Durian Research Articles

Strategi Pemasaran Produk Olahan Buah Durian Umah Duren Di Kota Manado

This study aims to find out how the marketing strategy for processed durian fruit Umah Duren in Manado City. This research was conducted from June to August 2022. The data analysis method used in this study was SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is an analysis that includes efforts to identify strengths and weaknesses (internal), opportunities and threats (external) faced. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data obtained directly from respondents by conducting direct interviews using questionnaires. Secondary data obtained from other information data related to this research. The results of this study indicate that the Marketing Strategy for Processed Durian Fruit Products Umah Duren in Manado City through the analysis method on the SWOT matrix is obtained at the coordinates of 1.67 : 2.68, which means that the position is in quadrant I, namely supporting the growth strategy (growth).

Identification and characterization of Colletotrichum species associated with durian fruit in northern Thailand

Identification and characterization of Colletotrichum species associated with durian fruit in northern Thailand

COMPARATIVE CALORIFIC ANALYZES OF COCONUT SHELL AND DURIAN FRUIT PEEL BY USING DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY

The production of coconut and durian means that it will produce a lot of waste from its shell. Indonesia is a country that produces a lot of them. The coconut shell (CS) and durian fruit peel (DFP) can be converted to briquette as new fuel from biomass. The objective of this research is to obtain the calorific briquette properties of CS and DFP using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The material composition consist of 10 % and 15 % of starch for each CS and DFP. Thermal treatment was carried out in the temperature range of 28 °C to 600 °C at 5.4 °C/min. The addition of starch causes the heating temperature since it has thermoplastic properties. Additionally, it is difficult to burn and carries a lot of water so that the heat generated is used to evaporate the water first of all in the briquettes. The recommended material is CS with 10 % mass of starch. The optimum temperature reached was 578.97 °C with an enthalpy value of 0.42 J/g.

Islam and Environment (A Study of Durian Skin Waste as an Adsorbent to Overcome Water Pollution)

Nowadays environmental pollution has become a serious problem. Textile dye waste is one of the biggest contributors to environmental pollution. Durian (Durio zibethinus) has been known as a popular fruit in Indonesia. However, only several part of the durian fruit is used, namely its flesh. Durian skin is generally only thrown away and becomes waste pollutes the environment. Durian skin waste can be used as activated carbon in overcoming textile dye waste pollution. This study aims to determine the potential of durian skin from Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi as an adsorbent for textile dye waste. The process of making activated carbon is carried out through two stages that is physically by heating at 600 oC and chemically with hydrochloric acid 1M as activator and stirring for 24 hours. The quality test of activated carbon includes tests for water content, ash content, volatile matter content and fixed carbon content. The results showed that the activated carbon of the durian skin had met the standards of SNI 06-3730-1995, namely water content 12.1%, ash content 0.2%, volatile matter content 27.3% and bound carbon content 72.5%.

Income and Factors Affecting Productivity of Durian Farmers

Durian produces high production and quality results if an area farming well and maximizes production inputs. Durian has a considerable advantage because durian fruit has a high economic value. The study was conducted to determine the income of durian farmers and the factors that influence the productivity of durian farmers in Beraban Village. This research was conducted from April to June 2020 in Beraban Village Balinggi District Parigi Moutong Regency. The population in this study were farmers in Beraban Village who carried out durian farming, as many as 37 people. Data were taken through interviews with all farmers who were respondents. Based on the results of this study, the income of durian farmers in Beraban Village is IDR 1.743.197 per month, with an R/C ratio value of 3.52 which means that durian farming is feasible to cultivate. The factors that influence the productivity of durian farmers, namely age, formal education, and the use of appropriate phonska fertilizers, can increase the productivity of durian farmers in Beraban Village.

