Durian Skin Fibre Research Articles

Adsorptive removal of methylene blue dye using durian peel waste reinforced polyvinyl alcohol‐based composite membrane

AbstractA large amount of dye effluents with biodegradable and highly toxic nature from the dyeing and finishing processes has discharged into natural water bodies without adequate treatment, which adversely impacted on aquatic life and human health. Herein, polyvinyl alcohol/agarose/maltodextrin composite membrane (PAM)‐reinforced durian skin fiber is fabricated for methylene blue (MB) uptake from aqueous medium. Structural analyses of the as‐prepared composite membrane are conducted using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, water contact angle, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm measurement. The important influence of experimental conditions including exposure time between adsorbates and adsorbents, initial MB concentration, solution temperature, and pH are also explored. Furthermore, thermodynamic behavior, nonlinear isotherms, and kinetics along with possible adsorption mechanism are provided to attain the insight into the adsorption nature. The results show that PAM‐reinforced durian peel waste possesses high MB adsorption capacity (105.54 mg g−1), which was controlled by diffusion and chemisorption mechanism. The thermodynamics of methyl blue removal on the composite membrane suggest that the adsorption is spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic in nature. This contribution is expected to inspire the efficient utilization of agriculture by‐products into eco‐friendly and biodegradable adsorbents to purify the dye‐contaminated water.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOCOMPOSITES WITH UNSATURATED VINYL ESTER MATRIX REINFORCED WITH DURIAN SKIN FIBER AS A GREEN COMPOSITE APPLICATION


 
 
 In this study, a biocomposite based on vinylester fortchem 411 VE filled with durian skin fiber (DSF) was successfully synthesized using the casting method with the aid of a catalyst to accelerate the biocomposite fabrication process. DSF was treated with 7% NaOH. The biocomposite was loaded separately with treated DSF at 3 to 6% by weight, and its tensile properties were investigated. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the biocomposite decreased with the addition of DSF particles, and lower values were found compared to the matrix. Additionally, alkali treatment on DSF reduced the strain and modulus of the biocomposite compared to the composite without DSF filler. The opposite trend was found in the case of elongation at break. However, biocomposites with treated DSF showed greater elongation compared to biocomposites without DSF filler. This was indicated by the presence of air voids and roughness on the fractured surface of the biocomposite treated with DSF.
 
 
 
 
 

Characterization and Properties of Durian Skin Fiber Filled Polylactic Acid/Polypropylene Compatibilized with Glut Palmitate Salt

PLA matrix provides good mechanical, physical and degradability properties, but somehow PLA alone is not good enough to produce a product as PLA has poor toughness resulting a brittle material. Natural fiber such as Durian skin fiber (DSF) can be incorporated into PLA/PP as a biopolymer to achieve the desired properties and better degradation which resulting a good bio-composite. Therefore, the study was carried out to produce bio-composite of DSF filled with PLA/PP and glut palmitate (GP) salt as compatibilizer. The bio-composites was successfully developed using different filler (DSF) loadings (0 php, 15 php, 30 php, 45 php and 60 php) with melt mixing blending. The FTIR analysis showed the new peak existed at 1595 cm-1 revealed a good interaction in the composite system which come from the bending of NH2 vibration from GP. The mechanical properties (tensile properties) and physical properties (water absorption ability and density) of prepared bio-composite were determined. Increasing of DSF filler loading to 60 php DSF in PLA/PP bio-composite with the addition of GP increased in tensile strength (5.06 ± 0.09 MPa) and elongation at break (3.74 ± 0.18%) due to enhanced interfacial bonding and strong adhesion between the polymer matrix and the filler due to the presence of compatibilizer. However, increased filler loading to 60 php DSF, showed a decreasing trend in the tensile modulus which represents high flexibility of the bio-composites. Furthermore, PLA/PP/DSF bio-composites absorption of water increases with the increasing filler loading until it reaches at saturation point. The study concludes that the DSF reinforced PLA/PP with the addition of GP was suitable to be used in the production of bioplastic by many industries which can promote a sustainable environment for society.

