Dust Deposition Research Articles

Characteristics of Coal Dust Deposition in Boiler Tail Gas Pipelines

Coal dust deposition in boiler tail gas pipelines can significantly affect boilers’ thermal and energy efficiency. This study investigates the deposition characteristics of coal dust particles in boiler tail gas tubes in variable cross-section tubes. Numerical simulations were performed using the Reynolds Stress Model and the Discrete Particle Model. User-defined functions coding is used to construct the particle deposition model in the particle deposition model. The study analyses the distribution of turbulent kinetic energy locations in the gradient tube, compares the distribution of particle deposition on its wall, and concludes that the deposition distribution of coal dust particles in the gradient tube is slightly different for different particle sizes. Smaller particles have a higher deposition efficiency in equal cross-section pipes than larger particles. Particle size also has a significant effect on pipe taper and expansion. The results of this study can provide theoretical guidance for optimising the design of boiler tail gas pipelines, improving energy efficiency, and reducing environmental pollution.

Overview of Factors Affecting Dust Deposition on Photovoltaic Cells and Cleaning Methods

Overview of Factors Affecting Dust Deposition on Photovoltaic Cells and Cleaning Methods

Flue Dust Behaviour in FSF - Arsenic Condensation in Offgas Line Conditions

The suspension smelting oxidation step has favourable conditions to generate chemical flue dust from the low-boiling elements of the feed mixture due to the high particle temperatures in the reaction shaft where combusting sulphide mineral particles reach temperatures above the melting point of magnetite. Arsenic, antimony, lead, and zinc are common impurity elements of high volatility in copper concentrates. They tend to accumulate in the flue dust due to the high volatility and closed mode of the flue dust circulation practiced in most industrial smelting-converting processes. Then, the only outlets for the volatile impurities are the anodes and the discard slag. A separate flue dust treatment for impurity removal is an option but it creates an additional step for the smelting plant and cost in the processing. When the concentrate grades decrease, and their impurity levels rise this outlet for the trace elements may become necessary. The arsenic condensation mechanisms in dust-free conditions in the copper flash smelting process gas train have been recently studied in SO2-air-N2 gas mixtures. It seems that the formation mechanism of arsenic-containing dust deposits is kinetically constrained, and their chemistries are influenced by the condensation temperature and atmosphere.

Prediction of thermal boundary layer thickness and bidirectional effect of dust deposition on the output of photovoltaic modules

Photovoltaic power generation was one of the fastest-growing and most promising forms of solar energy utilization, and dust deposition had an important effect on the output capacity of photovoltaic modules. However, the law and mechanism of dust deposition influence the output performance of the PV modules was still not perfect and deep enough at present. In this paper, the prediction model of the thermal boundary layer thickness (δT) was constructed, and the influence laws of dust deposition on the total attenuation rate (rt) of the top surface and the average temperature (TW) of the backplane surface were explored. Besides, the bidirectional effect of dust deposition on the output performance was researched. The results show that the main components of the dust on the top surface of the PV modules were the quartz or aluminosilicate transported remotely by atmospheric circulation and deposited. The δT at any position of the photovoltaic module decreased with the increase of parallel wind speed (v∥) by the law of −0.49800 power function, and convective heat transfer coefficient (h) changed positively with Re by the law of 0.48752 power function. In the total solar irradiance (G) decreases period and dust deposition amount (A) was 2.024201 g/m2, the influence rate of dust deposition (r) had a maximum value of 0.015363. The dust deposition attenuation rate (rdA) and the temperature gain rate (rtE) all changed positively with A by power function law, and the increase rate of rtE and rdA eventually tends to 0 and infinity, respectively. The theoretical dust removal point of the rooftop PV modules in Hohhot Urban was 5.82661 g/m2.

