five dimensions, particularly Extraversion and Emotional Stability. The attachment scales were able to explain variance in sociocultural adjustment beyond that explained by the Big Five dimensions. Intercultural adjustment is discussed from a transactional view of personality. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chapter II: DISCOVERY, EXPLORATION, AND EARLY ATTEMPTS TO SETTLE

Center for Migration Studies special issuesVolume 18, Issue 1 p. 11-16 Free Access Chapter II: DISCOVERY, EXPLORATION, AND EARLY ATTEMPTS TO SETTLE First published: 18 July 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411X.2003.tb00301.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Bibliography 1 Richard M. Bayles, Ed. History of Richmond County (Staten Island) New York: From Its Discovery to the Present Time. New York: L. E. Preston and Co., 1887. P. 44– 47. 2 Clute, John J. Annals of Staten Island: From Its Discovery to the Present Time. New York: Press of Charles Vogt, 1877. P. 1– 7, 14–41. 3 Du Bois, Theodora And Smith, Dorothy M. Staten Island Patroons. Staten Island, N. Y.: Staten Island Historical Society, 1961. (May be purchased from the Staten Island Historical Museum, Richmondtown, Staten Island 6, N.Y. for 80¢.). 4 Fisher, Margaret And Fowler, Mary J. Colonial America. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Fideler Co., 1960. P. 63– 65. 5 Hampton, Vernon B. Staten Island … Its Story. Tercentenary Booklet. Staten Island, N. Y.: Staten Island Tercentenary Commission, 1961. P. 8– 9. 6 Leng, Charles W. And Davis, William T. Staten Island and Its People. Vol. I. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., Inc., 1930. P. 85– 104. 7 Lipinsky, Lino S. Giovanni da Verrazzano, the Discoverer of New York Bay. New York, Triggs Color Printing Corp., 1958. P. 20. (Booklet may be purchased at Sales Desk of Museum of the City of New York for one dollar.). 8 McMillen, Loring. David Pietersz De Vries and the First Settlement of Staten Island. The Staten Island Historian, II: 25– 27, October 1939. 9 McMillen, Loring. Dutch Had Settlement on Staten Island When New Amsterdam Became a City 300 Years Ago. Staten Island Advance, * April 25, 1953. P. 6A. 10 McMillen, Loring. Tompkinsville Site of Water Place. Staten Island Advance,* September 27, 1949. 11 Morris, Ira K. Memorial History of Staten Island. Vol. I. New York: Memorial Publishing Co., 1898. P. 20– 39, 46–62. 12 O'Halloran, John D. The Patroons of Pavonia and Staten Island. The Staten Island Historian, XIV: 11– 12, April-June 1953. 13 Santora, Daniel. Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Short History of His Discoveries. Staten Island, N. Y.: Staten Island Italian Historical Society, 1949. P. 12 (Copies of this pamphlet were sent to Staten Island schools in 1949.). 14 Santoro, Daniel And Rallo, John A. Italians – Past and Present. Staten Island, N. Y.: Staten Island Italian Historical Society, 1955. P. 22– 28. 15 Steinmeyer, Henry G. Staten Island 1524–1898. 2nd ed. Staten Island, N. Y.: Staten Island Historical Society, 1961. P. 1– 10. (May be ordered from Board of Education listing, Library Books for Secondary Schools.). 16 Wabeke, Bertus H. Dutch Emigration to North America 1624–1860, A Short History. New York: The Netherland Information Bureau, 1944. P. 13– 60. (May be consulted in Library of Netherland Information Service at 711 Third Avenue, New York City.). 17 Widdecombe, Lawrence W. The Law as It Existed and Was Administered in New Amsterdam 200 Years Ago. The Staten Island Historian, XXIII: 3– 7, January-March 1962. Volume18, Issue1Special Issue: Holden's Staten Island: The History of Richmond CountyJanuary 2003Pages 11-16 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Farmer emigration: the case of Dutch dairy farmers moving to Ontario

A significant number of dairy farmers have left the Netherlands to farm in the Canadian province of Ontario. Herd size and productivity levels are very comparable between the two regions but there exist large differences in the price of major assets and the severity of environmental regulations facing livestock producers. This study confirms through a survey of recent emigrants that the decision to move was based largely on the difficulty in expanding, severe environmental regulations, and high asset prices. The choice of Ontario over other potential locations that all have lower asset prices than Holland was primarily a result of a similar price support system for dairy farmers, the climate in Ontario, and the social network created by previous Dutch emigrants. Overall, the interviewed farm families are very satisfied with their decision to farm in Ontario. This survey found the emigrating farmers to be larger and more efficient than the average. As a result, the competitive position of the sector losing these farmers is diminished and the overall economy hurt by the capital taken elsewhere. Farmers in the region where the emigrants locate can be disadvantaged by the new, outside equity that pushes up asset prices. However, given that the emigrants tend to be very efficient and motivated to farm, the competitive position of the overall farm sector is enhanced. Concerns in Ontario about the emigrants pushing for changes to the supply management system appear unwarranted as many chose Ontario over other locations because of the existence of milk quotas.