An electrochemical biosensor for the rapid genetic identification of Musang King durian

More than 200 different cultivars of durian exist worldwide but Durio zibethinus or Musang King (MK) is the most premium and prized durian fruit among the recommended varieties. Early identification of this premium variety is critical to protect from non-authentic MK durian cultivars. However, the MK variety's morphological traits are nearly identical to other varieties. Currently, the identification of durian varieties is mostly performed via evaluation of leaf shape, fruit shape, aroma, taste and seed shape and this requires trained personnel for the morphology observation. To enable the rapid identification of the MK variety, PCR amplification of ten durian varieties using six gene candidates from the chloroplast genome was first performed to obtain DNA probes that were specific to the MK durian variety. PCR amplification of ten durian varieties using primers designed confirmed that the nadhA gene sequence showed an obvious difference in the MK variety from other durian varieties. The unique sequence of MK was used as a DNA probe to develop an electrochemical biosensor for the direct identification of the MK durian variety. The electrochemical biosensor was based on the hybridization response of the immobilized DNA probe with the target DNA from the MK variety and was monitored via differential pulse voltammetry technique. Under optimal conditions, the DNA electrochemical biosensor showed a low detection limit at 10% of MK genomic DNA concentration with a wide linear calibration range of 0.05–1.5 µM (R2 = 0.9891) and RSD value of 3.77% (n = 3). The results of the developed DNA biosensor provide high promise for the development of portable sensors employed in the determination of MK variety in the field.

Rapid measurement of classification levels of primary macronutrients in durian (Durio zibethinus Murray CV. Mon Thong) leaves using FT-NIR spectrometer and comparing the effect of imbalanced and balanced data for modelling

For durian growth to produce high-quality fruit, plants should receive sufficient nutrients. Currently, farmers apply various fertilisers to produce a large quantity and quality of durian fruit, irrespective of the actual nutrients that the plant requires. Accordingly, the production cost is high and non-renewable resources. Therefore, this study focused on rapid classification primary macronutrient levels in durian (Durio zibethinus Murray CV. Mon Thong) leaves using Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy and investigated the effect of imbalanced data on efficient classification models. Contents of N, P, and K in durian leaves were measured via NIR with the wavelength range of 800–2,500 nm. Classification models were developed using partial least squares, k-nearest neighbour, and artificial neural networks (ANNs) with imbalanced and balanced data. The imbalanced data were balanced using a synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE). In this study, the model regarding the fresh leaf sample performed better than that for the dried ground leaf sample. Moreover, the ANN was the best algorithm, exhibiting validation accuracies of classified levels corresponding to N = 0.99 and P = 0.97 when the data were analysed with SMOTE and K = 1.00 from the original balanced data. The imbalanced data affected biased classification when the models could increase the classification accuracy by applying balanced data for modelling.

Phenolic glycosides from the peels of durian fruits Durio zibethinus L.

AbstractIn the present study, six phenolic glycosides, including one new durianol F (1) and five known compounds, durianol A (2), syringaresinol glucoside (3), 4‐O‐β‐glucopyranosyl sinapic acid methyl ester (4), quercetin‐3‐glucopyranoside (5), and quercetin‐3‐rhamnopyranoside (6) were isolated from a methanol extract of the peels of durian fruits (Durio zibethinus). Their chemical structures were elucidated using the NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses and comparision with the previously reported values. In addition, their cytotoxic effect against three human carcinoma cell lines, including liver (HepG2), breast (MCF7), and lung (SK‐LU‐1) was also evaluated.

Classification of Durian Types Using Features Extraction Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) AND K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)

Durian is one of the most popular fruits because it has a delicious taste and distinctive aroma. It has different shapes and types, especially from thorns and different colors and has fruit parts that are also not the same as other parts. In terms of fruit selection, care must be taken because consumers generally still find it difficult to distinguish physically identified types of Durian fruit due to limited knowledge of the types of Durian fruit and require a relatively long time and accuracy in sorting. Therefore, there is a need for a method to sort the types of Durian fruit effectively and efficiently. Namely image segmentation based on the classification of the types of Durian fruit to help consumers. The method used is Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrices for feature extraction, while to determine the proximity between the test image and the training image using the K-Nearest Neighbor method based on texture based on the color of the Durian fruit obtained. Extraction features using the GLCM method based on angles of 0°, 45°, 90° and 135°. Then the KNN method is used for the classification of characteristic results using K = 3. In this study, 1281 data training was used and 321 data testing was used, resulting in an accuracy of 93%.

Impacts of Thermal Processing, High Pressure, and CO2-Assisted High Pressure on Quality Characteristics and Shelf Life of Durian Fruit Puree.