A new method for the rapid identification of accretionary and non-accretionary paleosols: Insights from loess deposits in monsoonal China

Identifying accretionary and non-accretionary paleosols is essential for deciphering the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental records of loess-paleosol sequences. However, relatively little research has been conducted on the identification, either because the available methods are time-consuming, highly specialized, and expensive, or because they require knowledge of glacial-interglacial patterns of wind dynamics which may still be lacking. The available identification methods are based on dust deposition; however, in this study, we develop a rapid identification method based on pedogenesis by utilizing loess deposits on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) and the Xiashu loess deposits, both of which are in monsoonal China. Firstly, we identified non-accretionary paleosols in a typical Xiashu loess section from the perspective of dust deposition, using SiO2/Al2O3 and SiO2/TiO2 ratios, which are indicators of changes in the detrital eolian grain size. Then, we conducted a comparative analysis of a typical CLP accretionary paleosol-loess couplet and the Xiashu non-accretionary paleosol-loess couplets, using records of magnetic susceptibility (MS), chemical index of alteration (CIA), and grain size. The results show that the accretionary paleosol-loess couplet is characterized by an in-phase relationship between MS and CIA/<2 μm (%), whereas the non-accretionary paleosol-loess couplet has an out-of-phase relationship. The determination of the phase relationship between MS and CIA/<2 μm (%) is a new method that enables the rapid and direct identification of accretionary and non-accretionary paleosols.

Flow Field Characteristics of Fugitive Dust from Grab Unloading in an Open Space

Aiming at addressing the problem of dust generated when grab is unloaded, the flow field characteristics of fugitive dust in an open space were studied and reflected its unstable and complex nonlinear dynamic process. Using coal, sand, and flour as research objects, an experimental model and measurement system for grab unloading were built, and the dust diffusion range, diffusion speed and direction, settling time, dust concentration, and induced wind velocity at different measurement points were compared. The computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method (CFD-DEM) coupling method was adopted, the discrete phase model (DPM) of dust was established, the interaction of the particle, dust, and airflow fields during the unloading process of the grab was further studied, and the distribution and diffusion laws of the induced airflow and dust were obtained. The acquisition of flow field characteristics is of great significance for controlling and guiding the orderly deposition of dust.

Tracing the provenance of mineral dust over the northern and southern Indian Oceans during the GEOTRACES-India (GI-01, GI-02) expeditions

Aeolian transport of mineral dust is an important carrier of nutrients and trace metals to the surface ocean and, hence, affects the biogeochemical cycles of C and N therein. Studies focusing on the provenances of dust across the latitudinal gradients over the open ocean waters are essential for better constraining the biogeochemical effects of dust deposition. Here, we analyzed the radiogenic isotope composition of Sr (87Sr/86Sr) and Nd (εNd(0)) in the silicate fraction of mineral aerosols collected over the pelagic northern and southern Indian ocean waters during the GEOTRACES-India research expeditions (GI-01: March-April 2014 and GI-02: April-May 2014). Both tracers, 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(0), exhibited marked spatial variability for dust deposition to different basins, including the Bay of Bengal (BoB), Arabian Sea (AS), equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO), and the southern sector of the Indian Ocean (SIO). The dust deposited in the AS showed a narrow spread in both 87Sr/86Sr (0.71520–0.71642) and εNd(0) (−10.9 to −10.1), along with the air mass back trajectories, indicating transport from the Arabian Peninsula. Likewise, the dust collected over the BoB was mainly sourced from the Thar Desert (87Sr/86Sr > 0.72, −16 < εNd(0) 〈−13), whereas the EIO received mineral dust from the Thar Desert and sand dunes in northern Australia (87Sr/86Sr: 0.72, εNd(0): −11) and Indonesian Archipelago. In contrast, the SIO appeared to receive dust deposition from three different source regions, including dust from Antarctica, western Australia (87Sr/86Sr: 0.712, −20 < εNd(0) <−16, and South Africa/South America (87Sr/86Sr: 0.708–0.710; −24.5 < εNd(0) >−8.4). These results have important implications for modelling the dust transport to pelagic Indian and southern Indian Ocean waters.

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Environments Relevant to Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage

Localized corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) are potential degradation mechanisms for stainless steels (SS) during exposure to corrosive environments. When localized corrosion features are subject to stresses (either external or residual), a crack can nucleate and grow. One potential scenario under which chloride-induced SCC may pose a risk is the interim storage of spent nuclear fuels (SNF) in SS canisters. In the U.S., these SS canisters are located at interim spent fuel storage installations across the country. As canisters cool over time, dust deposition can lead to the formation of corrosive brines, which form by various salt compositions. Initial studies have shown significant influences of environment on corrosion severity and morphology, which may in turn influence crack nucleation and growth. Recent, compositional analysis of salts on the surface of interim SNF SS storage canisters has been carried out with representative brine mixing formulations developed for laboratory exposures. This presentation evaluates the corrosivity, specifically in-situ crack growth rates influenced by the electrochemical environment of the prepared brines as compared to saturated salts and other seawater surrogate brines. The crack growth rates, in-situ electrochemical measurements, as well as fractography will be discussed in terms of testing methodologies and potential risks for canister degradation. SNL is managed and operated by NTESS under DOE NNSA contract DE-NA0003525. This document is SAND2023-02249A.