Analysis and Computer Simulation of Biopore Tubes Made of Concrete Foam Reinforced by Durian Skin Fiber

This research was conducted to utilize durian skin waste into useful materials by maximizing its utilization to solve environmental problems. The idea is to process the fibers so that they can be used as composite reinforcement material. Here, the durian fibers are used as fillers for foam concrete. The so-called concrete foam composite is designed and manufactured to produce tubes utilized for biopore systems. Biopore tube materials were tested and the tubes are also subjected to field tests to check their response subjected to static loading. A series of computer simulations are conducted. Results are compared with other biopore tubes (PVC and concrete). The simulation results show that the concentration of stresses is obviously seen around the hole located in the middle and upper section of the tubes. However, at those critical points in the tubes, the stresses are of smaller than that of the strength of the tubes. We conclude that biopore tubes with 16 holes in total provided on the tube wall are still feasible to be produced.

Multi-objective optimization on mechanical properties of glass-carbon and durian skin fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) hybrid composites using the extreme mixture design response surface methodology

This study aims to investigate the mechanical properties of glass-carbon fiber and durian skin fiber (DSF)-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA), namely tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness of the hybrid composite. The mixture design response surface methodology was used to plan the experiments, and the response surface methodology (RSM) established mathematical relationships between the proportion of components and the desired responses. The fracture surface morphologies of the composites were qualitatively evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Multi-objective optimization was performed to determine the optimal proportion of the components. The validation test results indicated that the actual values were in good agreement with the predicted values.

Water Absorption and Environmental Properties of Thermoplastic Cassava Starch Reinforced with Durian Skin Fiber

In recent, the efforts to reduce environmental pollution by developing biodegradable material has received wide interest. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of durian skin fiber (DSF) on the properties of thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) matrix as the biodegradable material. The composites were prepared by using hot press technique to convert the starch into thermoplastic starch polymer. The effects of incorporating different amount of DSF (0-50 wt.%) on the matrix was evaluated using several testings, i.e., water absorptions, water solubility, thickness swelling, moisture content, biodegradation analysis and density measurement. The results show that incorporation of DSF has reduce the water absorption characteristic of the material. Thickness swelling of the sample were increase following the addition of DSF into the TPCS matrix, indicating improve environmentally friendly properties. Water solubility of the composites showed a decreasing trend with increasing DSF content. The morphology of the samples shows adhesion of fiber and matrix which indicates good compatibility between this component. Meanwhile, there is no apparent changes on the density of the composites following the incorporation of fiber. Overall, this finding shows that DSF has potential to improve the functional characteristics of TPCS matrix as alternative green material.

Static Simulation on Speed bumps Made of Foam Concrete Foam with Durian Skin Fibers Using Ansys Software

Motorcyclists find speed bumps problematic because they require them to slow down. A concept comes to create a technology and can use a power plant with a generator driving source from speed bumps in its application. The product is designed and made on a big scale to allow all cars going through speed bumps. Because it is important to handle the kinetic energy generated from the vehicle in order for it to be transformed into electricity and connected to the load. Several tests, such as static and impact testing, are performed on the speed bump to get a material that is resistant to structural integrity. Simulation was used to perform static and impact testing using ansys software. As for the material, durian skin is very suitable as a mixture of materials, because it contains fibers that can be used for concrete reinforcement. Also obtained the equivalent stress of 0.05 MPa. The x-Axis voltage is 0.01MPa. The y-axis stress is 0.04 MPa. The results of this study can be concluded that the concrete composite reinforced with durian skin fiber also has the potential to be used as a speed bump power generator.

Tensile properties of PolyLactic Acid Composite Foamed via Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Tensile properties of foamed PolyLactic Acid (PLA) composite were studied. In this work, PLA were incorporate with Durian Skin Fibre (DSF) and Cinnamon Essential Oil (CEO) to form PLA bio composite and further treat via supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) to form foamed PLA bio composite. The tensile strength value of foamed PLA bio composite slightly drops from foamed PLA. As for stress strain graph, the percentage of strain for foamed PLA and PLA bio composite did not distinct much. Through SEM, the foamed PLA bio composite showing that it did not fully foamed after treated via SCCO2 which due to treatment period and the thickness of the thin films.

