Durian Research Articles

Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage

Abstract In this study, the effects of four types of polystyrene (PS) plastic box with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) lid (PSPET), PS tray with polyethylene (PE) bag (PSPE), PS tray with a vacuumed PE bag (PSVPE), and PET box with a sealed lid (PET) on the quality of durian fruit during storage at 10°C were investigated. The analysis results showed that in all four types of packaging, the total aerobic bacteria count in the durian pulp ranged from 101 to 105 CFU/mL after storage. However, total yeast and mold count was not detected. During the same survey period, PET packaging for the product had the lowest weight loss of 0.58–3.07%. Next, the impact of temperature, at 0 and 10°C, on the quality stability of durian fruit during storage was also studied and evaluated. Durian pulp preserved in PET at two different cold temperatures did not show any significant difference in microbial content and phytochemical composition. Total aerobic bacteria count in the samples was recorded at about 104 CFU/g after storage; total yeast and mold count was not detected, and the weight loss reached 1.82 and 1.72% at temperatures of 0 and 10°C, respectively.

Antibacterial properties enhancement tropical fruit waste biopolymer hydrogel loaded Nephelium Lappaceum leaf extract for sanitizing applications.

Current alcohol-based sanitizers present safety concerns and are not suitable for all applications. To address the issue, biopolymer hydrogels offer a safer, sustainable alternative due to biocompatibility, biodegradability, and customizable properties. In present study, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was prepared from Durian fruit rind, a tropical fruit byproduct rich in polysaccharides and combined with the synthetic polymer Carbopol to form a hydrogel with homogenization technique. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) leaf extract (RLE) as an antibacterial agent was analyzed for functional, morphological, antibacterial, and structural properties. Phytochemical analysis of RLE confirmed the presence of antibacterial compounds, while Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were 33.3μg/mL for Escherichia coli and 28.5μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, Scanning Electron Microscopy showed significant disruptions in bacterial cell walls. Hydrogel incorporated RLE was produced with improved properties confirmed through viscosity, FT-IR, Disc-diffusion assay and spread plate method analysis. In general, Rambutan leaf extract significantly improves the antibacterial properties of biopolymer-based hydrogels, hence offering a promising, eco-friendly alternative to alcohol-based sanitizers.

Morphology of Bacteria and Fungi From The Fermentation of Asam Drien as a Local Food Ingredient of West Aceh

A typical food ingredient of the Aceh region, especially the western and southern, is Asam drien (language from the West Aceh region). Asam drien is made from durian fruit meat, usually due to the abundance of durian fruit, or because the durian fruit is of poor quality such as the taste of the bland fruit meat, then most of the people utilize the durian fruit into Asam drien which can be used as a seasoning for cooking. The purpose of this study was to identify the morphological characteristics of bacterial and fungal colonies in Asam drien processing, this study used a qualitative descriptive method for colony characteristics, and biochemical tests. The results of research on bacteria and fungi in Asam drien found 14 colonies from the entire fermentation both at home and in the laboratory, namely irregular and diffuse, elongated, round, and threaded shapes; colony color characteristics obtained only one color, namely cream color; characteristics of colony edges there are 5, namely: wavy, squiggly, smooth, serrated, and threadbare. Colony elevation characteristics obtained 2 forms, namely flat and raised. There are 2 types of colony surface characteristics, namely rough and smooth shiny. Then reisolated on selective media DeMan Rogosa Sharpe Agar (MRS Agar) for lactic acid bacteria. The results of observations found 11 colonies from the entire fermentation each consisting of 2 types of isolates Ka and Kb which are Gram-positive bacteria bacillus and coccus cell forms. As well as fungi that grow on Asam drien, namely the genus Rhizopus and the type of yeast found from the genus Saccharomyces. The catalase test on Asam drien bacteria is positive, has proteolytic, amylolytic, and cellulolytic potential, but is not able to hydrolyze fat and alcohol.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for simple and nondestructive durian fruit maturity assessment