Flexible Thin Film Functionalized by Initiative Dust Removal and Anti-Fogging for Optical Device Applications.

The deposition of dust and condensation of fog will block the scattering and transmission of light, thus affecting the performance of optical devices. In this work, flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foil functionalized by active dust removal and anti-fogging characteristics is realized which combines electrodynamic screen (EDS) and electro-heating devices. In lieu of traditional measurement methods of dust removal efficiency, the PSNR is employed to characterize the dust removal efficiency of the film for the first time. The results show that both dust removal and anti-fogging improve the image quality, in which the dust removal increases the PSNR from 28.1 dB to 34.2 dB and the anti-fogging function realizes a film temperature rise of 16.7 ∘C in 5 min, reaching a maximum of 41.3 ∘C. According to the high sensitivity of the PSNR, we propose a fully automatic CIS film-driven algorithm, and its feasibility has been demonstrated.

Sol-gel coatings for solar cover glass: Influence of surface structure on dust accumulation and removal

Soiling of solar cover glass is a major cause for efficiency loss of solar photovoltaic modules. Anti-soiling coatings can be used to reduce the rate of soiling and lower cleaning costs. The efficiency of these coatings has been demonstrated in laboratory and field tests, but the mechanisms and relevant parameters are still not well understood.In this article, we present a study on the influence of surface structure of hydrophilic sol–gel coatings on their anti-soiling performance in terms of both, dust accumulation and subsequent indoor tests for dust removal by wind. The surface structure of the films originates from the addition of colloidal silica particles of different sizes to the sols used for film preparation. In the dust deposition experiments, standardized test dust and dust collected from solar installations were used. Repeated tests were conducted under controlled humidity.In the case of dust deposition, the accumulation of dust particles larger than ∼10 µm is strongly reduced, in relation to bare glass, by the anti-soiling effect of all coatings regardless of their surface structure.For the dust removal via wind, coatings that bear a smoother surface structure are cleaned more easily than coatings with a rougher surface structure.Additionally, larger and rounder dust particles are removed more easily from coatings with a rougher surface structure (structure height over ∼40 nm), while smaller and more irregularly shaped dust particles are removed more easily from coatings with a smoother surface structure.

Effects of self-cleaning technique and nanofluid cooling on performance of photovoltaic solar unit employing sinusoidal surfaces

The urgent need for electricity generation for both commercial and residential uses can be satisfied by photovoltaic units, but the serious flaws of these units arise from the negative effects of environmental factors like dust, shadow, radiation, and wind on their performance. The present study examines how PV panels operate under dusty conditions, using ANSYS FLUENT software and focusing on steady-state and laminar conditions. This study aims to numerically examine a three-dimensional (3-D) photovoltaic thermal (PV-T) unit with sinusoidal walls (PV-T-SW). The testing fluids examined in current paper are Al2O3-H2O nanofluid and H2O. Under the same initial and boundary conditions, three configurations were tested: a PV module, a straight channel PV-T unit, and the PV-T-SW, which are numerically compared and examined. An important element that declines the power generation efficiency is the deposition of dust on photovoltaic panels. The key novelty of the current study is that it provides a numerical modeling of the impact of dust in the presence and absence of a self-cleaning coating on a photovoltaic thermal system, as well as the optimal cooling mode and configuration. First, suitable temperature management systems are critical for achieving high-efficiency solar photovoltaics, and in heat exchange devices, the employment of corrugated structures has proven to be a helpful strategy because of the benefits of extended surface area. Finally, the electrical (ηele) and thermal (ηth) efficiency are assessed by taking into account the optical properties of dust deposition and hydrophobic coating. The factors evaluated are the impacts of varying nanofluid concentration, inlet flow Reynolds number (ranging from 500 to 1500), wavy channel amplitude, and wavelengths on cooling performance. The findings revealed that using 4 % water-aluminum oxide as an operating fluid instead of H2O improved the coefficients of heat transfer in the channel by 15.7 %. In addition, at the next step, when water-aluminum oxide was used as a coolant and the sinusoidal channel was examined with different geometrical characteristics, it was discovered that the 9 mm wavelength and 0.8 mm amplitude channel, in comparison to the simple form of the system, had superior heat transfer performance. Furthermore, the obtained data indicate that the ηele decreased by 40 % as the dust deposition happens, and it was discovered that the coating reduced that negative effect on the glass used to cover solar cells. Because of rising environmental issues and the expense of energy, thermal control of sources of energy that are renewable is becoming more and more important. The findings of this investigation can be used for future PV cooling innovation unit development and optimization.

