Durian Shell Research Articles

Remediation Effect of Iron-manganese Composite-modified Biochar from Different Biomasses on Cd-contaminated Alkaline Soil

To investigate the remediation effect of iron-manganese-modified biochar from different biomasses （FM-BC） on Cd-contaminated alkaline soil, FM-BC was prepared using branches of Robinia pseudoacacia, durian shells, and corn stalks. The characteristics of FM-BC, the adsorption of Cd（Ⅱ） in water, and the available, fraction of Cd in alkaline soil were studied using bath adsorption and soil culture experiments. The results showed that the specific surface area, total pore volume, and oxygen content of FM-BC were significantly improved. The maximum Cd（Ⅱ） adsorption capacity of FM-BC in water was 50.71-98.09 mg·g-1, which was 1.61-4.27 times higher than that of BC. After adding 0.5%-3% FM-BC, the content of DTPA-Cd was reduced by 11.77%-37.73%, and the carbonate-bound fraction and iron-manganese oxide-bound fraction of Cd were increased by 8.61%-13.72% and 6.74%-35.05%, respectively. The remediation of Cd-contaminated alkaline soil by FM-DBC was significantly better than that of FM-RBC and FM-YBC. The characterization results showed that CO32-, C-O, Fe-O, and Mn-O in FM-DBC were the main adsorption sites, which immobilized Cd through precipitation and complexation. The above results indicated that FM-DBC has application potential for Cd-contaminated alkaline soil remediation.

Utilization of GIS and Information Technology in Optimizing the Location of Durian Peel Raw Materials for Environmentally Friendly Architecture-Based Industries

Durian peel is one of the agricultural wastes that has great potential to be processed into high-value products. However, its utilization is still not optimal due to the lack of information about the strategic location of this raw material. This article aims to discuss the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) and IT technology in identifying the optimal location of durian peel raw materials. GIS is a very effective tool for collecting, managing, and analyzing spatial data related to the location of raw materials, making it easier to determine strategic points for durian shell collection. Architectural design that considers aspects of sustainability, energy efficiency, and minimizing environmental impact, treatment facilities can operate more efficiently and environmentally friendly. Industrial engineering also plays an important role in improving the efficiency of the processing process. By applying the right industrial techniques, the production process can be optimized to produce high-value products at a lower cost. The use of GIS and IT technology, coupled with the principles of environmentally friendly architecture and industrial engineering, can provide a comprehensive solution to optimize the use of durian peel as a raw material for high-value products.

Magnesium-Doped Carbon Quantum Dot Nanomaterials Alleviate Salt Stress in Rice by Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species to Increase Photosynthesis.

Salt stress has strongly impacted the long-term growth of eco-friendly farming worldwide. By targeting the oxidative stress induced by salt, the utilization of biomass-derived carbon dots (CDs) that possess high-efficiency antioxidant properties, are nontoxic, and have excellent biocompatibility represents a viable and effective approach for enhancing the salt tolerance of plants. In this study, we blended magnesium oxide nanoparticles with carbon sources derived from durian shells to construct Mg-doped carbon dots (Mg-CDs) through a hydrothermal reaction. We demonstrated that the foliar application of 150 μg/mL Mg-CDs to rice plants after treatment with 100 mM salt effectively increased the plant height (9.52%), fresh weight (22.41%), dry weight (33.33%), K+ content (21.46%), chlorophyll content (36.21%), and carotenoid content (16.21%); decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) (9.43%), Na+ (25.75%), H2O2 (17.50%), and O2•- contents (37.99%); and promoted the photosynthetic system and antioxidant activity. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Mg-CD pretreatment triggered transcriptional reprogramming in rice seedlings. The enrichment analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways based on trend groups of gene expression patterns of Profile 8 and Profile 15 indicated that priming with Mg-CDs activated stress signaling- and defense-related pathways, such as metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and photosynthesis pathways. These activations subsequently prompted the expression of genes related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, hormone signal transduction, the oxidative stress response, and the photosynthetic system. This study demonstrated that the use of Mg-CDs represents a potential strategy to increase plant salt tolerance, creating the possibility for the regulation of crop salinity stress and offering valuable advancements in sustainable agriculture.