Accurately predicting durian maturity is a critically unresolved worldwide issue. Farmers currently determine durian ripeness based on their own observation and experience leading to inconsistencies in harvest timing. This reliance on human judgment often results in premature or overripe harvests, impacting fruit quality, yield, and market value. Existing technological solutions, such as sensors are often complex and require specialized expertise, hindering their adoption by farmers and consumers. Developing sensors that can accurately measure durian ripeness without damaging the fruit, are easy to use, and affordable remains a challenge. We introduce a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for on-site, safe matching to meet the demands of durian maturity evaluation. The μPAD automatically collected peduncle fluid without destroying the durian fruit for dual detection of total sugar and amino acid. For determining total sugar including sucrose, glucose, and fructose, several enzymatic steps were reduced to a single step of invertase for sucrose hydrolysis before total reducing sugar was measured using gold nanoparticle (AuNP) generation. Kinetics study of invertase on the μPAD showed Vmax and Km values of 1.42 mM min−1 and 2.17 mM, respectively, that agreed with the direct study of sucrose conversion. To increase device reliability, amino acid was also simultaneously measured with sugar using the simple ninhydrin test with the addition of SnCl2. The developed sensor provided LODs of 3.50, 3.10, 3.30 μM, and 0.02 mg mL−1 for glucose, fructose, sucrose, and amino acid respectively. The μPADs were able to nondestructively discriminate between the mature and immature durians, showing high linear correlation with the standard dry weight method. The development of this μPAD technology has the potential to revolutionize durian cultivation practices, reduce post-harvest losses, and enhance the overall sustainability and profitability of the durian value chain, and can be further developed for maturity tests of other fruits.

Unveiling the regulatory role of DzAGL6-1 in carotenoid biosynthesis during durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit development.

Approximately 119 MADS-box genes have been identified in durian. Moreover, DzAGL6-1 primarily expressed during fruit development, activates theDzPSYpromoter. Transient expression of DzAGL6-1 in tomatoes influences carotenoid production. MADS-box transcription factors play a crucial role in regulating plant biological processes, including fruit ripening and associated events. This study aimed to comprehend the mechanisms involved in durian fruit development and ripening and carotenoid production by conducting a genome-wide analysis of MADS-box proteins in durian (Durio zibethinus L.), an economically important fruit in Southeast Asia. A total of 119 durian MADS-box proteins were identified from the genome of the 'Musang King' cultivar. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the proteins were classified into types I and II, which exhibited similar conserved motif compositions. Notably, only 16 durian MADS-box genes exhibited fruit-specific expression patterns. Among these genes, DzAGL6-1 was predominantly expressed during fruit development, a stage at which carotenoid biosynthesis is activated. Transient expression of DzAGL6-1 in tomato fruit increased the transcript level of the carotenoid biosynthetic gene phytoene synthase (PSY) and the β-carotene content. Furthermore, DzAGL6-1 activated the promoter activity of DzPSY, as demonstrated by a dual-luciferase assay. These findings provide insights into the role of MADS-box transcription factors in regulating carotenoid biosynthesis during durian fruit development.

PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) QUADCOPTER SEBAGAI PEMETIK BUAH DURIAN

Farmers certainly want a short and adequate time to collect their crops when the harvest season arrives. Such as durian farmers, most of them still use manual methods to harvest their agricultural products, even though there are already tools that can help make it easier when climbing trees. However, they still have risks because farmers still have to climb trees with tall tree branches, not to mention when the weather is not friendly and the trees are slippery due to rain. Of course, it is very risky to harvest agricultural products. The unmanned aerial vehicle will cut the stalks on the durian fruit with a circular blade-cutting mechanism. The blades are connected via a gear designed as a cutter capable of reaching the durian fruit stalk. The other motor that drives the cutting knife has been modified via the central controller to connect to the remote control so that the auxiliary motor on the cutting knife does not require a manual switch to turn it on. Using Quadcopter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Technology as a Durian Fruit Picker is a solution for durian farmers who have plantations with high tree branches. Drones can reach fruit at the tree's end with the added cutter module mechanism. This drone has effectiveness in terms of time which is better than picking durian fruit manually. The design of this cutter can be adjusted at speed to adjust the drone's flight stability.