The Impact of Dust Deposition on PV Panels’ Efficiency and Mitigation Solutions: Review Article

Conversion efficiency, power production, and cost of PV panels’ energy are remarkably impacted by external factors including temperature, wind, humidity, dust aggregation, and induction characteristics of the PV system such as tilt angle, altitude, and orientation. One of the prominent elements affecting PV panel performance and capability is dust. Nonetheless, dust features including size, shape, type, etc. are geologically known. Several mitigation methods have been studied for the reduction of dust concentration on the exterior face of the PV modules. The outcomes have demonstrated that dust concentration and pollutants remarkably affect the PV panel energy production. This paper reviews the recently developed research on the outcomes of the dust effect on PV panels in different locations and meets the needs of future research on this subject. Moreover, different cleaning methods that could be advantageous for future researchers in opting for the most applicable technique for dust removal are reviewed.

A numerical study on the collection efficiency of devices for atmospheric dust deposition

Atmospheric dust collection devices are widely used in atmospheric and environmental research to monitor particle deposition. Widely used collection devices include American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) collectors, Simplified United States Geological Survey (SUSGS) collectors, and inverted Frisbee-type collectors. However, few studies have investigated the collection efficiency of these devices and explored the reasons for the differences in their collection efficiency. In this study, we simulated the collected dust sedimentation of the three devices at several wind speeds using the Eulerian-Lagrangian two-phase flow program. And we compared the results with the amount of dust deposition on the ground surface without a collector. The results show that all three dust collection devices had high collection efficiencies when the airflow velocity was less than 0.75 m/s. However, the collection efficiencies of the three collectors decreased sharply as the wind speed increased, and the collection efficiency decreased with increasing collector aspect ratio (ratio of internal depth to collector inner diameter). The Frisbee-type collection device exhibited the best collection performance. However, the collection efficiency of the three devices with the deflector ring can maintain a high collection efficiency even at high wind speeds. This effect was attributed to the deflector ring effectively weakening the upward wind field on the windward side of the collector opening. Furthermore, particles were drawn by the deflector rings closer to the collector’s opening, facilitating their entry into the collector interior. The larger the area of the horizontal and circular surfaces of the deflector ring, the higher the collection efficiency. Consequently, modifying the deflector ring’s shape represents a promising approach for optimizing collection efficiency.

Analysis of Soiling Loss in Photovoltaic Modules: A Review of the Impact of Atmospheric Parameters, Soil Properties, and Mitigation Approaches

Soil accumulated on a photovoltaic (PV) module can significantly reduce the transmittance of the cover glass, resulting in power losses and consequent economic losses. Natural atmospheric parameters influence the accumulation of soil at various geographic locations. In this paper, the approaches and outcomes of the research studies on either indoor (simulator-based) or outdoor (field-based) PV soiling have been thoroughly reviewed. It has been noted that conducting an indoor study is necessary in order to estimate future power losses prior to the installation of a solar PV power plant. Different parameters depicted for the power loss due to the soiling of PV modules are analyzed individually and presented. Moreover, this study delves into a detailed examination of the key factors influencing dust depositions on PV modules in various geographical regions, with a particular focus on their relationship with climatic conditions. This study demonstrates that the soiling effect on PV modules is site-specific, necessitating the investigation of optimal cleaning procedures to suit a certain climate while considering cost effectiveness. This way, probable future research directions to quantify soiling losses are identified. In addition, different loss prevention and mitigation techniques are also reviewed. This makes it possible to highlight effective strategies and pinpoint potential future research lines in these areas.

