Duration Of Feeding Research Articles

Association of early life factors with metabolic syndrome in school going adolescents of an urban south Indian population: a case control study

Background: Multiple factors are attributed for the increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in adolescents. Association of early life factors like birth weight with adolescent MS is not clearly understood. Objectives were to study the association of early life factors with adolescent MS between aged 10- 15 years of Belagavi city. Methods: Study design: Case control Study. Study period: January 2018 to December 2018. Study population: Adolescents of age group, 10 to 15 years from the schools of Belagavi, 400 adolescents (186-cases and controls-214) were enrolled and who were having waist circumference ≥90th percentile for that age and gender were subjected to the laboratory investigations to diagnose MS. Data regarding early life factors like birth weight, gestational age and breast feeding was obtained by parental interview. Results: Overall prevalence as per the international diabetes federation criteria was 11% and a significant difference in the prevalence between cases and controls (15.05% vs 7.48%) (p=0.0160) was observed. Positive association was observed between initiation, exclusivity, and total duration of breast feeding with MS (OD: 3.66, 2.01, 1), indicating no protection of these factors for development of MS. Birth weight had a positive association with MS (OD=7.26). Conclusions: The study showed no protective association between the initiation, exclusivity and the total duration of breastfeeding with MS. However, lower middle SES, family history of hypertension (HTN), central obesity, high BMI, high TG, and low HDL were significantly associated with increased risk of MS.

Chronic acetamiprid exposure moderately affects the foraging behaviour of buff‐tailed bumblebees (Bombus terrestris)

AbstractBumblebees are important pollinators in both natural and agricultural ecosystems, but their survival and pollination service are threatened by extensive pesticide use. Due to regulation changes, acetamiprid has become the only neonicotinoid substance that can be used without restrictions and in open‐field cultivations in the European Union. Yet, we know little about how this active ingredient affects bumblebees' foraging behaviour and if such effects are similarly detrimental to those of other neonicotinoids. Here we investigated how a 14‐day‐long (chronic) exposure to low (5 ppb) and high (2500 ppb) concentrations of acetamiprid in syrup affected different aspects of foraging behaviour in buff‐tailed bumblebees (Bombus terrestris, Linnaeus). We recorded individual foraging at artificial food patches during one‐hour‐long trials and then compared several foraging‐related measures between differently dosed individuals. We found that 75.12% of the total syrup consumption occurred at the first‐exploited patch, but individuals did not exhibit any bias toward pesticide‐treated food patches. Chronic exposure to acetamiprid had little effect on individual foraging decisions at the first‐exploited food patch but significantly affected the time to the first feeding and the number of feedings at the second‐exploited patch in interaction with body mass. The duration of the first feeding was affected only by foragers' body mass. Our finding indicates that chronic exposure to a high but field‐realistic concentration of acetamiprid may alter some aspects of bumblebees' foraging behaviour. If such behavioural changes accumulate during consecutive foraging bouts, chronic exposure to this pesticide might lead to a reduction of daily resource collection, ultimately jeopardising colony fitness or plant (crop) pollination.

Tongue reconstruction after oncological resection: Analysis of the functional outcomes

The curative management of oral squamous cell carcinoma can be responsible for swallowing and/or speech impairments. In this study, we analyzed the functional outcomes in patients who underwent an oncological resection and a primary reconstruction of the tongue and/or of the floor of the mouth (TFM). We also investigated the predictive factors for poor functional outcomes. This retrospective study included operated patients from October 2013 to May 2021 at the TOURS University Hospital. We assessed the functional results two years after the completion of the cancer treatment with self-administered questionnaires quantifying swallowing and speech disorders. Thirty-three patients were included and reconstructed with antebrachial free flap (N = 16), local flap (N = 8) or Biodesign ® membrane (N = 9). A higher proportion of pT1 tumor was observed in patient who had a Biodesign-based reconstruction (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of postoperative complications or for the duration of enteral feeding. The 21 patients who had an adjuvant radiation therapy had no significant more altered functions. Functional scores were significantly higher in the free flap reconstruction group (DHI =24 and SHI=21) (p = 0.008). No predictive factors for poor outcomes were observed. The repair of TFM defects must be adapted to the resection size. The reconstruction techniques allow to get acceptable functional outcomes even for the greater tumors or in case of radiation therapy. Further research would be required to better identify the predictive factors for poor outcomes.