Comparative transcriptomic study of matured fruit and post-fruit developmental stages in Malaysian durian varieties

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is a famous tropical fruit in Malaysia and well-known for its sweet and creamy taste and unique strong aroma. Despite the differences, durian fruit undergo similar fruit developmental stages upon maturity. However, not much information related to metabolic changes at molecular level are available for fruit development in durian. Hence, the aim of this study was to identify and analyze fruit development transcriptomic changes on six commercial durian varieties (D24, D99, D160, D168, D197, and D200). The transcriptome analysis via RNA-seq assays generated 67 to 234 million raw reads, which are assembled into 49,601 genes with protein coding genes as the largest gene biotype, with a total of 35,832 genes (72.2%). All genes were annotated against Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). GO analysis revealed genes were highly linked to biological process, cellular components and molecular function, with the highest representation in cell wall, while the most common pathways identified by KEGG were carotenoid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and galactose metabolism. Important changes were found in abscisic acid and lignin accumulation, which associated with post-harvest response and concurrent colour change. Moreover, significant increase in butyric acid, palmitoyl-CoA and different forms of sugars were associated with buttery smell, creamy texture, and sweetness respectively. Thus, mass sequence data and expression profiling provide an insight into molecular mechanisms for durian fruit developmental process. This study aims to enhance comprehension of durian fruit development stages, including physiological, genetic, and molecular processes, to inform breeding, crop enhancement, and post-harvest strategies to meet consumer and agro-biotechnology demands.

Durian fruit pulp extract enhances intracellular glutathione levels, mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation for neuroprotection

Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) fruit pulp is a rich source of γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC), a direct precursor to the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). This study elucidated the in vitro neuroprotective potential of unripe durian fruit pulp extract (UDE) against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells. Treatments with γ-EC, GSH standards, or UDE exhibited no cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and BV-2 cells, except at high concentrations. A 4-h pretreatment with 100 µM γ-EC or UDE containing 100 µM γ-EC significantly increased SH-SY5Y cell viability post H2O2 induction. Moreover, a similar pretreatment reduced LPS-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines in BV-2 cells. The neuroprotective effect of UDE is primarily attributed to γ-EC provision and the promotion of GSH synthesis, which in turn elevates intracellular GSH levels and reduces proinflammatory cytokines. This study identifies γ-EC in UDE as a potential neuroprotective biomarker boosting intracellular GSH levels, providing insights into UDE's therapeutic potential.

Are Thailand's Mangosteen and Durian Complementary in the Global Market?

Mangosteen is one of Thailand’s major agricultural exports, generating income and employment in the country’s agricultural sector. This research examined whether Thailand’s durian fruit can complement mangosteen in the global market. The country-pair and time-fixed effects of Poisson maximum likelihood were employed in the model, and the estimated results were separated into eight cases. The findings indicate that Thailand’s durian complements mangosteen in the global market. Thai mangosteen exporters are advised to implement high pricing strategies, divide their market into upper-middle-income and high-income nations, and promote durian along with mangosteen. Improving the skill of mangosteen farmers to achieve a higher yield and quality than competitors is an essential factor.

Unveiling phenylpropanoid regulation: the role of DzMYB activator and repressor in durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit.

