Durio Zibethinus Research Articles

Vernonia amygdalina Extract Loaded Microspheres for Controlling Phytophthora palmivora

The adverse effects of modern fungicide consumption have caused many issues in the agroecosystem. Hence, under sustainable agriculture concepts, it is important to research alternatives to the currently used fungicide. The use of secondary metabolite-containing herbal extracts for treating plant diseases has become the latest trend in sustainable and green agriculture. However, the poor solubility and volatile nature of many compounds cause practical issues when using them in the field. Hence, bioactive compound delivery through nano- or micro-particles has become a successful technique to improve the solubility and delivery of secondary metabolites to targeted sites. In the current study, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract from dried leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was tested against Phytophthora palmivora isolated from Durian (Durio zibethinus) root rot. Further, the potential of enhancing the effect of V. amygdalina EtOAc treatment through microspheres loaded with V. amygdalina EtOAc extract was also investigated. The microspheres encapsulated with Eudragit® E were synthesized under different electrospray conditions to obtain the microspheres with the highest efficacy. The poison media assays evaluated the fungal growth inhibition efficiency of the V. amygdalina EtOAc crude extract and the synthesized microspheres. The study reveals that the V. amygdalina EtOAc extract has the potential to suppress the growth of P. palmivora. Interestingly, the synthesized microspheres showed immense growth inhibition in P. palmivora, with a 61.10 µg/mL decrease in ED50 compared to the direct usage of V. amygdalina EtOAc extract.

Survey of diseases affecting tropical fruit trees in Central Panay Island, Philippines

The study aimed to determine the diseases infecting the foliage and stems of tropical fruit trees such as durian (Durio zibethinus L.), langsat (Lansium domesticum), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), pomelo (Citrus maxima), and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), the species most affected, resistant and susceptible species. The study was conducted at the DBP Forest within the school reservation of the West Visayas State University-College of Agriculture and Forestry, Lambunao, Iloilo, Panay Island, Philippines. The data gathered were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics. There were eleven evident foliage diseases infecting the fruit trees, including anthracnose, chlorosis, curling, leaf blight, leaf rust, leaf spot, mosaic, powdery mildew, tar spot, shot hole, and sooty molds were recorded. The shot hole disease was observed in five species of fruit trees, while chlorosis infected only pomelo. The powdery mildew was found to have the highest percentage of foliage infection, and the least was chlorosis. There were three kinds of disease infecting the stems that were evident during the time of the survey, including canker, stem rust, and dieback. Three of the five species of fruit trees surveyed were associated with stem diseases, including durian, mangosteen, and pomelo. Moreover, it was found that the rambutan and mangosteen were the most susceptible species infected by foliage diseases and durian for stem diseases.

Phenotypic Diversity of Super Local Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Varieties from South Kalimantan, Indonesia: A Case Study

Durio zibethinus, known as durian in several Southeast Asian countries, is a prospective horticultural commodity to cultivate and develop. This study aimed to determine the phenotypic diversity and relationship of superior durian varieties from South Kalimantan in Indonesia based on morphological characteristics. Here, 20 varieties of durian (D. zibethinus), including an outgroup, were used. Meanwhile, 57 morphological characteristics, comprising 35 qualitative and 22 quantitative, were observed. The Shannon index (H’) method was applied for phenotypic diversity, and the relationships were by the UPGMA. The results show that durians of the region have low phenotypic diversity. However, some morphological characteristics show high ones, e.g., crown shape, fruit skin color and thickness, fruit flesh thickness, and fruit spine length, including tree age. In this case, the highest fruit skin and flesh thickness are present in Malutu and Bamban Birin, respectively. In addition, the fruit spine length and tree age are also in ‘Malutu’. The UPGMA revealed that the durians were separated into seven clusters and near-corresponding to geographic origin. In this case, ‘Gentarbumi Uya’ is the closest to ‘Taradak Uya’, whereas the farthest is ‘Malutu’ with ‘Tapai Idaman’. Thus, this information is essential in promoting the future durian-breeding program in local and global coverages.