Porous Carbon in Durian Shell Doped with Heteroatoms and Its Electrochemical Properties Research

Porous Carbon in Durian Shell Doped with Heteroatoms and Its Electrochemical Properties Research

Preparation of activated biochar from durian shells for the extraction of phytohormones from waste coconut water via adsorption

Abstract The demand for activated carbon increases due to its effectiveness in wastewater treatment and other soil applications. However, its growing demand in the market resulted to higher price, thus, this study aimed to develop a cheaper alternative. The use of agricultural waste for biochar production has been the focus of several studies nowadays. Aside from the cheaper cost of the feedstock and the process, the problem on waste generation in the country will be lessened. In this study, activated biochar derived from Durian (Durio zibethinus) shells was prepared as adsorbent for the extraction of phytohormones from waste coconut water. Phytohormones or plant hormones are all-natural substitute to synthetic plant growth regulators (PGRs) used for different tissue culture practices in the country. Chemical activation conditions (alkali-to-raw biochar ratio and holding time) were determined to maximize phytohormone adsorption efficiency of the activated biochar. The activation of the durian shell-derived biochar was done using potassium hydroxide as chemical activating agent. Factors such as KOH-biochar ratio (high level: 5:1 (w/w), low level: 1:1 (w/w) ) and carbonization holding time (high level: 90 mins, low level: 45 mins) were applied to test its significance on the activation of durian shell biochar with percent phytohormones removal from waste coconut water as a response. The parametric study showed that KOH-biochar ratio as a main effect was significant and its interaction with holding time was also significant. This result will be used in the ongoing study to produce optimized activated biochar and will be used for batch and column adsorption. The prepared durian shell activated biochar will then be used for the extraction of phytohormones from waste coconut water via adsorption.

Performance of Bioenergy Production from Durian Shell Wastes Coupled with Dye Wastewater Treatment

Adsorption using biochar is a high-efficient method for removing dyes from wastewater, and it has become a hot research topic in recent years. Biochar produced from organic wastes through pyrolysis is a promising way to combine bioenergy recovery and dye removal. In this study, durian shell (DS) was used as a feedstock for biochar and bio-oil production under different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 500, and 600 °C) for bioenergy recovery. Then, the biochar was applied as the absorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal from wastewater under batch and continuous experiments. It was found that the bio-oil production was slightly affected by temperature, while the productivity of biochar decreased from 42.05% to 30.65% with the increase in pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 600 °C. Compared with the biochar produced at 500 °C (DS-500) and 600 °C (DS-600), the biochar obtained at 400 °C (DS-400) exhibited higher MB removal efficiency and adsorption capacity under various pH conditions due to the superior microstructure. A high pH condition was beneficial for the adsorption process with DS-400. Additionally, the MB removal efficiencies increased with the increase in biochar dosage by providing more activated sites. A high MB content can promote the adsorption process, but a too high MB content negatively affects the removal efficiency due to the sorption saturation. Adsorption processes are more likely to match a pseudo-second-order model by chemical reactions. In the long-term continuous experiment, MB can be effectively removed to match the discharge standard by DS-400. This study provided a sustainable pathway for organic waste disposal and dye wastewater treatment.

Effectiveness of Porous Durian Shell-based Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Adsorption

In this study, durian shell-based activated carbon (DAC) was produced via chemical activation method by utilising durian shell and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) as the starting material and activating agent, respectively. The incorporation of H2SO4 in the DAC production process resulted an improvement in the surface properties and adsorption capacity of the produced DAC adsorbent. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis further showed that the produced DAC possessed a porous structure which was beneficial for dye adsorption application. Under operating conditions of 500°C and 3 hours carbonisation temperature and time, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, total pore volume and BET average pore diameter were measured to be 242.03 m2/g, 0.028 cm3/g and 2.28 nm, respectively. The adsorption performance of the produced DAC was then investigated using methylene blue (MB) as the model adsorbate. The optimum MB dye removal and adsorption capacity were found to be 92.05% and 0.767 mg/g, respectively, with 0.6 g of DAC dosage, 10 ppm of initial MB dye concentration and 15 min of contact time.