DzMYB2 functions as an MYB activator, while DzMYB3 acts as an MYB repressor. They bind to promoters, interact with DzbHLH1, and influence phenolic contents, revealing their roles in phenylpropanoid regulation in durian pulps. Durian fruit has a high nutritional value attributed to its enriched bioactive compounds, including phenolics, carotenoids, and vitamins. While various transcription factors (TFs) regulate phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) TFs have emerged as pivotal players in regulating key genes within this pathway. This study aimed to identify additional candidate MYB TFs from the transcriptome database of the Monthong cultivar at five developmental/postharvest ripening stages. Candidate transcriptional activators were discerned among MYBs upregulated during the ripe stage based on the positive correlation observed between flavonoid biosynthetic genes and flavonoid contents in ripe durian pulps. Conversely, MYBs downregulated during the ripe stage were considered candidate repressors. This study focused on a candidate MYB activator (DzMYB2) and a candidate MYB repressor (DzMYB3) for functional characterization. LC-MS/MS analysis using Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently expressing DzMYB2 revealed increased phenolic compound contents compared with those in leaves expressing green fluorescence protein controls, while those transiently expressing DzMYB3 showed decreased phenolic compound contents. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that DzMYB2 controls phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in durian by regulating the promoters of various biosynthetic genes, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR). Meanwhile, DzMYB3 regulates the promoters of PAL, 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase (4CL), CHS, and CHI, resulting in the activation and repression of gene expression. Moreover, it was discovered that DzMYB2 and DzMYB3 could bind to another TF, DzbHLH1, in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. These findings enhance our understanding of the pivotal role of MYB proteins in regulating the phenylpropanoid pathway in durian pulps.

Pichia kudriavzevii UNJCC Y-137 and Candida tropicalis UNJCC Y-140 isolated from Durio kutejensis as potential probiotic agents.

Durio kutejensis, commonly known as Lai durian, has a unique characteristics of a creamy texture and a combination of sweet and bitter tastes. This study aimed to isolate and screen yeast from fruits as a potential probiotic agent. The tests consisted of tolerance to bile salt and gastric acid at pH 2, antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteriditis, and hemolytic activity on blood agar medium. The results showed that 40 yeasts isolated from Lai durian fruit and 34 of these isolates grew on YMA medium. The two isolates showed high significance in the probiotic tests. These two isolates were able to grow on bile salt up to a concentration of 2% and gastric acid for up to 6h, with survival rates of 99.06% and 100%, respectively. Two isolates were identified as Pichia kudriavzevii UNJCC Y-137 and Candida tropicalis UN-JCC Y-140 Therefore, these two yeast isolates can be used as potential probiotic agents.

Unveiling unknown transcripts and exons: Insights into durian var. D24 (Durio zibethinus Murr.) fruit development and ripening

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) plant fruits are popular among Southeast Asians. This study aimed to characterise the gene expression during the growth and development of durian fruit at its young, mature, and ripening stages. We used a high-throughput RNA Sequencing approach to identify and characterise unknown transcripts (UTs) from durian fruit pulp transcriptomes. The categorisation of UTs relied on assessing their coding potential and conducting sequence analysis, followed by thorough manual curation. After mapping, 110 million high-quality reads were analysed for each of the nine samples, revealing that each contains 76,700 to 89,117 distinct transcripts and 561,211 to 646,291 exons. In the present analysis, we emphasised identifying and classifying UTs, disregarding transcripts with accurate annotations. Differential expression analysis identified 280 significant unknown transcripts, presumably involved in various biological functions in durian growth. The top BLASTn comparative analysis results for 183 unknown transcripts (UTs) primarily showed significant homology, ranging from 80 % to 100 %, with transcripts from closely related species within the Malvaceae family, including Bombax ceiba, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium raimondii, Herrania umbratica, and Theobroma cacao. Functional annotation showed that many upregulated UTs may encode protein-coding genes involved in cellular and metabolic activities, catalytic and electron transfer activities, cellular and anatomical entities, and protein-containing complexes. Out of 97 UTs that do not have a BLASTn hit, 2 of them match GO terms, TCONS 00034019 and TCONS 00058246, corresponding to the InterPro GO Names, namely P: positive regulation of organ growth (GO:0046622) and F: calcium ion binding (GO:0005509). Three open reading frame (ORF) sequences longer than 300 nucleotides were identified as potential protein-coding genes through SMARTBLAST analysis, showing sequence similarities with Retropepsins, pepsin-like aspartate proteases, DUF4492 domain-containing protein, and a hypothetical protein CTI12_AA006750 in UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the dynamic gene expression patterns during durian fruit development. It highlights the significance of characterising unknown transcripts and their potential roles in biological processes, thus enhancing our understanding of durian genetics.