Antibacterial Activity of Durian Peel Ethanol Extract (Durio zibethinus Murr.) against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis

Dental caries and root canal infections are common dental and oral diseases due to the dominance of S.mutans and E.faecalis. Despite not having any economic value and becoming a waste, durian peel is claimed as an antibacterial. This study aims to analyze durian peel ethanol extract antibacterial activity against S.mutans and E.faecalis based on the inhibition zone diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). This type of research is a laboratory experiment using Post-test Only Control Group Design. There were 7 concentrations of durian peel ethanol extract (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, and 0.78%), both positive and negative control with three times repetitions. Moreover, the bacterial suspensions used were S.mutans ATCC 25175 and E.faecalis ATCC 29212. Data analysis used One Way Anova, while data that were not normally distributed used Kruskal-Wallis. Post Hoc analysis used LSD for normal data and Mann-Whitney for abnormal data. Durian peel ethanol extract shows the antibacterial activity of S.mutans with MIC at a concentration of 0.78%, while against E.faecalis is 12.5%. The higher the concentration, the larger the inhibition zone formed. The best-tested concentration of ethanol extract from durian peel is 6.25-50% to inhibit the growth of S. mutans and 50% for E.faecalis. Durian peel ethanol extract can prevent dental caries since it is antibacterial against S.mutans and E.faecalis.

Carotenoid biosynthesis in durian pulp

AbstractDurian (Durio zibethinus Murray) is an important economic crop in Southeast Asian countries. Analysis of the composition of durian pulp indicates that it has high nutraceutical value that is related to the presence of bioactive antioxidant compounds, with carotenoids being one of the important constituents. The major carotenoids are β‐ and α‐carotene, with the minor carotenoids being lutein and zeaxanthin. Carotenoid biosynthesis in durian pulp involves the coordinated expression of many genes with at least nine genes encoding enzymes having been identified. Carotenoid accumulation increases as fruit maturity advances and is highest in ripe fruit. The concentration of carotenoids in ripe durian pulp varies among cultivars. Ripening‐induced carotenoid accumulation is regulated by endogenous ethylene that controls the expression of key genes.

Vegetation Analysis on the Upper Mahakam River Border

Vegetation analysis on the upper Mahakam river border. The Mahakam River Basin (DAS) is very wide, reaching 7.724.300 Ha. The condition of the vegetation in the Mahakam watershed continues to change due to the development of plantations, mining, and settlements. On the other hand, efforts to maintain biological resources from the diversity of vegetation are needed to protect against extinction. Remote sensing data can be used to differentiate between primary and secondary vegetation economically. However, it has limitations for detecting vegetation composition and the number of individuals per unit area. Therefore, field surveys in the context of conducting vegetation analysis are still needed to complement remote sensing data. This study aims to analyze the vegetation in each growth phase, namely the seedling, sapling, pole, and tree phases on the Mahakam riverbank. The method used is to make observation plots of 13 plots for each growth phase. Plots of 2 x 2 m2 for seedling observation, 5 x 5 m2 for sapling level, 10 x 10 m2 for pole level, and 20 x 20 m2 for tree level observation. Based on data analysis, the seedling stage consisted of 30 species, the average number of stems was 25576.9 per ha, the species diversity index was 1.371, and the highest important value index was 21.8% of Coffea robusta. There were 17 species of saplings, an average number of 4,092.3 stems per hectare, a diversity index of 1,118, and the highest important value index of 39.5% from Theobroma cacao. The pole level contained 16 species, the average number of stems was 1023.1 per hectare, the diversity index was 1.138, and the highest interest index was 23.7% for Paraserianthes falcataria. The tree level consists of 30 species. The average number of stems is 255.8 per hectare, the diversity index is 1.282, and the highest important value index is 54.9% of Durio zibethinus. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that most of the vegetation in the Mahakam riverbank area is former fields or agricultural activities.