Durian fruit puree (DFP) is a nutrient-dense food, but it has a short shelf life. Presently, little research has been undertaken on extending the shelf life of DFP. Hence, it is necessary to develop treatment methods that can prolong the shelf life of DFP. In the present study, thermal processing (TP), high-pressure processing (HPP), and CO2-assisted HPP (CO2 + HPP) treatments are used for DFP, and their influences on quality properties of DFP during storage (35 days, 4 °C) are investigated. Compared to other treatments, the CO2 + HPP treatment had a lower pressure and a shorter time to achieve the same effect of inactivating the microorganisms of DFP. During storage, CO2 + HPP treated DFP showed higher retention rates of sugars, total soluble solids, color, bioactive components, and antioxidant capacity in comparison with other treated DFPs. Moreover, after 35 days of storage, the microbial count of (CO2 + HPP)-treated DFP (3.80 × 103 CFU/g) was much lower than those of TP (4.77 × 105 CFU/g) and HPP (8.53 × 103 CFU/g)-treated DFPs. The results of this study reveal that CO2 + HPP treatment could not only better preserve the quality of DFP, but also effectively extend the shelf life of DFP, providing an effective method for the processing of DFP.

The role of indigenous lactic acid Bacteria Genus Lactobacillus in the fermentation process of Durian (Durio zibethinus) for Tempoyak production

Durian (Durio zibethinus) is a type of fruit included in the climacteric fruit, so it needs processing to have a longer shelf life. One of the processed durian fruits is tempoyak. Tempoyak is a traditional fermented durian food well known around Kalimantan and Sumatra. Tempoyak is made from durian, which usually has a good level of maturity. The distinctive aroma and semi-solid texture of tempoyak are produced by the fermentation process by bacteria. Tempoyak processing has involved adding a bit of salt and indigenous lactic acid bacteria, one of which is the bacteria genus Lactobacillus, such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus curvatus. This study aimed to determine the role of lactic acid bacteria from the genus Lactobacillus in the fermentation process of durian into tempoyak, to determine the potential of bacteria from the genus Lactobacillus in other respects, and to determine the health benefits of tempoyak. This research was conducted using a literature study method with several stages, namely article searching, article selection, data synthesis, and ending with report generation. From the literature search, it can be seen that indigenous bacteria from the genus Lactobacillus are found in fermented durian fruit. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus curvatus are species of the genus Lactobacillus that can ferment sugar into lactic acid and are usually used in fermented agricultural products and livestock products. Lactobacillus plantarum producing lactic acid is amylolytic because it can directly convert starch to form lactic acid. Lactobacillus curvatus has various functions related to carbohydrate utilization and bacteriocin production, enabling fermentative and antibacterial properties. Tempoyak can be beneficial for digestive health and has the potential to increase the body's immune system. The results obtained prove that the indigenous bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus from tempoyak play a role in the durian fermentation process and have the potential as probiotics that are good for health.

Identication and Classification of Menoreh Durians Based on Molecular - RAPD Markers

<p>Menoreh durian is an accessions durian fruit originally from Kulonprogo district, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In the context of proposing Menoreh durian to be a new superior variety, it is necessary to have an identity and position in the molecular genetic group. The aim of the study was to obtain the identity and position of the of Menoreh Durian in the molecular genetic classification. The wet laboratory experiment was using PCR-based RAPD method. Eleven accessions of durian were identified and characterized then grouped based on molecular analysis which were pink Menoreh and 3 Yellow Menoreh accsessions, Petruk, Sunan, Sukun, Sitokong, Montong, Kani and Aspar. The RAPD method was carried out in stages: DNA extraction, DNA quantity and quality test, amplification, electroforesis, visualization and analysis of results. The RAPD classification of 11 durian accessions , resulted in three groups; namely group I which consisted of Menoreh Kuning, Petruk, Aspar Sunan and Menoreh Jambon; Group II consisted of Montong, Sitokong, and Kani from Thailand; and group III consisted of only Sukun accession. Based on this grouping, Menoreh Kuning dan Menoreh Jambon which were separated from other groups at a genetic distance of more than 0.25 indicated that the accession of Menoreh Kuning and Menoreh Jambon only as variety.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