ANALISIS SIFAT MEKANIS KOMPOSIT POLYESTER YANG DIPERKUAT SERAT KULIT DURIAN (DURIO ZIBETHINUS MURR) AKIBAT VARIASI FRAKSI VOLUME

Durian rind fiber composite as a reinforcement is one of the interesting research areas. Some of the advantages associated with using natural fibers due to reinforcement in polymers are their non-abrasive properties and low-cost consumption. Durian rind when processed further can be made into cellulose fiber which can be used as a natural filler in unsaturated polyester composites. Among various types of natural fibers, durian skin fiber is an alternative polymer composite filler. Durian skin can be obtained easily because it is a family waste that has not been used. To get a new composite material made from durian skin waste, and to help the community and government in handling durian skin waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum value of the variation of the volume fraction of durian skin fiber on the impact strength and hardness strength according to the desired application. This study uses the Hand Lay Up method, in the manufacture of single fiber composites with variations in volume fraction of durian skin fiber: polyester matrix, namely, 10%: 90%, 20%: 80%, 30%: 70%, 40%: 60% and 50 %:50%. The results showed that there was an increase in the impact strength and hardness strength with the addition of the volume fraction, where the highest impact energy for the volume fraction of durian skin fiber was 50%: 50%, 0.7738 J, and the highest impact value was 0.0096725 J/mm² and energy the lowest impact is 10%: 90%, 0.461 J. and the lowest impact price is 0.0057685 J/mm². So it can be concluded that the impact strength and hardness of the durian skin fiber composite increased with the increase in the volume fraction of the fiber.

Effect of freeze‐dried durian skin nanofiber on the physical properties of poly(lactic acid) biocomposites

AbstractDurian skin wastes generated by durian fruit or Durio zibethinus Murray shows potential as a new natural fiber‐based reinforcement for polymers. Freeze drying (FD) method is reported able to reduce the size of particles. Thus, in this research, durian skin nanofiber (DSNF) is developed using a FD process from durian skin fiber (DSF) and its effect on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposite is investigated. Cinnamon essential oil was added as a plasticizer for PLA biocomposite. Morphological analysis via transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that FD method reduced the DSF particle size into DSNF. Dynamic light scattering was also performed to see the size distribution of DSNF particle after the freeze dried process. The hydrophobicity of the biocomposite was measured by contact angle and UV transmittance was done to analyze its transparency and UV penetration. The tensile strength of these composites showed significant changes in the presence of DSF and DSNF in PLA.

Soil Burial, Hygrothermal and Morphology of Durian Skin Fiber Filled Polylactic Acid Biocomposites

Soil Burial, Hygrothermal and Morphology of Durian Skin Fiber Filled Polylactic Acid Biocomposites

Physical and Functional Properties of Durian Skin Fiber Biocomposite Films Filled with Natural Antimicrobial Agents

Effects of durian skin fiber (DSF), epoxidized palm oil (EPO), and cinnamon essential oil (CEO) on the physical and functional properties of polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposite films were investigated. The biocomposite films were produced via a solution casting process. The results indicated that the PLA with 3 wt.% DSF absorbed the maximum amount of water (5.9%), which was due to the hydrophilic characteristics of the DSF. Additionally, PLA and DSF lost the most weight after decomposing for 50 days in soil. The dart drop impact test showed a reduction in the impact failure weight of the PLA composites with EPO and CEO, which could have been because of their porosity; hence, a porosity was created between the microstructures. Interestingly, the tear resistance was remarkably amplified for the biocomposites with EPO and CEO. From the migration study, the PLA, DSF, EPO, and CEO biocomposite film appeared to be suitable for use as food packaging for all types of food, as there were no negative effects when they were tested with aqueous, alcoholic, acidic, fatty, and milk food product types.