Ethnobotany of food plants used by Minangkabau Community in Lima Puluh Kota District, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Agesti ARA, Ariyanti NS, Chikmawati T, Purwanto Y. 2023. Ethnobotany of food plants used by Minangkabau Community in Lima Puluh Kota District, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 2756-2767. The Minangkabau tribe is well known for its culture and cuisine, but documents on their knowledge and wisdom in the utilization of food plants are still limited. This study aims to inventory plant species used for food by Minangkabau community, assess their importance and economic value, and analyze the important landscapes where the food plants are obtained. This study was conducted in six villages representing different level of modernization in Lima Puluh Kota District, West Sumatra which is one of the centers of origin of Minangkabau ancestral. Data were collected through open, semi-structured and structured interviews with key informants and respondents. The Pebble Distribution Method (PDM) is used for scoring activities. Data were analyzed to show the use values (UVs), local user's value index (LUVI), index of cultural significance (ICS), and economic value of the food plants. The interviewed informants mentioned 154 plant species from 51 families were used for food. Cocos nucifera L. has the most various uses as food (highest UVs) and is the most important cultivated plant for the Minangkabau culture (ICS) in all the six villages. The most important food plant species based on a community perspective (highest LUVI) is Oryza sativa L. The wild plants having the highest LUVI and ICS differed among the villages. Plants with high economic value include O. sativa, Durio zibethinus Murray and Citrus aurantium L. The landscapes considered important are paddy fields and fields because they provide staple food. Information from this study can support food diversification to achieve food security based on the local knowledge on the diversity of food plant species and potential landraces in Minangkabau community.

Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosinase Activities of Durio zibethinus Murray and Value Added for Cosmetic Product Formulation

Durio zibethinus Murray, or durian fruit, is considered the “King of fruit” in various parts of Southeast Asia. It is classified in the Durio genus, which has been reported to be beneficial in the medical and pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties, biological activities, and cosmetic applications of the polysaccharide extractions from the green (GH) and white (WH) fruit-hulls and the ethanolic extracts from the pulp (P) and seeds (S) of D. Zibethinus. The extracts were developed as cosmetic products, and skin irritation was assessed by volunteers. P, S, GH, and WH extracts gave percentage yields of 12.13, 4.01, 1.60, and 1.18, respectively. The morphological structure of GH was highly porous, while the surface of WH was flattened, with no porosity observed. The seed extract showed the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH) of 0.33 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g and IC50 0.08 ± 0.00 mg/mL, respectively, while no anti-tyrosinase activity was detected in any individual extract. The total phenolic content, DPPH assay, and anti-tyrosinase activity after blending the extracts were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in the individual extracts. Combining extracts such as SGH and SGWH gave IC50 values of anti-tyrosinase activity at 8.69 ± 1.82 mg/mL and 0.067 ± 0.00 mg/mL, respectively. No durian extracts exhibited growth inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Cutibacterium acnes. A gel formulation containing durian extract was prepared by a cold process. It had good stability, with no skin irritation reported by the volunteers. Both crude durian and polysaccharide extracts showed promise as active ingredients in cosmetic products.

Physicochemical Properties of Soil Cultivated with Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) in Gua Musang, Kelantan

This study was carried out in an area cultivated with durian in Gua Musang, Kelantan with a soil series of Rengam-Jerangau. The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties of soil cultivated with durian at different elevations and samplings. The soil composite sampling was determined at three elevations (top, middle and bottom elevation) marked using GPS coordinate with two different depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm). The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) of the soil texture is clay with bulk density ranging between 0.98 to 1.11 g/cm3. Significant parameters at alpha value of 95% include total carbon content (0.903% until 1.389%), total sulphur content (0.059% to 0.100%), exchangeable bases calcium, potassium and sodium at 3.520 cmolc/kg to 5.582 cmolc/kg, 0.380 to 0.581 cmolc/kg and 0.101 to 0.155 cmolc/kg respectively. From the significant parameters, only exchangeable potassium was affected by the by both elevation and depth of the sampling while the other parameters were only affected by the elevation. As some of the nutrients had been classified as low, extensive measures need to be done for healthy growth performance.