KAWASAN AGROWISATA DI KABUPATEN KAYONG UTARA DENGAN PENDEKATAN ARSITEKTUR BIOKLIMATIK

The development of tourism areas is one of the high priority sectors in Indonesia. One of the tourism sectors that has the potential to be developed in Indonesia is agrotourism. Sukadana is one of the sub-districts as well as the capital of North Kayong Regency which has many tourist destinations in the form of beaches, mountains and other natural beauty such as paoh hills, mangrove forests, etc. In addition to the tourism sector, Sukadana is also very famous for its durian products. Durian is one of the many varieties of fruits found in Sukadana District. However, in recent years there has been a decline in durian fruit sales. This is due to the pandemic period which sometimes limits the access of people outside the Sukadana District to visit. With this problem, the idea was created to create an agro-tourism area in North Kayong Regency that can support the distribution of fruits both during the pandemic and during normal times. The design of this agro-tourism area uses a bioclimatic architectural approach that pays attention to the relationship between architectural forms and their environment, especially in matters relating to the climate of the area. This agro-tourism area applies the concept of a Tourism and Education Village (Tourism And Education Village) where in addition to traveling, visitors can also get education related to agriculture and plantations. With the existence of this agro-tourism area, it is expected to affect the rate of economic growth in North Kayong Regency, especially the people of Sukadana District.

Assessing local farmer’s perspectives on the role of bat in providing ecosystem services in the Batang Toru ecosystem, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Harahap HA, Yonariza. 2022. Assessing local farmer’s perspectives on the role of bat in providing ecosystem services in the Batang Toru ecosystem, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4322-4328. Bats play an important role as pollinators in maintaining the ecosystem services and improving the local economy in Batang Toru Ecosystem (BTE). However, the anthropogenic impacts negatively affect their sustainability, making the evaluation of their services increasingly needed. This study was conducted to examine the local farmers’ action against bats in BTE. The objectives were to analyze: (1) farmers’ knowledge of the role of bats in ecosystem services, (2) the perception of bats, (3) awareness of bat population loss and its impact on durian production, and (4) farmers' actions against bats on their land. The results showed that 1 out of 7 farmers exhibited negative actions toward bats in their agroforest lands. They also had significantly low knowledge about bat services in agroforestry. Most farmers regarded bats as meat for food and medicine rather than as pollinators of durian fruits. We recommend that the government and conservation institutions carry out initiatives to educate farmers regarding the importance of bat services, and conservation efforts should be made to maintain the viable population of bats.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS IN ISLAMIC COOPERATIVE IMPLEMENTATION FOR KARANGASRI FARMER GROUP KAMPUNG DURIAN PONOROGO

Cooperatives in Indonesia is the cornerstone of the economy for all people, especially those with low economies. Agriculture in Indonesia experienced a decline in 2017. One of the problem factors is the problem of capital. To overcome the problem of capital in agriculture, the right step is the establishment of a cooperative. The cooperative will regulate the financial circulation of the farmer groups. The farmer group that is the object of this research is the Karang Asri Kamnpung Durian Ngebel farmer group. This Karang Asri farmer group is the focus of this research because it has the potential for agricultural products that are much sought after by the community, namely durian fruit. In this study, the researcher will analyze the problems that exist in the Karang Asri farmer groups in Durian Ngebel Village which are the causes for the not yet established cooperatives in the farmer groups and formulate a cooperative model that can be established in the Karang Asri farmer groups. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through, observation, interviews, and documentation. By interviewing the head of the Karang Asri farmer group representing the entire group. The results of this study indicate that six problem sectors are ranging from human resources, natural resources, production, distribution, systems, and problems from outside the farmer group. The problems that exist are divided into two groups, namely roots and branches. The root problem is the main problem because there is no cooperative in the farmer group. The branch problem is a factor that indirectly causes the absence of a cooperative. Then the cooperative model that was successfully designed was the sharia producer cooperative. It is hoped that this cooperative model will be a capital solution and also all problems that exist in farmer groups.

Secondary metabolites from the fruit peels of Durio zibethinus L. and their cytotoxic activity

Three new glucosides, ziberthinosides A–C (1–3), and six known compounds, cleomiscosins A–D (4–7), sporogen AO-2 (8) and sapinofuranone A (9), were isolated from a methanol extract of Durio zibethinus fruit peels. Their chemical structures were elucidated by analyses of their 1 D/2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS data as well as by comparison with the literature values. The absolute configuration of sporogen AO-2 (8) was confirmed by ECD calculation. Of the isolates, compounds 8 and 9 were cytotoxic toward all MCF7, HepG2 and SK-LU-1 cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 10.7 to 34.9 μM. Our results contribute to better understanding of the chemical constituents of the high valued durian fruit and their pharmacological effect, such as cytotoxicity.