Zion on the Hudson: Dutch New York and New Jersey in the Age of Revivals

relates developments in the Reformed Dutch Church during the Second Great Awakening to larger themes in American social history, such as the evolution of ethnic identity, the changing roles of women, and the history of reform movements. It is serious scholarship, yet it is written in a style that is accessible to the general reader. --David Stephen Cohen, New Jersey Historical Commission on the Hudson is required reading for anyone struggling with the questions of why 'Dutchness' persisted in New York and New Jersey, and what eventually caused it to disappear. Making use of a wide array of previously untapped sources, Fabend unfolds the story of Dutch persistence in a beautifully written style. --Charles T. Gehring, Director, New Netherland Project The Dutch came to the New World in the seventeenth century as explorers and traders, but religion soon followed, for it was accepted in the Netherlands that state and church were mutually benefited by advancing the true Christian The influence of Dutchness--defined as loyalty to what are presumed to be the distinctive qualities of Dutch national character and culture--persisted in New York and New Jersey for more than two hundred years after Dutch emigration ended. Why? Firth Haring Fabend finds the explanation in the devotion of the Reformed Dutch Church membership to the doctrines and traditions of their religion. She looks at both the larger themes in American history and at the beliefs and behaviors of individuals in this often-neglected ethnic group. Thus, Zion on the Hudson presents both a broad and an intimate look at the way one mainstream Protestant denomination dealt with the transformative events of the evangelical era. As Fabend describes the efforts of the descendents of the Dutch settlers to preserve the European standards and traditions of their church while developing a taste for a new kind of theology and a preference for an American identity, she documents how Dutchness finally became a historical memory. The Americanization of the Reformed Dutch Church, Fabend writes, is a microcosm of the story of the Americanization of the United States itself. Firth Haring Fabend is the author A Dutch Family in the Middle Colonies, 1660-1800 (Rutgers University Press), winner of the New York State Historical Association Annual Book Award and the Hendricks Prize of the New Netherland Project.

Push-factors in Emigration: The Case of the Province of Zeeland in the Nineteenth Century

Despite a low emigration rate compared to other European countries in the last century, Dutch emigration has been well studied, mainly because of the very fine state of the records. This paper seeks to contribute to general issues in emigration by considering data from a limited but important area, the province of Zeeland in The Netherlands, which was one of the principal contributors to Dutch emigration to North America during the nineteenth century. The subject-matter is the motivation of those emigrants, and the analysis concentrates on factors in the place of origin. ‘Pull-factors’ that attract emigrants to their destinations are acknowledged to be important, but are not studied here; a wide range of social, economic, and political variables in Zeeland are computed. Two sets of factors are found to govern the ‘push’ : the first are deprivation factors, such as epidemics, bad harvests, poverty, and persecution. At the same time, it is posited that many emigrants left for precisely the opposite reason :...

Municipal Records in Nineteenth Century Dutch Emigration Research

Dutch emigrant registration records for the nineteenth century are examined in an effort to shed light on the local circumstances of the Dutch emigration movement. "Since nineteenth century emigration took place mostly through primary contacts this article will examine the newly established immigrant settlements as 'communities transplanted'...which directs our research to include local municipal records such as population censuses, population registers (which were supplemented after 1861 with registers of in- and out-migration), tax records, and records of vital events like marriage, birth and death registers. The quality and availability of these records vary from place to place, but generally speaking, in the case of the Netherlands, they are of high quality since population registration at the municipal level was required by law. The source of information for the local records are the population registers (Bevolkings Registers) which were originally constructed on the basis of information obtained from the 1850 population census...."

The Pennsylvania Dutch and The German-American Diaspora in 1790

Previous efforts to determine how many inhabitants of Pennsylvania and other states were of German descent at the taking of the first Federal Census in 1790 have produced estimates that vary greatly. This study presents an improved procedure for using surname analysis to calculate the German stock in post-Revolutionary America, and it offers new data describing the distribution of that group throughout Pennsylvania and the rest of the United States. The revised estimates show that German-Americans were not only the predominant ethnic group in Pennsylvania, but also were dispersed more widely among its counties than had been thought. The study then employs the same methodology to identify localities in other states inhabited by sizeable German communities, in order to trace patterns of internal migration by Pennsylvania Dutch emigrants, and also to provide more accurate information about the group's contribution to 18th-century population growth and frontier expansion.

Dutch Catholic emigration in the mid-nineteenth century: Noord-Brabant, 1847–1871

Using Dutch emigrant records, agricultural records, industrial employment records, population registers, and tax records, a cohort of Dutch Catholic emigrants (1847–1871) from the province of Noord-Brabant in the Netherlands was analysed according to regional variation in the emigration movement and social and economic background of the emigrant group. The regional analysis illustrates that areas with commercial agriculture and factory production had low emigration rates while areas with small-scale subsistence agriculture and a declining rural textile industry (northeastern Noord-Brabant) contributed to a relatively significant movement. It was discovered, furthermore, that emigration from northeastern Noord-Brabant (the municipalities of Uden, Zeeland, and Boekel) took place among the lower classes of rural society, and that emigrating individuals or households were more geographically mobile than was thought to have been the case previously. The outcome of the study signifies that emigration from the southern province of Noord-Brabant was related to the decline in domestic industry, and that Dutch emigration in the mid-nineteenth century was more varied than had been suspected.