Predictive atmospheric dispersion and deposition characteristics of activated tungsten dust

Tungsten is considered to be the most promising material for plasma-facing components of fusion reactors in addition to other industrial and military uses. Activated tungsten dust produced by plasma-wall interaction and released under accidental conditions would be the emerging environmental pollutant with both chemical and radiation toxicity. For the first time, atmospheric dispersion and deposition characteristics were investigated for tungsten dust with various particle size spectrum similar as generated in fusion reactors. Euler-Lagrange approach was adopted to describe parcels motion and deposition behaviors. Proper numbers of parcels were determined for the atmospheric dispersion and various parcel diameters scale. Near-surface concentration distribution and dry deposition velocity were predicted for tungsten dust with both single size dust and realistic particle size spectrum dust. Influences of chemical forms and release factors on atmospheric dispersion and deposition of tungsten dust were preliminary identified at last. It is indicated that 150 million parcels are needed for 10 μm dust under 5 km scale. Dry deposition velocity of tungsten dust is up to 11.3 cm s−1 and increase along with particle diameter because of its high density and gravitational deposition effect. The critical diameter judging whether gravitational deposition could appear for tungsten dust is 1 µm. Deposited particle size spectrum would be completely different along the downwind distance which would result in differences in subsequent behaviors in other environmental compartments.

Solar Photovoltaic Energy as a Promising Enhanced Share of Clean Energy Sources in the Future—A Comprehensive Review

The use of solar energy is now a common and modern alternative that many countries throughout the world have adopted. Different studies on PV systems have been documented in the literature; however, several reviews focus excessively on particular facets of solar modules. In this paper, the literature on PV systems published between 2000 and 2023 was reviewed thoroughly. This review is structured in three main parts. Primarily, the main factors impacting dust deposition on solar modules are discussed. These include temperature, wind speed, inclination angle, location, climatic conditions, photovoltaic module surface characteristics, and dust characteristics. Many methods for mitigating and reducing dust as well as approaches to cleaning PV modules are also reviewed in this study. The many types of solar modules, together with their most important characteristics and operational effectiveness, are presented. As more solar photovoltaic panels expand their end of life (EOL), solutions are required to recycle and dispose of solar photovoltaic panels at the lowest economic cost and with the least environmental damage through reduced carbon emissions and greenhouse gases. Subsequently, this paper further reviews solar PV energy for a green environment and PV waste recycling and its costs. Moreover, integrating solar energy with other clean energy constituting an energy source for hard-to-reach areas and an alternative to fuel are discussed. Therefore, this comprehensive review of the use of photovoltaic systems for green energy production is helpful in an increased share of clean energy for various energy sectors in the future.

Effect of Sand and Dust Shading on the Output Characteristics of Solar Photovoltaic Modules in Desertification Areas

Photovoltaic power generation is rapidly developing as a kind of renewable energy that can protect the ecological environment. The establishment of photovoltaic power stations in desertification areas can play a very important role in desert windbreaks and sand fixation as well as improve the ecological environment. The realization of the effective integration of photovoltaics and deserts can have multiple benefits for the economy, society, and ecology. However, the deposition of sand and dust caused by environmental factors in desertification areas can seriously affect the power generation efficiency of PV modules. In this study, the output characteristics of photovoltaic modules were tested under three wind speed conditions (5 m/s, 10 m/s, and 15 m/s), with different sand densities, sand particle sizes, and inclination angles. The experimental study showed that the module’s output power gradually decreased with an increase in the density of accumulated sand; the sand accumulation density on the surface of the photovoltaic module increased from 0 to 40 g/m2, and the maximum output power decreased by 32.2%. As the sand particle size increased, the maximum output power of the module rose and was gradually stabilized in the three wind speed groups. As the sand particle size increased, the maximum output power of the module increased and gradually stabilized in the three wind speed groups. When the wind speed was 15 m/s, the component output power of the angle had the largest drop; the tilt angle was 60° when the relative output power rate reached the minimum (i.e., 86.5%); that is, there was electrical energy loss of approximately 13.7%. The sand particle size and accumulated sand density were the control variables related to the module temperature and the transmittance of the proportion of the impact of the module filling factor differences. According to the curve analysis of the filling factor in different sand accumulation densities, the filling factor first increased and then decreased. In this test, the filling factor at the sand accumulation density of 35 g/m2 (module temperature valley) reached the peak value. The change trend for the component filling factor under different sand particle sizes fluctuated.