Challenges Encountered in the Provision of Enteral Nutrition in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study.

Background Enteral nutrition (EN) represents the preferred modality for nutrient administration in critically ill patients. However, it is fraught with challenges such as delayed initiation and recurrent interruptions, which can significantly impact patient clinical outcomes. A substantial proportion of these interruptions can be mitigated. In the present investigation, our objective was to scrutinize the practice of EN in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). We sought to ascertain the frequency and underlying causes of EN interruptions and assess their ramifications for nutrient delivery. Study design We conducted an observational study within the PICUof Mahatma Gandhi Mission's (MGM) Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad. The study encompassed children admitted to the PICU for a period exceeding 24 hours who were receiving enteral feeds. We documented the time of commencing EN from the point of PICU admission, instances of enteral feeding interruptions, the number and duration of each interruption episode, and the reasons behind these interruptions. Subsequently, we categorized the causes of feeding interruptions into avoidable and non-avoidable determinants. Results Out of the 100 patients enrolled in this study, only 34% presented with normal nutritional status upon admission. Sixty-five percent of patients had their nutritional support initiated within the first 48 hours of admission to the PICU. The median duration from PICU admission to the initiation of EN was 32.5 hours, with a median interruption duration per patient of 40.96 hours. Common causes of interruptions included radiological procedures, respiratory distress, altered sensorium, presence of gastric aspirates, and surgical procedures. Upon analysis, it was determined that a substantial majority, constituting 74%, of these interruptions were avoidable. Conclusions The primary challenges associated with EN in the PICU encompass delayed initiation of enteral feeds and frequent interruptions. Importantly, a significant proportion of these issues are avoidable.

Feeding behavior and hormoligosis associated with imidacloprid resistance in Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri.

Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide used for managing the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, which serves as vector of phytopathogens causing citrus greening. However, development of resistance to neonicotinoids among populations of D. citri has coincided with occasional control failures in the field. The objectives of this research were to (1) survey current levels of imidacloprid resistance in Florida citrus; (2) compare feeding behavior between imidacloprid-resistant and susceptible D. citri using electrical penetration graph recordings, and (3) investigate the possible amplification of insecticide hormoligosis associated with resistance. Field surveys confirmed that the susceptibility of D. citri populations to imidacloprid has decreased in commercial Florida citrus groves compared with a laboratory-susceptible population. Following 12 generations of selection, resistance to imidacloprid increased by 438 fold compared with the susceptible strain. Imidacloprid-susceptible D. citri feeding on citrus exhibited significantly more bouts associated with intercellular pathway (C), phloem penetration (D), phloem salivation (E1), and nonprobing (Np) activities than imidacloprid-resistant counterparts. However, there were no differences observed in the frequency or duration of phloem ingestion or xylem feeding between susceptible and resistant D. citri. There was no statistical difference in fecundity between resistant and susceptible strains. However, the fecundity of imidacloprid-susceptible female D. citri treated with a sublethal concentration of imidacloprid (LC25) increased significantly compared with controls, while such hormoligosis was less pronounced among imidacloprid-resistant psyllids. Our results suggest that imidacloprid-resistant psyllids may cease feeding sooner than susceptible counterparts following sublethal exposure to this insecticide, indicative of a behavioral resistance mechanism.

Flexible feeding: Dairy cow personality affects changes in feeding behavior and milk production under feed competition conditions