Vegetation Structure and Composition of Coffee Agroforestry in Kalibaru District

Agroforestry is a form of sustainable agriculture; the present threat of agroforestry is a change in agroforestry landforms that have switched to a less sustainable form. Coffee plays a role in the agroforestry ecosystem, Kalibaru is one of the Banyuwangi District coffee centers managed by the local community. The objective of this study was to determine the vegetation structure and analyze the effect of that on environmental parameters. Data was collected by vegetation analysis and soil parameter analysis with PAST 2020 Software version 4.05. In total, 15 research plots were used, consisting of 5 complex agroforestry, 5 simple agroforestry, and 5 monoculture plots. The results showed 20 species in complex agroforestry, 24 species in simple agroforestry, and 18 species in monoculture were found. The highest important index level in complex agroforestry: Durio zibethinus 63.87% for trees, the Swietenia mahagoni 64.43% for poles, and Coffee canephora 128.87% for shrubs. In simple agroforestry : Cocos nucifera 72.83% for trees, Leucaena leucocephala 80.70% for poles, and the Coffea canephora 137.57% for shrubs. In monoculture agroforestry: Hibiscus similis 82.99% for trees, Leucaena leucocephala 209.22% for poles, and Coffea canephora 130.96% for shrubs. Agroforestry in Kalibaru was categorized in the moderate diversity. The diversity index (H') in complex agroforestry showed H' trees 2.21, pole 2.03 and. shrubs 1.60. Simple agroforestry shows H' tree 2.00, pole 2.49, and shrubs 1.50. Monoculture shows H' tree 1.98, pole 0.64, and shrubs 1.54. Agroforestry a role in maintaining soil moisture and temperature, complex agroforestry: temperature 24 0C, and Moist 5.82, simple: temperature 24.2 0C, Moist 5.42, and Monoculture temperature 26 0C, Moist 4.54.

Exploration of Local Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) from Semen Sub- District, Kediri, East Java Based on Morphological Character and Geograpical Factor

The purpose of this study is to identify morphological characters and determine the local durian distribution map in Semen District, Kediri Regency. This study uses a purposive sampling method to collect data. Local durian coordinates analyzed using QGIS version 3.6 software. Morphological character is examined by observing morphology. Micro climate factors measured are height, intensity, temperature and humidity of the soil and air, soil pH. The results show that local durin morphology in Semen District Kediri Regency has diversity. There are 10 local durian plants found based on their geographical character. The dendogram results show that local durian has similarities based on its morphological character. This morphological variation dependent to light intensity, altitudinal, the velocity of wind and soil nutrient factors.

Elucidation of the Anticancer Mechanism of Durian Fruit (Durio zibethinus) Pulp Extract in Human Leukemia (HL-60) Cancer Cells.

Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) grows widely in Southeast Asia. The pulp of the durian fruit contains carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, fibers, various vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids. This study was carried out to elucidate the anticancer mechanism of action of the methanolic extract of the fruit of Durio zibethinus (D. zibethinus) on human leukemia (HL-60) cells. The methanolic extract of D. zibethinus fruits exhibited its anticancer effect on HL-60 cells by inducing DNA damage and apoptosis. The DNA damage was confirmed by comet and DNA fragmentation assays. The methanolic extract of D. zibethinus fruits has been shown to cause cell cycle arrest in HL-60 cells during the S phase and G2/M phase. Additionally, the methanolic extract caused induction of the apoptotic pathway in the HL-60 cell line. This was confirmed by increased expression in pro-apoptotic proteins, viz., Bax protein expression, and a substantial reduction (p < 0.001) in anti-apoptotic proteins, viz., Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expressions. Therefore, this study confirms that the methanolic extract of D. zibethinus exerts its anticancer effects on the HL-60 cell line, causing cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis by an intrinsic mechanism.

Identification and characterization of the LDAP family revealed GhLDAP2_Dt enhances drought tolerance in cotton.