Evaluation of an operating durian shell charcoal briquette manufacturing line and development of a biorefinery process for higher value products

In assessing the feasibility of carbonization for the treatment of durian shell, a large-scale (10 T) fuel briquette manufacturing line is evaluated, taking into consideration the actual processing time and the effect of the biomass high moisture content on overall efficiency. The fuel product exhibits a high higher heating value (HHV) (33.21 MJ/kg) but with a low production efficiency (10 %) and a high cost of production (0.55 USD/kg briquette). One alternate biorefinery process was proposed to turn durian shells into much higher value materials, including high-methoxyl pectin (DE > 90 %), high surface area activated carbon (>300 m2/g) and mineral-rich biochar, with higher recovery efficiency and selling prices, most notably pectin at 40 USD/kg. The results from this study are then used to provide recommendations for feasible treatment, not only for durian shells but also for a variety of different complex and highly recalcitrant biomass in pursuit of a more sustainable agricultural production.

Antioxidant and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Durio zibethinus L. Clone 175 (Durian Udang Merah) Shell and UHPLC-ORBITRAP-MS Profiling of the Extract

Durio zibethinus or ‘durian’ is a well-known seasonal fruit of Southeast Asia and has been called the ‘King of Fruit’. The popularity of durian has led to large production of this crop in Malaysia, consequently creating a huge agricultural waste including the shell. Despite illness remedies from various parts of durian, the information on phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of durian shells remained scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of D. zibethinus shell extracted with different ethanol percentage (0%, 50%, and 100%). Results showed that the 100% ethanolic extract exhibited the highest 2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 96.91 ± 1.09 µg/mL. Furthermore, the 50% ethanol extract exhibited the highest TPC with 130.57 ± 1.92 mg GAE/g crude extract, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 435.30 ± 3.41 µg/mL. Both 50% and 100% ethanolic extracts of D. zibethinusshell exhibited great potential in α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 1.99 ± 0.90 and 4.53 ± 0.21 µg/mL, respectively. Thus, the bioactive compounds in 100% ethanolic extract of D. zibethinus were profiled by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 20 compounds were tentatively identified, including flavonoids, alkaloids, benzofurans, terpenoids, pentose phosphate, organosulfur compounds, organooxygen compounds, polyketides, carotene, carboxylic acid, coumarin, and stigmasterol. In conclusion, durian shell exhibits potential for future applications driven by its inherent pharmacological benefits, consequently contributing to waste reduction.

Pengolahan Limbah Batok Kelapa Dan Limbah Kulit Durian Menjadi Briket Arang Segitiga Dengan Pengemasan Ergonomis

Waste accumulation occurs in several areas, including in Pancalaksana Village, Curug District, Serang City. In general, coconut shell waste has often been used as charcoal, but this does not happen to the use of durian shells. Currently, there is a way to make coconut shell charcoal into bioenergy products in the form of briquettes. The training on processing coconut shell waste and durian peels into triangular charcoal briquettes lasted for 7 days. Starting from waste drying, incineration, manufacturing and printing, drying, testing, and ending with product packaging. Several problems that arise in each process have managed to find solutions. With the final result that the charcoal briquettes made have successfully ignited after the briquettes are dried in the sun until they are dry and sturdy. Charcoal briquettes with a triangular shape are an innovation offered by the service team. In addition to this shape being different from the charcoal briquettes that have been circulating so far, the triangular shape also has advantages based on tests that had been carried out by the service team before this training activity was carried out. That is in terms of the duration of the flame resistance on the coals. Product packaging is carried out using materials that are easy to find and environmentally friendly. However, it still has aesthetic value and ergonomic value in the packaging

Chemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activities of Bio-oil from Durian Shell Pyrolysis

Foodborne bacteria cause food spoilage, usually Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thus, synthetic preservatives are employed in food preservation to prevent food spoilage caused by microorganisms. Excessive use of synthetic preservatives can cause disease. Bio-oil has become a natural preservative because of its high phenolic content. However, bio-oil still requires purification because the initial bio-oil (grade 3) still contains carcinogenic compounds that are dangerous for consumption. Therefore, this study aims to determine the components of the bio-oil compound after purification and its effectiveness as an antibacterial. Durian shell (DS) is pyrolyzed in a heating reactor without oxygen at a temperature of 330–600ºC (flow rate 6ºC/minute) with a 2-3 cm material size. Furthermore, bio-oil purification includes stages of filtration using activated zeolite, fractional distillation at 70–200ºC (grade 2), and filtration using activated charcoal (grade 1). Bio-oil purification includes stages of filtration using active zeolite and activated charcoal (grade 2), and fractional distillation at a temperature of 150–200ºC (grade 1). Based on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, grade 2 and grade 1 contain the major compounds 1,4-dimethyl-1h-imidazole and acetic acid. The research showed that bio-oil grades 1 and 2, when used at a 30% concentration, exhibit antibacterial strong effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. These findings suggest that bio-oil grades 1 and 2 could be valuable natural preservatives.

Enhancing catalytic activity of CuCoFe-layered double oxide towards peroxymonosulfate activation by coupling with biochar derived from durian peel for antibiotic degradation: The role of C=O in biochar and underlying mechanism of built-in electric field

CuCoFe-LDO/BCD was successfully synthesized from CuCoFe-LDH and biochar derived from durian shell (BCD). Ciprofloxacin (CFX) degraded more than 95% mainly by O2•− and 1O2 in CuCoFe-LDO/BCD(2/1)/PMS system within 10 min with a rate constant of 0.255 min−1, which was 14.35 and 2.66 times higher than those in BCD/PMS and CuCoFe-LDO/PMS systems, respectively. The catalytic system exhibited good performance over a wide pH range (3–9) and high degradation efficiency of other antibiotics. Built-in electric field (BIEF) driven by large difference in the work function/Fermi level ratio between CuCoFe-LDO and BCD accelerated continuous electron transfer from CuCoFe-LDO to BCD to result in two different microenvironments with opposite charges at the interface, which enhanced PMS adsorption and activation via different directions. As a non-radical, 1O2 was mainly generated via PMS activation by C=O in BCD. The presence of C=O in BCD resulted in an increase in atomic charge of C in C=O and redistributed the charge density of other C atoms. As a result, strong adsorption of PMS at C atom in C=O and other C with a high positive charge was favorable for 1O2 generation, whereas an enhanced adsorption of PMS at negatively charged C accounted for the generation of •OH and SO4•−. After adsorption, electrons in C of BCD became deficient and were fulfilled with those transferred from CuCoFe-LDO driven by BIEF, which ensured the high catalytic activity of CuCoFe-LDO/BCD. O2•−, on the other hand, was generated via several pathways that involved in the transformation of •OH and SO4•− originated from PMS activation by the transition of metal species in CuCoFe-LDO and negatively charged C in BCD. This study proposed a new idea of fabricating a low-cost metal-LDH and biomass-derived catalyst with a strong synergistic effect induced by BIEF for enhancing PMS activation and antibiotic degradation.

Facility Green Electrocatalyst: Sulfur-Modified N-Doped Durian Shell Derived Graphene-like Porous Carbon for N2 Fixation

Facility Green Electrocatalyst: Sulfur-Modified N-Doped Durian Shell Derived Graphene-like Porous Carbon for N2 Fixation

Porous durian shell biochar modified by KMnO4 (Mn-DSB) as a highly selective adsorbent for Be(II).