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of individual cow personality traits on feeding behavior and production under low levels of feeding competition, and to determine whether personality traits influence how feeding behavior changes in response to greater feeding competition. Forty-two Holstein cows were assigned to 1 automated feed bin per cow (low competition condition) from 15 to 28 d in milk (DIM; period 1, P1), and 2 feed bins per 3 cows (higher competition condition) from 63 to 76 DIM (period 2, P2). A total mixed ration (TMR) was fed into the automated feed bins which recorded each feed bin visit time, duration, and intake. Cow personality traits were assessed at 21 DIM during P1 and at 70 DIM during P2 using a combined arena test, measuring behavioral responses to a novel environment, novel object, and novel human. Principal components analysis of behaviors observed during the P1 combined arena test revealed 1 factor (interpreted as active-explorative) from the novel environment test explaining 51% of the variance, and 3 factors (interpreted as fearfulness, active-explorative, and sociability toward conspecifics) from each of the novel object (76% cumulative variance) and human (75% cumulative variance) tests. The principal components analysis of behaviors observed during the P2 combined arena test revealed 2 factors jointly from the environment, object, and human tests (interpreted as fearfulness and active-explorative) that together explained 68% of the variance. Fearfulness and active-explorative trait scores were correlated across P1 and P2, indicating stability of personality over a challenging period and advancing DIM. In P2 when competition for feed was increased at greater stage of lactation, the more active-explorative cows appeared to make few alterations to their feeding behavior, yet still maintained their milk yield, compared with lower competition in P1. In contrast, cows who were more fearful increased their feed bin visits from P1 to P2, and less fearful cows increased their eating rate, without increased milk production, despite advanced lactation. Overall, the results indicate that cows of different personalities adopt different feeding strategies in response to a change in their environment, and may benefit from tailored management during challenging periods.

Food Composition and Preference of Captive Javan Langur (Trachypithecus auratus) in Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta

Javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus) is one of the endemic primate species of Indonesia. Its populations were exposed to extinction risk caused by human activities. Thus, conservation efforts such as ex-situ conservation were needed to preserve this species. One of the javan langur ex-situ conservation in Yogyakarta is the Gembira Loka Zoo. In captivity, animals must be guaranteed to be free from hunger and stay nourished. One aspect to support this welfare is food supply. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the food composition and analyze the correlation between food preference and feeding duration of each food item group. We used scan animal sampling method with five minutes intervals to observe the behavior of seven individuals of captive javan langurs. The result showed that there are three groups of food (fruit, vegetable, and leaf) provided daily to javan langurs in Gembira Loka Zoo. All the individuals spent most their time to consumed food from vegetable group, except for infant female who had the highest duration in the leaf group. In addition, based on which food they consumed first every feeding time (preference food), javan langurs preferred vegetable over fruit and leaf. Based on the Spearman correlation test, there are positive correlations of duration and preference of feeding except for leaf groups. This result was different from the natural food composition of javan langurs which mostly consisted of leaves. This study might help the zoo to consider the food items provided for the animals to increase animal welfare.

Feeding cessation after feeding on 20-hydroxyecdysone in the Formosan subterranean termite.

To control subterranean termite pests, chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI) baits have been widely applied. Despite CSI baits having low impacts on the environment, they require a lengthy time period to eliminate colonies. 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) was proposed to speed up the baiting process as it showed faster mortality than CSI baits. However, the efficacy of 20E has previously not been tested at the colony level prior to applying in the field. We compared the effect of 20E, 20E + noviflumuron, noviflumuron and untreated control using colonies of Coptotermes formosanus. Our result revealed that both 20E and 20E + noviflumuron did not accelerate colony elimination and termite activity remained relatively stable during the observation periods. To determine the limited effects of 20E, we further investigated feeding duration and consumption amount of 20E with different concentrations (control, 100 and 1000 ppm) for 10 days. Termites ceased feeding after 1 day in 100 and 1000 ppm treatment and 100% mortality was observed within 10 days in 1000 ppm 20E, while mortality in the 100 ppm 20E treated group was much lower than that in the 1000 ppm group. Furthermore, no termites molted in the control and termites died from hyperecdysonism in 1000 ppm 20E treatment, whereas about 20% of termites molted in 100 ppm 20E. This study demonstrated that 20E may not be suitable as a sole active ingredient to accelerate elimination of a subterranean termite colony, while CSI baits and lower concentrations of 20E may reduce the lengthy time period in colony elimination. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dynamics of Zooplankton Consumption by the Three-speed Stickleleback <i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) at Different Densities of the Predator

An experiment was set up to estimate the rate of zooplankton consumption by the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758) at different predator densities. A differential equation describes the dynamics of zooplankton abundance depending on duration of predator feeding. The derived function accurately characterizes the rate of zooplankton consumption by stickleback in the experiment, demonstrating a good agreement between the theoretical prerequisites and the experimental results. The relationship between changing a number of prey during predation, its mortality and consumption rate was revealed. The hypothesis of consumption rate proportional to the number of predators was tested. A comparative analysis of ingestion rate as a function of time and a function of prey density was performed.