Effect of UV Radiation on Degradation of Durian Skin Fibre Composite

Durian skin fibre (DSF) reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composite was fabricated by melt-blending and then compression moulded. As DSF is polar and hydrophilic in nature, while HDPE is non-polar and hydrophobic, thus the adhesion between them is low. Therefore, maleic anhydride-grafted-polyethylene (MAPE) was added to enhance the interaction of HDPE and DSF. This paper highlight the effect of MAPE on UV degradation exposure on HDPE/DSF composite. DSF content from 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt% were immersed in water for 70 days. In the absence of MAPE, water absorption increased with DSF loadings. Furthermore, tensile properties of HDPE/DSF composite was degraded after 500, 1000 and 2000 h of UV radiation exposure. Morphological observation under SEM showed that the fibre and matrix became less interacted after exposed to UV radiation. Voids and gaps between HDPE and DSF in the presence of MAPE were reduced as revealed under SEM micrographs. The colour index of the HDPE/DSF composite was increased and became whiter with UV radiation exposure. This showed that MAPE significantly improved the interaction of HDPE/DSF composite.

Thermal Stability of Plasticized Durian Skin Fibre Biocomposite

Packaging is an essential component in food industries. Packaging protects food from spoilage between processing and usage by the consumer. In this study, biocomposites of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) reinforced with durian skin fibre (DSF) were prepared by extrusion and compression moulding. Epoxidized palm oil (EPO) was added into PLA/DSF biocomposite as a plasticizer. The results showed that the thermal stability of PLA/DSF biocomposite with EPO has not much difference compared to without EPO. The degradation time of PLA/DSF biocomposite also faster after it was disposed to the landfill as it took around 65 days to degrade. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) confirmed the stability of EPO where the oxirane group of EPO existed in the PLA/DSF biocomposite. Therefore, PLA/DSF biocomposite with addition of EPO can be effectively used for food packaging application.

Effect of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide on Tensile Properties of Durian Skin Fibre Biocomposite

The exploration of new biocomposites that are environmental friendly is gain attention due to depletion of petroleum resources and increasing global environmental concern. Therefore, the investigation of environmental friendly and sustainable materials requires to substitute the synthetic based materials. This project is conducted to investigate the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide on tensile properties of PLA/DSF biocomposite films. The PLA/DSF biocomposites are produced via solvent casting method. Then, the samples are treated under supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) at 40oC and at 200 bar pressure. From tensile properties, it was found that the tensile strength and modulus for untreated and treated PLA/DSF biocomposite are higher compared to net PLA which are 24.9 MPa and 23.5 MPa. Thus, the addition of durian skin fiber improved the mechanical strength PLA polymer. But, the presence of foams and pore in treated PLA/DSF biocomposites decreased its tensile properties by 1.4 MPa less compared to untreated samples as confirmed by morphological observations under scanning electron microscope.

Effect of Banana Peel Fiber as Reinforcement in Low Density Polyethylene/Durian Seed Starch Blends

. The exploration of new biocomposites that are environmental friendly is gain attention due to depletion of petroleum resources and increasing global environmental concern. Therefore, the investigation of environmental friendly and sustainable materials requires to substitute the synthetic based materials. This project is conducted to investigate the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide on tensile properties of PLA/DSF biocomposite films. The PLA/DSF biocomposites are produced via solvent casting method. Then, the samples are treated under supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) at 40 oC and at 200 bar pressure. From tensile properties, it was found that the tensile strength and modulus for untreated and treated PLA/DSF biocomposite are higher compared to net PLA which are 24.9 MPa and 23.5 MPa. Thus, the addition of durian skin fiber improved the mechanical strength PLA polymer. But, the presence of foams and pore in treated PLA/DSF biocomposites decreased its tensile properties by 1.4 MPa less compared to untreated samples as confirmed by morphological observations under scanning electron microscope.