The mining of uranium-beryllium ores has resulted in substantial beryllium (Be) contamination. In this study, agricultural waste durian shells were utilized as raw materials to prepare biochar, which was further modified to enhance its adsorption capacity (Mn-DSB). The results effectively demonstrated Mn loading onto the DSB surface. Batch experiments were conducted to identify the optimal adsorption conditions of Mn-DSB for beryllium. At a temperature of 35 °C and pH 6, beryllium's maximum adsorption capacity (Qe) was 42.08 mg·g-1. The materials' internal structure was analyzed before and after adsorption via multiple techniques. Mn-DSB manifested potent selectivity towards beryllium in multicomponent mixed solutions, binary systems, and uranium-beryllium wastewater, as the beryllium removal rate exceeded 90%. The study investigated the recyclability of Mn-DSB and found that after five reuse cycles, the adsorption and desorption efficiencies were 90% and 85%, respectively. The strong ligand complexation (N-H, CO32-, -OH) and ion exchange mechanisms (with Mn7+ ions) of Mn-DSB explained its high adsorption capacity. Therefore, this study demonstrates the potential of Mn-DSB for treating uranium-beryllium tailing wastewater.

Synthesis of durian shell activated carbon by KOH activation using response surface methodology: characterization and optimization of process parameters

Synthesis of durian shell activated carbon by KOH activation using response surface methodology: characterization and optimization of process parameters

The dehydration effect on energy absorption characteristics of the tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus)

This study explores the influence of dehydration on the energy absorption properties of the mesocarp layer of the tropic fruit durian (Durio zibethinus). Cuboid-shaped mesocarp samples of both fresh and dehydrated durian shells were subjected to axial compression tests. The findings reveal that the fresh mesocarp layer demonstrated heightened densification strain, a stable stress plateau, and enhanced specific energy absorption compared to its dehydrated counterpart. This underscores the crucial role of water and liquid sap in optimizing the energy absorption capacity of the durian mesocarp layer.

Green synthesised nanocopper/chitosan aerogel biocomposite as a recyclable and nonprecious catalyst for methyl orange reduction

Methyl orange (MO), which is known as a highly durable dye that is extremely toxic to humans and animals, has been processed by using various methods. In recent years, MO degradation through reduction in the presence of NaBH4 (NB) and suitable nanocatalyst have garnered considerable interest. However, the nanosized particles of the catalyst make separation from the liquid solution more difficult and limit the practical application of this technique. Herein, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) decorated on three-dimensional chitosan aerogel (CSA) were synthesized as a reusable composite for the catalytic degradation of MO by using a green method with durian (Durio zibethinus) shell (DS) extract as a reducing agent. The Cu/CSA composite’s physicochemical properties were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), high resolution Transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Raman spectroscopy. These modern techniques elucidated the structure and formation of copper nanoparticles on the CSA surface. The copper nanocatalysts have an average particle size of 32.6 nm, specific surface area of 55.8 m2/g, pore size of 32 Å and pore area of 0.049 cm3/g. Through the investigation of catalyst activity, the conditions of MO reduction were optimised with the 1.0 Cu/CSA sample, catalyst dose of 0.5 g/L and a molar ratio of MO/NB of 1/200. The reaction reached over 94.3% efficiency after 10 min, correlating with a kinetic rate constant of 0.163 min−1. It is worth mentioning that the optimized catalyst can be conveniently synthesized and retrieved from the reaction solution in just 5 s using a vacuum filter. Furthermore, its effectiveness remains largely unaffected even after undergoing five cycles of reuse, thus demonstrating its exceptional durability and potential in environmental remediation.

Numerical study on energy absorption performance of novel bionic helmet liner

In this paper, by introducing the pyramid-shaped spine configuration of durian shells and bidirectional corrugated configuration of jaw feet of mantis shrimps into the helmet liner, a bidirectional staggered rectangular frustum liner was designed. Finite element simulation of impact was carried out on liners with various pyramid-shaped cell structures, and the kinetic behavior of the liners of different structures during impact compression was studied. The results showed that the decrease in the inclination angle of the outer walls of pyramid-shaped cells and the bidirectional-cell design can both improve the specific energy absorption of the helmet, and that the bidirectional staggered rectangular frustum helmet has the highest specific energy absorption, 2.7 times that of the gradient lattice or 1.3 times that of the honeycomb helmet. This is because the bidirectional staggered rectangular frustum cell design enhances the connection between adjacent cell walls, resulting in a larger deformation area during the impact process and participation of more material in energy storage, thus significantly improving the overall energy absorption performance.