Upgraded durian genome reveals the role of chromosome reshuffling during ancestral karyotype evolution, lignin biosynthesis regulation, and stress tolerance.

Durian (Durio zibethinus) is a tropical fruit that has a unique flavor and aroma. It occupies a significant phylogenetic position within the Malvaceae family. Extant core-eudicot plants are reported to share seven ancestral karyotypes that have undergone reshuffling, resulting in an abundant genomic diversity. However, the ancestral karyotypes of the Malvaceae family, as well as the evolution trajectory leading to the 28 chromosomes in durian, remain poorly understood. Here, we report the high-quality assembly of the durian genome with comprehensive comparative genomic analyses. By analyzing the collinear blocks between cacao and durian, we inferred 11 Malvaceae ancestral karyotypes. These blocks were present in a single-copy form in cacao and mainly in triplicates in durian, possibly resulting from a recent whole genome triplication (WGT) event that led to hexaploidization of the durian genome around 20 (17-24) million years ago. A large proportion of the duplicated genes in durian, such as those involved in the lignin biosynthesis module for phenylpropane biosynthesis, are derived directly from whole genome duplication, which makes it an important force in reshaping its genomic architecture. Transcriptome studies have revealed that genes involved in feruloyl-CoA formations were highly preferentially expressed in fruit peels, indicating that the thorns produced on durian fruit may comprise guaiacyl and syringyl lignins. Among all the analyzed transcription factors (TFs), members of the heat shock factor family (HSF) were the most significantly upregulated under heat stress. All subfamilies of genes encoding heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the durian genome appear to have undergone expansion. The potential interactions between HSF Dzi05.397 and HSPs were examined and experimentally verified. Our study provides a high-quality durian genome and reveals the reshuffling mechanism of ancestral Malvaceae chromosomes to produce the durian genome. We also provide insights into the mechanism underlying lignin biosynthesis and heat stress tolerance.

Phytochemical profile, in vitro anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐xanthine oxidase activity of durian fruit rind fractions (Durio zibethinus)

SummaryDurian fruit rinds (Durio zibethinus) have increasingly attracted scientific interest due to their potent bioactive metabolites. In the present study, a comprehensive approach combining chromatographic techniques and bioassays was employed to elucidate the phytochemical constituents present in durian fruit rinds and their corresponding bioactivities. The crude ethanolic extract (CEE) and its fractions obtained through silica gel column chromatography (F1, F2, F3, and F4) were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for their flavonoid profiles using thin‐layer chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Among the tested samples, fraction F2 exhibited the highest total flavonoid content (179.55 mg QE/g DW). TLC and HPLC analyses showed the presence of quercetin in all tested samples, with its content ranking in the order of F2 > F3 > F1 > F4 > CEE. The fractions exhibited inhibitory effects on albumin denaturation, protease activity, lipoxygenase (LOX), heat‐induced haemolysis, and xanthine oxidase (XO), surpassing those of the crude extract. These observed bioactivities correlated with the distribution of flavonoids and quercetin content in the samples. LC/MS analysis further showed the presence of flavonoids‐chalcone, flavonols, terpenoids, stilbene glycosides, anthocyanins, phenolics, and amino acids in fraction F2. These results determine the phytochemical profiles, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐XO activities of bioactive fraction obtained from durian fruit rinds.