Perception of Infant Feeding among Urban Educated Women

Introduction: Despite of high prevalence of breast feeding practices among mothers, infant feeding pattern is not ideal in our country. Short duration of exclusive breast feeding and inappropriate feeding for newborn and infant are common in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Objectives: To explore the perceptions on breastmilk, pre lacteal feeding, complementary feeding and infant feeding among medical and non-medical female students of urban area and to compare their perceptions. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was done at Bangladesh Medical College (BMC), Dhanmondi, Dhaka and Hazrat Shah Ali Women University College (HSAWUC), Mirpur, Dhaka from December 2015 to May 2016 and study populations were 100 of which 50 from female medical students of BMC and 50 from female non-medical students of HSAWUC. Data were collected by random sampling as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was compiled manually and analyzed by statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22. Results: Majority of study population were unmarried (88%), most of them were in 21-25 years age group (77%) and a high number among them had crossed higher secondary school level (84%). Comparison of perceptions between medical and non-medical students students of both institutions regarding knowledge of first feed of a newborn, pre lacteal feeds and its importance; time of initiation of breast feeding and harmful effect of bottle feeding showed differences which were statistically significant (P<0.05). The female medical students had relatively better perceptions regarding infant feeding. Conclusions: Although perceptions on infant feeding were more correct among medical students, incorrect perceptions on infant feeding still present in both medical and nonmedical students which is alarming. Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2023; 31: 86-93

PSV-6 Evaluation of Narasin Feeding Duration on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing-Finishing Pigs

Abstract Previous studies evaluating 15 mg/kg narasin have shown improvements in BW, ADG, G:F, and HCW and carcass yield when fed for an extended period of time ( >60 days). However, a detailed evaluation of feeding duration of narasin has not been completed. This study evaluated the effect of narasin feeding duration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. The study was carried out over a fixed time of 112 days using 1,644 pigs in a randomized complete block design. Narasin was included at 15 mg/kg in the last two, three, or four growing-finishing dietary phases, which resulted in narasin being fed for the last 68, 94, or 112 days of study and compared with a negative control diet. Pigs were fed diets that met or exceeded nutrient recommendations of growing-finishing pigs (NRC, 2012). Pigs were offered ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study and weighed every 28 days and at every marketing event. Feed additions and feed remaining in the feeder at the time of pig weighing were recorded. Pigs were sent for harvest to a commercial slaughter facility in three marketing groups: Group 1 – 20% of pigs marketed on day 84 of study, Group 2 – 20% of pigs marketed on day 98 of study, and Group 3 – remaining 60% of pigs marketed on day 112 of study. Standard carcass grading measurements were collected for each pig and summarized by pen for data analysis. There were limited statistical differences (P > 0.05) between treatments for growth or carcass measures, likely due to the limited number of replicates (n = 16) in this research facility. Nonetheless, there were numerical improvements from feeding narasin. Final live BW (+0.3, +0.4, +1.5 kg, respectively) and ADG (+0.1, +0.4, and +1.3%, respectively; Table 1) numerically increased with increased feeding duration of narasin. Overall G:F was relatively unaffected by feeding duration. Hot carcass weight increased with increased narasin feeding duration (+0.2, +1.1, +1.9 kg, respectively), resulting in increased carcass yield with increased feeding duration (-0.2, +0.1, +0.4 percentage units, respectively). Collectively, carcass ADG and carcass G:F trended toward improvement with increased feeding duration. Results of this study confirm previously observed improvements in growth performance from extended feeding of narasin compared with controls, suggesting that a greater response to narasin is observed with longer feeding durations.