Cryogenic freezing preserves the quality of whole durian fruit for the export market

Durian (Durio zibethinus cv. Musang King; D197) is a popular durian cultivar due to its thick flesh and strong sweet taste. The high market demand and shortage of out-of-season supply contribute to the increase in durian price. Other than that, durian has a short storage life, and to prolong the storage life of Malaysian durian, freezing treatment has been applied. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of freezing methods on the physical and sensory qualities of the whole durian. The freezing method included conventional (at -18°C) and cryogenic freezing (-110°C). The frozen durian was thawed and evaluated after 12-hours, 24-hours, and 36-hours for external and internal quality, dehiscence incidence, and physicochemical parameters (pulp colour, soluble solids content, total titratable acidity, and percentage of moisture) during 36-hours storage. The results showed that conventional freezing at -18°C adversely affected the quality of durian. The fruits were severely dehiscent due to the slow freezing rate. Later, the freezing injury became obvious when exposed to ambient temperature. In comparison, during cryogenic freezing durian fruit froze rapidly without any dehiscence. The freezing methods used in this study did not affect the physicochemical parameters of durian pulp during 36-hours storage. Cryogenic freezing is noted to be a promising method for preserving the quality of durian fruit, thus extending the storage life for market expansion.

Processing Durian Skin Into Compost Using Enumeration Machine Technology in Sungai Raya Village

Dairi Regency is the largest durian fruit producer in North Sumatra Province with a production of 23 thousand tons per year. One of the largest durian-producing villages in Dairi Regency is Sungai Raya Village. The estimated volume of durian skin waste produced in North Sumatra is 332,712 tons of durian skin per year, this can be seen from the large amount of durian skin waste that accumulates on the side of the road, in rivers, and farmers' gardens. Given the large volume of durian skin, it takes an effort to process durian skin waste into compost that can be used by farmers and can improve the welfare of farmers. The solution for processing durian skin is to build a community-based processing unit for processing durian skin into community-based compost by involving farmer groups. To carry out efforts to manage durian skin waste, a simple tool is needed that functions as a durian skin chopper as a basic material for compost. From the results of the durian skin counting and the dissemination of fertilizer making, farmer groups and the community have been able to make fertilizer from durian skin so that it can increase the income of the population.

Volatile Compound Production and Quality Characteristics of Durian Fruit Cv. Monthong as Affected by 1-methylcyclopropene and Modified Atmosphere Storage

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and modified atmosphere (MA) storage on volatile compound production and quality parameters of durian fruit cv. Monthong during storage. Whole durian fruit harvested at the commercial maturity (75–80%) was fumigated with 0–1,000 nL L−1 of 1-MCP for 12 hours. The fruits were then kept in MA chamber fitted with a silicone membrane window at 15°C up to 4 weeks. Volatile aroma compounds including 3 sulfur compounds, 1 ester, 5 alcohols, and 1 ketone were monitored during durian fruit storage. The production of diethyl disulfide, 3,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane (2 isomers) and ethyl-2-methyl butanoate was strongly suppressed by 1-MCP/MA treatment. Husk and pulp color changes, pulp softening, respiration rate, production of ethylene, and fermentative metabolites were effectively retarded with 1-MCP/MA technique. 1-MCP treatment at 500 nL L−1 for 12 h under MA condition could extend the storage life of Monthong durian fruit up to 3 weeks without any negative effect. Therefore, this combined technique could be applied to maintain quality and control the ripening process of Monthong durian fruit.

Nutritional and Structural Properties of Durian Seed (Durio Zibenthinus Murr.) Flour Originated From West Kalimantan, Indonesia

West Kalimantan is one of the largest durian fruit producers on Kalimantan Island and had the highest production of durian seed as a by-product. Durian seed flour is a simple way to utilize durian seed for further processing. However, the characterization of durian flour, both chemical and structural properties of durian seed flour from West Kalimantan, is rarely explored. This study characterized durian seed flour (DSF) from west Kalimantan in the chemical and structural properties compared with the commercial durian seed flour (CDSF). DSF performed significantly differently in crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, and crude fiber than CDSF, meanwhile ash, moisture, and starch content of DSF and CDSF were not significantly different from each other. The CDSF had a larger particle size than DSF, ranging from 11.27 to 308.80 μm and 5.43 to 121.60 μm, respectively. The DSF had the Tp (gelatinization peak temperature) higher than the CDSF based on DSC analysis.