Utilization of durian peel waste and young coconut waste into biobriquettes as a renewable energy source

The increase in durian fruit production in Indonesia in 2021 by 19.40% and coconut fruit production by 1.47% which will be directly proportional to the increase in durian skin waste and young coconut waste produced. These wastes have not been optimally utilized so that their availability is quite a lot in the environment. Both wastes contain large amounts of cellulose, namely 50%-60%. The cellulose element will affect the carbon value so that with this content, waste and young coconut waste can be utilized as raw materials in making briquettes. This utilization is one of the efforts in utilizing waste into renewable energy sources. This study aims to obtain the best briquette characteristics from a mixture of durian peel charcoal with young coconut charcoal in accordance with the briquette characteristics in SNI 01-6235-2000, and to determine the economic value of briquettes. This research method was conducted experimentally, by mixing durian peel charcoal with young coconut charcoal as raw material for briquettes as many as six variations, namely (90% : 10%), (75% : 25%), (60% : 40%), (45% : 55%), (100% durian peel charcoal) and (100% young coconut charcoal). The results showed that sample 3 (60% : 40%) was the best briquette with the highest fix carbon value (72.81%), calorific value (22,124 J/gr or 5,284.23 cal/gr), moisture content (13.83%), volatile content (1.69%), ash content (11.67%) and compressive strength (0.752 kgf/cm2). The SEM test results showed a clean morphological structure of the briquettes with tight voids. The characteristics of biobriquettes produced through six briquette samples meet the standards of volatile content and calorific value of briquettes, and the moisture content, ash content, fixed carbon content, and compressive strength do not meet the characteristics of briquettes according to SNI 01-6235-2000.

Effect of feeding durian fruit peel in kacang goats on production performance and physiological parameters

The durian fruit (Durio zibethinus Murr.) peels can be used as animal feed. This study aimed to determine the effect of feeding durian fruit peel on body weight, feed conversion ratio and physiological parameters and reproduction performance of female kacang goats. The research method uses the 3 x 3 factorial randomized block design (RBD). The main components were dose D1 = ASP dose of 100 g/liter of water; D2 = ASP dose of 200 g/liter of water, and D3 = ASP dose of 300 g/liter of water, and the next variable is the soaking time, namely: P1 = Soaking durian rind for 24 hours; P2 = Soaking durian rind for 48 hours; and P3 = Soaking durian rind for 72 hours and each repeated four times as a group. The analysis of variance showed that giving durian fruit peels soaked in rice husk ash filtrate solution at different doses did not give a significant difference (p>0.05) in body weight gain, use of dry matter and the effectiveness of using proportions, breath waves and heartbeat waves of female kacang goats, but had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the edible carcass weight and very significant (p<0.01) on the non-edible carcass level of female kacang goat giving durian fruit peels by immersing rice husk ash filtrate solution with different soaking time variations had a significant effect (p<0.05) on body weight gain and productivity using the proportion of female kacang goats, did not have a large effect (p>0.05) on physiological parameters. Durian skin waste has the potential to be used as animal feed, has nutritional content, and can increase the body weight of kacang goats, but requires further processing such as soaking in a solution of rice husk ash filtrate.

Postharvest Responses of Durian (Durio zibethinus cv. Puyat) Fruit to a Paraffin-based Wax as Surface Coating

Surface coatings have been used to delay deterioration and prolong the shelf-life of perishable crops. In this study, physico-chemical characteristics of ‘Puyat’ durian fruit surface-coated with a paraffin-based wax and held under ambient conditions (25.95 ± 0.91 °C, 90.5 ± 5.0% RH) were evaluated up to 12 d after treatment (DAT). The concentrations used were 0, 10, 15, and 20%. Weight loss was highest in control fruit while visual quality was better in wax-treated fruit at 12 DAT. Dehiscence was delayed by up to 5 d in fruit treated with 20% wax. Pulp firmness was better retained in higher wax concentrations at 4 and 8 DAT. Total soluble solids were lower by up to 44% in all surface-coated fruit. Electrolyte leakage decreased by up to 80% in surface-coated fruit (20%) relative to the untreated lot at 8 DAT. By the end of storage, all treated fruit had greener (lower a*) rinds compared to the untreated lot, hence indicating a delay in ripening. In all treatments, ascorbic acid content declined while total phenolic content was maintained with storage. Thus, the paraffin-based wax could potentially delay the ripening of ‘Puyat’ durian by delaying dehiscence and slowing down weight loss – while not affecting the fruit’s antioxidant potential.