284 A Meta-Regression Analysis to Evaluate the Effects of Narasin on Grow-Finish Pig Performance

Abstract Ionophores are a separate class of non-medically important antibiotics used in animal production to increase growth rate. Narasin (Skycis; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) is an ionophore labeled for increased rate of body weight gain and improved feed efficiency in growing-finishing swine. The mode of action of this ionophore is to increase energy availability by altering volatile fatty acid production in the hindgut in favor of propionate, which is the most efficient product of fermentation. Therefore, a meta-regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of narasin inclusion in growing-finishing pig diets to predict average daily gain and feed efficiency. A database was developed that contained 21 papers from 2012 to 2021 representing 308 observations including both individual period data as well as overall trial data. For statistical analysis two models were created. The individual period model considered only data with single continuous narasin feeding periods while the overall trial model considered complete data sets representing periods with and without narasin feeding. Regression model equations were developed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (Version 9.4, SAS institute, Cary, NC). Predictor variables were assessed with a step-wise manual forward selection for model inclusion. Predictor variables were required to provide an improvement of at least 2 Bayesian information criterion units to be included in the final model. For individual period data for G:F, the model selected included concentration of narasin in the feed, ADG and ADFI of the control group not provided narasin, and average BW of the control group categorized into greater than 105 kg or less than 105 kg (Table 1). There were 2 competing models to predict improvement in overall G:F. For model 1, significant predictors included concentration of narasin in feed and ADG of the control group. Model 2 for overall G:F included concentration of narasin in feed, ADG and ADFI of the control group. For the individual period model that predicted ADG, the predictors were concentration of narasin in the feed, ADFI, G:F of the control group and BW category for feeding period. The best fitting ADG model using the overall trial data included concentration of narasin in feed, ADFI and G:F of the control group, and feeding duration categorized as longer than 65 days or shorter than 65 days. Together, these models can be used to predict the response to narasin supplementation in finishing pigs. Based on the results, the overall response to narasin inclusion rate for ADG and G:F is quadratic in nature. Additionally, as ADG and G:F increase, the response to narasin supplementation decreases. In summary, using average values from the database for predictor variables, this meta-analysis demonstrates narasin would be expected to improve overall G:F from 0.74 to 1.13% and ADG from 1 to 3%.

97 Effects of Creep Feed Duration in a Drylot System on Cow Performance and Reproduction as Well as Calf Performance Through Receiving

Abstract The objectives were to determine effects of creep feed duration in drylot-housed, cow-calf system on cow performance and reproduction as well as calf performance through receiving phase. Spring-calving, Simmental × Angus cows (5 ± 2 yr; n = 72) were stratified by calf age (83 ± 14 d), sex, and body weight (BW; 130 ± 17 kg) and allotted to 12 pens with six cow-calf pairs per pen. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: calves fed commercial, pelleted creep feed (14% CP) for 105 d (105dCF) or final 21 d (21dCF) prior to weaning. Cow-calf pairs were housed on concrete drylots with open-front buildings for the pre-weaning period. Cows were limit fed at maintenance a total mixed ration. Ultrasound measurements for carcass composition of calves were collected on d 104. Calves were abruptly weaned on d 105 and transported 263 km to a feedlot for the receiving phase. Pen assignments remained for the 6-week receiving period. Calves had ab libitum access to a receiving ration that consisted of corn silage, modified wet distillers grains, grass hay, dry corn, and supplement. Reproduction data were analyzed using GLIMMIX and all other response variables were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.11) in cow BW, BCS, milk production, milk composition, or reproductive data. The 105dCF calves had greater (P ≤ 0.01) ADG from d 0 to 105 and BW than 21dCF (286 vs. 258 kg, respectively). The 105dCF calves had greater (P ≤ 0.01) longissimus muscle area, rib fat, and rump fat compared with 21dCF; however, intramuscular fat was not different (P = 0.20) between treatments. During the receiving phase, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.23) in dry matter intake. In the first 4 weeks of receiving there were no differences (P ≥ 0.73) in ADG; however, in the final 2 weeks 21dCF calves had greater (P = 0.02) ADG. The 21dCF calves had greater (P = 0.01) ADG during the overall receiving period. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.86) in gain to feed (G:F) for the first four weeks of receiving. The 21dCF calves had greater (P = 0.03) G:F for the final two weeks and tended to have greater (P = 0.08) G:F during overall receiving. However, the 21dCF calves (324 kg) were still lighter (P ≤ 0.01) BW than 105dCF (340 kg) at end of receiving. In conclusion, creep feed duration did not impact cow performance or reproduction. The 105dCF calves had increased ADG and BW for the pre-weaning period. Although the 21dCF calves had increased gain and feed efficiency at the end of receiving, the 105dCF calves remained the heavier for the duration of the experiment.