African dust transport and deposition modelling verified through a citizen science campaign in Finland

African desert dust is emitted and long-range transported with multiple effects on climate, air quality, cryosphere, and ecosystems. On 21–23 February 2021, dust from a sand and dust storm in northern Africa was transported to Finland, north of 60°N. The episode was predicted 5 days in advance by the global operational SILAM forecast, and its key features were confirmed and detailed by a retrospective analysis. The scavenging of dust by snowfall and freezing rain in Finland resulted in a rare case of substantial mineral dust contamination of snow surfaces over a large area in the southern part of the country. A citizen science campaign was set up to collect contaminated snow samples prepared according to the scientists’ instructions. The campaign gained wide national interest in television, radio, newspapers and social media, and dust samples were received from 525 locations in Finland, up to 64.3°N. The samples were utilised in investigating the ability of an atmospheric dispersion model to simulate the dust episode. The analysis confirmed that dust came from a wide Sahara and Sahel area from 5000 km away. Our results reveal the features of this rare event and demonstrate how deposition samples can be used to evaluate the skills and limitations of current atmospheric models in simulating transport of African dust towards northern Europe.

New design for PVT system with elliptic cooling duct involving nanofluid in existence of MHD and utilizing TEG

This research investigates the integration of a thermoelectric-enhanced cooling elliptic duct into a photovoltaic solar system. Employing the finite volume method, the simulation aims to analyze the system's performance. Furthermore, the introduction of a magnetic field is explored as a strategy to boost electricity generation and overall system efficiency. The study is driven by the pursuit of enhanced energy conversion and a thorough comprehension of the complex dynamics within solar energy configurations. The nanofluid laminar flow within elliptic duct has been affected by magnetic force and better cooling has been achieved. Impacts of Wdust (amount of dust), Vi (inlet velocity into elliptic tube), Ha (Hartmann) and φ (fraction of additives) on thermal (ηth) and electrical (ηe) performance have been discussed in output section. With deposit of dust, ηth and ηe decrease about 9.07 % and 23.5 %. With rise of Ha, the uniformity of temperature over silicon layer improves and amounts of ηe and ηth increase about 1.18 % and 6.85 %.With mixing water with nanoparticles, the performance of panel enhances and positive effect enhances about 65.73 % and 7.35 % with elevate of Vi, in view of ηe and ηth, respectively. The enhancement of ηe and ηth with rise of Ha improves about 80.81 % and 15.1 % for greater Vi. As Vi intensifies, the better cooling occurs and amounts of ηe and ηth enhances about 4.03 % and 30.26 %. Achieving a uniform temperature distribution across the panel is crucial for assessing its performance. Increasing Vi and Ha leads to a substantial improvement in uniformity, with enhancements of approximately 47.35 % and 4.66 %, respectively. This indicates a more balanced heat distribution, which is a positive indicator of the system's efficiency.

3D modeling of the airflow and aerosol deposition in the existence of dust

Annually, more than two million deaths are caused due to the exposure of air pollution which cause damage to the lungs and the respiratory system. Topography, light-textured topsoil, drought, and desert climate make Saudi Arabia vulnerable to sand storms and dust. The study aims to examine the deposition of dust particles in the human airway and its relationship to asthma and investigate the possibility that the dust deposition would be changed with different particle size diameters. An idealized upper respiratory tract 3D model was constructed with computer-aided design software. Later a computational simulation was performed using computational fluid dynamics with 3 different sizes (0.03, 2, and 9 microns) of the dust particles to find out the change in airflow velocity and pressure. Our findings revealed that small size particles will travel more with less inertia, whereas bigger size particles will travel less but with higher inertia at airflow rates of 30 L/min. It was found that dust deposition in the respiratory system determines the probability of inhalation and total deposition in the alveoli greatly varies with particle diameter size. An idealized URT model replicate patient-specific URT geometry which helped in finding real-time airflow velocity and pressure of dust particles. Particles with smaller diameter are capable of 100% deposition and inhalation rate at the alveoli, whereas particles with bigger diameter tend to deposit less and with lower inhalation rates at the alveoli.