Ripeness and quality of harvested durian determined using Raman spectroscopy combined with physico-chemical and volatile characteristics

The demand for fresh-cut durian tends to increase as customer lifestyles have changed with more demand for convenience in usage and a reduction in the waste generated in the home. This study aimed to find a new sorting method for the ripened durian pulp. Raman spectra from lab-based and portable Raman spectroscopy showed a similar spectra pattern. The important Raman spectra bands for starch were presented on day 1–3 of storage. Bands associated with sugar were observed after day 4, whereas the starch was reduced. Durian pulp compositions during the ripening, especially firmness and weight loss decreased until the end of the storage. Major sulfur-containing compounds such as ethanethiol, diethyl disulfide, diethyl trisulfide and 3,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane (isomer I, II) were emitted high amounts on day 4. The principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and k-means clustering score plot of Raman spectra allowed the separation of ripeness for whole fruit after harvesting in three distinct stages; unripe stages on day 1–3, the ripen stages on days 4 and 5 and the overripe stages on days 6 and 7. Pearson’s correlation coefficient exhibited a closed relationship between the Raman PC scores (106–1800 cm−1) and physico-chemical and volatile profile of durian fruit. Raman spectroscopy could be a useful new alternative technique to sort the ripeness and eating quality of durian pulp, substituting for traditional practices in fresh-cut industry.

Environmentally Friendly Strategies for Recycling Agricultural Waste to Produce Renewable Energy: A Case Study of Durian Fruit

The increasing need for harvests, resources, and facilities is associated with significant biowaste production from agricultural processes. Although the waste is nutrient-rich, it may become refinement lands for ailment-triggering bacteria when not managed correctly. The waste can be transformed into raw materials for valuable crops or sources of environmentally friendly energy. Therefore, this study examined agricultural waste management strategies as Indonesia's sustainable renewable energy source. SWOT and TOPSIS methods were used to identify the optimal approach for advancing renewable energy in Riau Province, while multiple respondents participated in identifying critical criteria and evaluating each option. The results showed that based on SWOT analysis, the Strength–Opportunity (SO) factor favored using agricultural waste for renewable energy in Indonesia. Furthermore, TOPSIS analysis indicated that Alternative A2 (Bioethanol) had the most significant distance among the alternatives, with a weight of 0.825. Future studies are needed to provide more accurate results and improve the current understanding regarding the evolution of renewable energy in Indonesia. Additionally, in-depth investigations should prioritize increased consumer awareness of renewable consumption, higher producer productivity, and strengthened policies.

Sosialisasi Strategi Umkm Dalam Meningkatkan Nilai Ekonomi Melalui Diversifikasi Pangan Lempuk Durian Di Anggut Bengkulu

MSMEs have a very important role to improve the economy of a country. With the existence of MSMEs, it is able to facilitate the government in pursuing economic growth. In Indonesia, the number of MSMEs continues to increase every year, people who have an interest in business and business will establish MSMEs that are able to increase economic growth in their area. Bengkulu is a province that has also experienced an increase in MSMEs, there is a lot of potential in Bengkulu province so that it can be used as a business or business activity by the community, one of which is the management of durian fruit into durian lempuk in the Angut area of Bengkulu. In improving the efforts that have been made by the community, it is also necessary for people who are creative and innovative in developing their business so that they are able to compete globally so that durian lempuk can become an icon as a typical food of the Bengkulu province. the purpose of this service is to socialize to the community and motivate them to continue to increase the potential of the region so that they are able to create quality and growing MSMEs.