37 Effects of Creep Feeding Duration on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics Using an Ex Vivo Model

Abstract The objective was to determine the effects of creep feeding duration on ruminal fermentation using an ex vivo model. Simmental × Angus, spring-born calves (n = 72) were stratified by age (83 ± 14 d) and body weight (BW) into 12 pens with 6 calves per pen. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: calves fed creep for 105 d (105dCF) or final 21 d (21dCF) before weaning. Cow-calf pairs were housed on concrete drylots with open-front buildings. Cows were limit-fed at maintenance a total mixed ration (TMR) that consisted of corn, grain coproducts, and corn stalks. Calves (n = 16) were utilized for ex vivo experiments. Experiment 1 was conducted on d 76, before the 21dCF calves having access to creep feed. Rumen fluid was collected from 8 calves per treatment via esophageal tubing and mixed with McDougall’s buffer (1:2 ratio). Each rumen fluid inoculum was combined with 2 substrates (cow TMR or creep feed) in a split-plot design and incubated for 24 h at 39°C. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. In Exp. 1, there was no creep feeding duration by substrate interaction (P ≥ 0.16) for 24-h pH, butyrate, acetate, or IVDMD. Molar proportions of acetate and butyrate were greater (P ≤ 0.001) for the 105dCF calves than for the 21dCF calves. There was a treatment by substrate interaction (P = 0.02) for total VFA. The 105dCF calves had greater total VFA than 21dCF calves with a greater magnitude of difference observed with TMR substrate. Calves on 105dCF had greater (P < 0.01) IVDMD than 21dCF calves regardless of substrate (64% and 59%, respectively). Experiment 2 was conducted on day 105 after all calves were abruptly weaned and transported 263 km to the feedlot. Procedures were similar to Exp. 1, except substrates included creep feed and feedlot receiving diet. In Exp. 2, no treatment by substrate interaction (P ≥ 0.13) was observed for 24-h pH, acetate, propionate, total VFA, or IVDMD. Although acetate was greater (P < 0.01) for the 105dCF calves, propionate was greater (P < 0.01) for the 21dCF calves. There was no treatment effect (P = 0.57) for total VFA; however, it was greater (P < 0.01) for the creep feed substrate than for the receiving diet substrate. In Exp. 2, IVDMD tended to be greater (P = 0.06) for 21dCF calves than 105dCF calves. In conclusion, results indicated creep feeding improved ruminal fermentation ex vivo, but even a short-term creep feeding duration of 21 d appears to be adequate in preparing rumen microbial community to degrade the receiving diet as there were fewer differences in rumen fermentation characteristics at feedlot arrival.

Optimisation of adult Anopheles funestus blood-feeding on an artificial membrane feeding system

Malaria is one of the most severe vector-borne diseases caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Laboratory-reared anophelines are essential to advance research needed to reduce or eliminate malaria. The success of laboratory rearing as well as studies on parasite-mosquito transmission, is advanced by using an artificial membrane feeding systems. These require the optimisation of mosquito feeding to ensure that an optimal number of mosquitoes feed, thereby enabling successful reproduction or research sample sizes. In this study, various parameters such as the type of artificial membrane, density of adults in the feeding cup, age of the mosquito, duration of starvation, method of starvation, the volume of blood meal, duration of feeding, feeding in the light or dark and the effect of lactic acid were evaluated to determine their impact on the feeding rate of a main African malaria vector, Anopheles funestus. By optimising the artificial membrane feeding parameters, an increase in the feeding rate of the An. funestus mosquitoes was observed. The results obtained from these parameters increased the feeding rate of An. funestus above 50%. However, feeding rates were not significantly increased by the type of membrane, mosquito density, the volume of blood meal, duration of feeding and the addition of lactic acid to the cattle intestine membrane. Therefore, this study provides information on suitable conditions for adult mosquito feeding that allows for successful laboratory rearing and colony maintenance. Furthermore, it provides additional information for research studies that are dependent on blood-feeding, such as transmission blocking studies, endectocide studies etc.