Lipid droplet-associated proteins (LDAPs) play essential roles in tissue growth and development and in drought stress responses in plants. Cotton is an important fiber and cash crop; however, the LDAP family has not been characterized in cotton. In this study, a total of 14, six, seven, and seven genes were confirmed as LDAP family members in Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium stocksii, respectively. Additionally, expansion in the LDAP family occurred with the formation of Gossypium, which is mirrored in the number of LDAPs found in five Malvaceae species (Gossypioides kirkii, Bombax ceiba, Durio zibethinus, Theobroma cacao, and Corchorus capsularis), Arabidopsis thaliana, and Carica papaya. The phylogenetic tree showed that the LDAP genes in cotton can be divided into three groups (I, II, and III). The analysis of gene structure and conserved domains showed that LDAPs derived from group I (LDAP1/2/3) are highly conserved during evolution, while members from groups II and III had large variations in both domains and gene structures. The gene expression pattern analysis of LDAP genes showed that they are expressed not only in the reproductive organs (ovule) but also in vegetative organs (root, stem, and leaves). The expression level of two genes in group III, GhLDAP6_At/Dt, were significantly higher in fiber development than in other tissues, indicating that it may be an important regulator of cotton fiber development. In group III, GhLDAP2_At/Dt, especially GhLDAP2_Dt was strongly induced by various abiotic stresses. Decreasing the expression of GhLDAP2_Dt in cotton via virus-induced gene silencing increased the drought sensitivity, and the over-expression of GhLDAP2_Dt led to increased tolerance to mannitol-simulated osmotic stress at the germination stage. Thus, we conclude that GhLDAP2_Dt plays a positive role in drought tolerance.

Effect of Grafting Position on Grafting Success Rate of Local Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) from Maluku

Indonesia is the centre of origin and distribution of durian plants globally, so it has a high genetic diversity of durian plants. Durian propagation can be done vegetatively through grafting. The success of durian grafting is primarily determined by many factors, one of which is the grafting position. This study aimed to examine the best grafting positions on the success rate of grafting of local durian (Durio zibethinus L.) from Maluku. The research was carried out in a nursery located in Telaga Kodok hamlet, Hitulama Village, Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency, which lasted for six months, namely from December 2021-February 2022. The study was in an experimental form using a randomized block design (RAK) 1 factor with five repetitions. The factor being tested is the position of the grafting, which consists of 5 levels: grafting on the stem hump, grafting 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, and 25 cm above ground level. The study's results obtained information that the grafting position treatment had a significant effect on the percentage of success and the increase in the number of leaves at the end of the observation. The highest rate of grafting success in the study was found in the treatment of the grafting position on the stem stump, which resulted in a success percentage of 98%.

Durian (Durio zibethinus) Peel Flour as Novel Ingredient in Gluten-Free Biscuit: Physico-Chemical, Technological and Nutritional Perspective

ABSTRACT This research aimed to study the properties of durian peel flour and the effect of substitution of wheat flour by durian peel flour on physical characteristics, nutritional value and consumer acceptance of biscuits for the development of gluten-free products. The concentration of durian peel flour was varied at 0%, 50%, 80% and 100% (w/w). It was found that the hardness, cohesiveness, crispness and L*, a*, b* of the product increased with the increasing addition of durian peel flour. There were only carbohydrate and fat contents significantly higher in wheat biscuits, while protein, ash, crude fiber and moisture were statistically greater as increasing durian peel flour concentration (p ≤ 0.05). At 100% of durian peel flour, biscuits had the lowest water activity of 0.24. A 100% durian peel flour replacement produced biscuits with highest scores of appearances, color, aroma, taste, flavor, texture and overall acceptability at a significant level (p ≤ 0.05).

Effects of Freezing Time on Degradation of Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr.) Fruit's Attributes During the Frozen Storage.

Freeze-process has been applied in preserving many fresh horticultural commodities addressed to the medium-distancing distribution. In this study, effect of freezing process and storage time on durian's attributes degradation was observed. 100 durian fruits were treated with two-level combinations of freezing process. The first level involves the freezing of the said fruit at -15°C for two different freezing times, that is 10 min (treatment A) and 20 min (treatment B). Followed by frozen-storage for -10°C for 0, 10, 20 and 30 days. At different interval time, the frozen samples were thawed at 4°C for 24h. Then, physical, chemical, and sensory parameters were periodically assessed. The result showed that treatment B provide a significantly better output than treatment A. This is proven through a lower weight loss, brighter and lighter yellow of the pulp, softer pulp, lower value of moisture content on the pulp, and a remained stable of succinate acid's profile. Furthermore, based on the preference evaluation test, the fruits were accepted by respondents.