Two Steps for Improving Reduced Graphene Oxide/Activated Durian Shell Carbon Composite by Hydrothermal and 3-D Ball Milling Process for Symmetry Supercapacitor Device

Durian shell waste was used to fabricate activated carbon (AC) using a hydrothermal process and three-dimensional (3-D) ball milling. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was composited with activated durian shell carbon (DC) to enhance the electrochemical properties for fabricating a supercapacitor (SC) device. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of the AC from hydrothermally processed durian shell carbon (AC–HDC) and AC–HDC that was 3D ball milled for 15 min (rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M) showed compacted and uniformly distributed particles with good porosity. The rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M sample exhibited high specific surface area (SSA) using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) methodology, 2311 m2/g, and an average pore size of 1.88 nm. Electrochemical results showed that the rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M sample had the highest specific capacitance (Cs) of 545.78 F/g, power density (Pd) of 260.834 W/kg and energy density (Ed) of 60.834 Wh/kg. A coin cell SC device using an rGO/AC–HDC3D15M electrode with a 3M KOH electrolyte exhibited a high Cs of 65.585 F/g with a high energy density of 5.123 W h/kg and power density of 47.286 W/kg. Thus, the novelty of this manuscript is that (1) the structure of the rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M composite could promote fast ionic and electronic migration during charging and discharging and (2) a rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M composite, which showed electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) could produce a positive synergistic effect for efficient electrochemical reactions. Moreover, the high surface area of the rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M composite may mitigate the volume expansion of electrodes during cycling. Thus, this work shows that an rGO/AC–HDC–3D15M composite prepared using a hydrothermal process with 3-D ball milling can show enhanced electrochemical performance for the fabrication of an EDLC supercapacitor device.

Selective adsorption of organic dyes from aqueous environment using fermented maize extract-enhanced graphene oxide-durian shell derived activated carbon composite

A secure aquatic environment is essential for both aquatic and terrestrial life. However, rising populations and the industrial revolution have had a significant impact on the quality of the water environment. Despite the implementation of strong and adapted environmental policies for water treatment worldwide, the issue of organic dyes in wastewater remains challenging. Thus, this study aimed to develop an efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable material to treat methylene blue (MB) in an aqueous environment. In this research, maize extract solution (MES) was utilized as a green cross-linker to induce precipitation, conjugation, and enhance the adsorption performance of graphene oxide (GO) cross-linked with durian shell activated carbon (DSAC), resulting in the formation of a GO@DSAC composite. The composite was investigated for its adsorptive performance toward MB in aqueous media. The physicochemical characterization demonstrated that the cross-linking method significantly influenced the porous structure and surface chemistry of GO@DSAC. BET analysis revealed that the GO@DSAC exhibited dominant mesopores with a surface area of 803.67 m2/g. EDX and XPS measurements confirmed the successful cross-linking of GO with DSAC. The adsorption experiments were well described by the Harkin-Jura model and they followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 666.67 mg/g at 318 K. Thermodynamic evaluation indicated a spontaneous, feasible, and endothermic in nature. Regenerability and reusability investigations demonstrated that the GO@DSAC composite could be reused for up to 10 desorption-adsorption cycles with a removal efficiency of 81.78%. The selective adsorptive performance of GO@DSAC was examined in a binary system containing Rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene orange (MO). The results showed a separation efficiency (α) of 98.89% for MB/MO and 93.66% for MB/RhB mixtures, underscoring outstanding separation capabilities of the GO@DSAC composite. Overall, the GO@DSAC composite displayed promising potential for the effective removal of cationic dyes from wastewater.