An evaluation of nasogastric (NG) tube removal practices and nutritional intake parameters in an acute neurosurgical population: The development of an NG Transition Feeding Protocol.

As a result of the complex nature of neurosurgical patients, nasogastric (NG) tube feeding is often implemented for patients who are unable to consume adequate oral intake. During recovery, patients on enteral nutrition (EN) are progressed to oral nutrition, which can result in NGT removal and discontinuation of supportive feeding plans. This is often before patients become established on sufficient oral intake to meet their nutritional requirements. We conducted an exploration of current NG removal practices in patients (n = 23) across five neurosurgical wards over a 3-month period to assess practitioner review response times, NG feeding duration, decision making on NG removal, and the influence of dietary recommendations and differing EN protocols on patients' ability to meet their nutritional requirements. Our aim was to use this data to design and implement a protocol to improve consistency of these practices. After oral intake was commenced, only those receiving supplementary EN achieved nutritional targets immediately. Conversely, no patient who had their NGT removed at this stage achieved these targets. Following NG removal, the likelihood of a patient meeting nutritional targets was influenced by the decision maker, supporting the practice of registered dietitian led cessation of NG feeding. These findings led us to develop an "NG Transition Feeding Protocol" to serve as a simple, clear pathway which treating teams can utilise to guide NG feeding decisions. NG feeding supports neurosurgical patients to meet nutritional requirements in the early stages following commencement of oral intake. The development of an "NG Transition Feeding Protocol" may help to improve consistency of transition feeding on neurosurgical wards, allowing time for nutrition assessment to support informed decisions around NG removal. The aim of this protocol is to improve the efficiency of transition feeding, improve dietetic workload efficiency, nursing staff confidence and avoid compromising nutritional status of patients as a result of the early cessation of EN.

Breeding biology of the Xinjiang ground-jay Podoces biddulphi in the Taklimakan Desert, NW China

The Xinjiang ground-jay (Podoces biddulphi), which is endemic to China, has a limited distribution and a small population in the Taklimakan Desert. In this study, we described the breeding biology and nestling growth patterns of this understudied species. Eleven nests were monitored over three consecutive breeding seasons (2017–2019). The Xinjiang ground-jay breeding season extends from March to May with a clutch size of two or three. The incubation period was 18 d, and females spent most of their time incubating their eggs (63 %), followed by collecting leaves (25 %), resting (10 %), turning the eggs (1 %), grooming (0.6 %), and being vigilant (0.4 %). Both parents fed the nestlings with similar feeding frequencies and durations. The growth curve of the nestlings was S-shaped, and the parameters related to nestling mortality, such as tarsus length, showed faster growth than others. Over the three breeding seasons, 32 eggs were laid across 11 nests. Fifteen (47 %) eggs hatched, and 12 hatchlings across six nests fledged (37.5 %). Our study provides detailed information on the breeding biology and nestling growth of the Xinjiang ground-jay. Given its low reproductive success rate, small population size, and limited distribution, this bird species, which is endemic to China, requires further research, and its conservation should be prioritized.

Evidence for interspecific modulation of carcass consumption among facultative scavengers in Asian temperate forest

Interspecific interactions are one of the key drivers that can determine community structure through the complex energy dynamics in food webs. Top-down regulation by large mammals on other species is well documented, but is still limited to a few species in scavenging communities that compete for limited and ephemeral animal carcasses. In this study, we examined the effects of large scavengers (Asian black bear, Ursus thibetanus and wild boar, Sus scrofa) and seasons (summer and autumn) on carrion consumption. Specifically, we analyzed how large scavenger and season affected the visitation and duration of feeding on carcasses by other omnivorous scavengers (both each other and smaller mesocarnivores) in a temperate forest ecosystem in Japan. We found that bears and wild boars appear to have a competitive relationship by limiting each other's visitation to the carcasses. We also found that these large scavengers had limiting effects on the carrion consumption by mesocarnivores, suggesting that large scavengers not only reduce the available carrion largely but also create a landscape of fear for mesocarnivores. In addition, we found that the potential probability of visitation for large scavengers was associated with season. This suggests that top-down regulation from large scavengers to mesocarnivores may change with season, especially in omnivorous communities in temperate regions with varying seasonal abundance of different food sources. These complex interspecific interactions between scavengers among different seasons can contribute to maintaining and structuring the food web in this system.