Ligilactobacillus ubinensis sp. nov., a novel species isolated from the wild ferment of a durian fruit (Durio zibethinus).

A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, catalase-negative, urease-negative, homofermentative and facultatively anaerobic strain, named WILCCON 0076T, was isolated from a wild ferment of pieces of a 'Kampung' durian fruit collected on the island of Ubin (Pulau Ubin), Singapore. The durian had fallen to the ground from a durian tree (Durio zibethinus), on which a group of long-tailed macaques had been observed picking and eating the fruits. Comparative analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that WILCCON 0076T potentially represented a novel species within the genus Ligilactobacillus, with the most closely related type strain being Ligilactobacillus agilis DSM 20509T (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.2 %). Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization prediction values were only 86.0% and 18.9 %, respectively. On the basis of the results of a polyphasic approach that included phylogenomic, chemotaxonomic and morphological analyses, we propose a novel species with the name Ligilactobacillus ubinensis sp. nov. (type strain WILCCON 0076T=DSM 114293T=LMG 32698T).

Exploration Exploration of Species and Spatial Distribution Non-Timber Forest Products Using Geographic Information System (GIS)

This study was conducted to look at the types and spatial distribution of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Data on NTFPs species, distribution, and parts used was obtained through species identification. Meanwhile, NTFP mapping activities use GIS. The results showed that there were 8 types of NTFPs used by the villagers, namely Arenga pinnata, Hevea brasiliensis, Durio zibethinus, Areca catechu, Theobroma cacao, Parkia speciosa, Lansium parasiticum, and Archidendron pauciflorum. They use it for daily consumption and sell it to collectors in the form of fresh fruit, palm sugar, leaves, roots, seeds, and sap. Non-timber forest products are scattered in clusters and unevenly in the village area.

Activation of Durian Skin Biomass with H2SO4 Activator on the Absorption of Lead from its Solution

Research has been carried out on the bioabsorption of lead (Pb) using durian skin biomass (Durio zibethinus) which has been activated using an H2SO4 activator. The durian skin sample used was durian skin from Central Sulawesi. The processing technique to remove lead (Pb) from liquid waste was carried out by an adsorption process. The adsorption process is an effective purification and separation technique used in industry because it is more economical and simple in treating wastewater and is a technique that is often used to reduce metal ions in wastewater. This study aims to determine the mass and contact time of the adsorption of Pb by durian skin biomass. Determination of the adsorbed metal used atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results obtained showed that the optimal Pb ion adsorption occurred at a weight of 2.5 grams with an absorption capacity of 99.94 %. While the optimal Pb ion adsorption occurred at a contact time of 40 minutes with an absorption capacity of 99.94 %

Resequencing of durian genomes reveals large genetic variations among different cultivars.

Durian (Durio zibethinus), which yields the fruit known as the "King of Fruits," is an important economic crop in Southeast Asia. Several durian cultivars have been developed in this region. In this study, we resequenced the genomes of three popular durian cultivars in Thailand, including Kradumthong (KD), Monthong (MT), and Puangmanee (PM) to investigate genetic diversities of cultivated durians. KD, MT, and PM genome assemblies were 832.7, 762.6, and 821.6 Mb, and their annotations covered 95.7, 92.4, and 92.7% of the embryophyta core proteins, respectively. We constructed the draft durian pangenome and analyzed comparative genomes with related species in Malvales. Long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences and protein families in durian genomes had slower evolution rates than that in cotton genomes. However, protein families with transcriptional regulation function and protein phosphorylation function involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses appeared to evolve faster in durians. The analyses of phylogenetic relationships, copy number variations (CNVs), and presence/absence variations (PAVs) suggested that the genome evolution of Thai durians was different from that of the Malaysian durian, Musang King (MK). Among the three newly sequenced genomes, the PAV and CNV profiles of disease resistance genes and the expressions of methylesterase inhibitor domain containing genes involved in flowering and fruit maturation in MT were different from those in KD and PM. These genome assemblies and their analyses provide valuable resources to gain a better understanding of the genetic diversity of cultivated durians, which may be useful for the future development of new durian cultivars.