Optimization of Component in Solution Casted Polylactic Acid Biocomposite by Response Surface Methodology

The significant value of renewable resources used for food packaging has motivated consumer demand, thereby driving consumers to pay closer attention to biodegradable packaging applications. Polylactic acid (PLA) together with durian skin fibre (DSF), epoxidized palm oil (EPO) and cinnamon essential oil (CEO) have been used to produce thin film via the solution casting method. This research study was conducted to optimise the potential effect of DSF content, EPO content and CEO content by determining the tensile properties of PLA biocomposites. The design of experiments (DOE) via response surface methodology was used to analyse the results. The optimum values for the tensile properties of PLA biocomposite were found at 3 wt% DSF, 5 wt% EPO and 1 wt% of CEO. The optimum tensile strength and tensile modulus of PLA composite were 24.9 and 375.9 MPa, respectively. The DSF content influences the tensile properties of PLA biocomposite, followed by the EPO content and CEO content based on the analysis of variance. The P value of both responses in the design of experiments is less than 0.05 which verifies that the tensile properties model is significant. The coefficient, R2, for tensile strength is 0.8908, while the coefficient result of the tensile modulus is 0.8916.

Effect of coupling agent on durian skin fibre nanocomposite reinforced polypropylene

This paper reports on the development of a composite-based natural fiber to reduce the reliance on petroleum-based product in order to amplify environmental awareness. The production of Durian Skin Nanofiber (DSNF) was conducted using biological fermentation method via rhizopus oryzae in order to obtain the nano dimension of the particle size. Polypropylene (PP) and DSNF were produced using Haake internal mixer via melt blending technique. The significant effect of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) on the properties of PP/DSNF nanocomposite was investigated to study its mechanical properties which are tensile strength and thermal stability using thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning analysis (DSC). The tensile property of PP nanocomposites increased from 33 MPa to 38 MPa with the presence of MAPP. The addition of MAPP also increased the thermal stability of PP/DSNF nanocomposite where the char residue increased by 52%. Besides that, the thermal degradation of PP/DSNF and PP/DSNF-MAPP were higher than PP where they exerted higher amount of weight loss at an elevated temperature. The percentage of crystallinity, %Xc, of PP nanocomposites improved with the addition of MAPP by 35% based on the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) result. The SEM analysis showed that the PP/DSNF-MAPP exerts ductile fracture while PP/DSNF exerts brittle fracture.

Impregnation of Cinnamon Essential Oil into Plasticised Polylactic Acid Biocomposite Film for Active Food Packaging

The investigation of environmentally friendly and sustainable food packaging for daily high consumption is necessary to replace existing synthetic packaging. This study reported the effects of antimicrobial agents on the properties of durian skin fibre (DSF)-reinforced plasticised polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposite films produced via solvent casting. Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) was incorporated into the PLA biocomposite at amounts from 0 to 5 wt%. Thermogravimetric analysis showed the lowest weight loss due to biocomposite degradation after 500 °C in 1 wt% CEO film. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the biocomposites with CEO were less crystalline suggesting that the structure of the biocomposite was less rigid and flexible. CEO improved the barrier properties of the biocomposite by decreasing the water vapour permeability. Biocomposites with CEO also demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The plasticised PLA/DSF biocomposite with CEO is transparent, indicating potential as an active food packaging material.

Tensile Properties of Durian Skin Fibre Reinforced Plasticized Polylactic Acid Biocomposites

This research investigates the effects of plasticizer and durian skin fibre (DSF) loading on tensile and morphological properties of polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites. Epoxidized palm oil (EPO) was added as a plasticizer in this project. The effect of EPO content 0–10 wt% was investigated over the tensile properties of PLA. EPO at 5 wt% was found to provide the highest tensile properties on PLA biocomposite. The plasticized PLA was then investigated for the effect of DSF content by varying the DSF at 1, 3 and 5 wt%. The tensile properties improved by about 7% with 3 wt% DSF. Scanning electron micrograph revealed that a ductile failure was induced in PLA composite with 5 wt% EPO and 3 wt% DSF.