Updates in Food Allergy Prevention in Children.

Although significant evidence exists that feeding early has a role in the prevention of food allergy, this intervention in isolation may not be sufficient. Recent evidence highlights that early introduction of peanut specifically has had no significant impact on the populational prevalence of peanut allergy. Other factors that may contribute to food allergy prevention include regularity of ingestion once an allergen is introduced and consideration to the form in which the allergen is introduced (such as baked versus cooked egg). There are also many practicalities to early feeding and some discrepant viewpoints on these practicalities, which has led to poor implementation of early feeding strategies. In general, preemptive screening before food introduction is not recommended by most international allergy societies. Although there is little guidance to inform early introduction of allergens other than milk, egg, and peanut, the mechanism of sensitization is thought to be similar and there is no harm to early introduction. In terms of frequency and duration of feeding, there is little evidence to inform any concrete recommendations.

FRI040 Thrombospondin-1 Regulates Diaphragm Stromal Architecture And Contractile Properties In Obesity-Associated Respiratory Dysfunction

Abstract Disclosure: E.D. Buras: None. R. Kaul Verma: None. M. Woo: None. S.H. Kondisetti: None. C. Davis: None. D. Claflin: None. K. Converso-Baran: None. D. Michele: None. S. Brooks: None. T. Chun: None. Between 40% and 80% of obese individuals are affected by respiratory disorders. These range in severity from dyspnea on exertion, which reduces exercise tolerance, to obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), which doubles 5-year mortality rate. Respiratory muscle dysfunction is a common underlying factor in these conditions and is epidemiologically linked with the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Despite its clinical relevance, the pathophysiology of obesity-related respiratory muscle weakness is not well defined. Our previous work explored the hypothesis that anatomic remodeling and contractile dysfunction of the diaphragm are interrelated obesity complications. In mice subjected to a long-term high fat diet (HFD) time course, we observed a progressive decline in diaphragm motion (measured on ultrasound), and an endpoint reduction in isometric force generation (measured ex vivo on muscle strips). These findings demonstrated that diet-induced obesity (DIO) causes functional impairment intrinsic to the diaphragm. Intra-diaphragmatic adipocyte number and polymerized collagen content both increased with duration of HFD feeding, and quantitatively correlated with isometric force deficits. All adipocytes and many collagen-depositing cells arose from fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), an intramuscular mesenchymal stem cell population. Moreover, diaphragmatic FAPs from HFD-fed mice assumed a proliferative phenotype with increased collagen production. Thrombospondin-1 (THBS-1) is a circulating matricellular protein that increases with obesity, functions as a mesenchymal cell mitogen and has been linked to muscle injury in inflammatory myopathies. We hypothesized that THBS-1 drives FAP-mediated diaphragm remodeling and contractile dysfunction in obesity. To test this, we treated isolated mouse diaphragm FAPs with THBS-1 at concentrations seen in obese human subjects. This maneuver caused increased FAP proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. We next compared the effects of a 6-month DIO time course on diaphragm FAP content, tissue-level gene expression, anatomy, and physiology in wild-type (WT) and Thbs1 knockout (Thbs1-/-) mice. In WT mice, DIO caused increased FAP number (flow cytometry) and shifts toward pro-fibrotic sub-types (single cell RNA-seq). These changes did not occur in Thbs1-/- mice despite similar weight gain. Thbs1-/- diaphragms also had fewer adipocytes and reduced gene/ protein levels of ECM species. Finally, diaphragm contractile force and motion parameters (excursion amplitude, inspiratory velocity, and expiratory velocity) declined with duration of obesity in WT mice, but, remained unchanged in Thbs1-/- animals. These data define THBS-1 as a novel regulator of diaphragm stromal remodeling and potential therapeutic target for mitigating obesity-associated respiratory dysfunction. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023