Sampling Duration Research Articles

Wearable Activity Monitors in Home Based Exercise Therapy for Patients with Intermittent Claudication: A Systematic Review

Intermittent claudication (IC) can severely limit functional capacity and quality of life. Supervised exercise therapy is the recommended first line management; however, this is often limited by accessibility, compliance and cost. As such, there has been an increased interest in the use of wearable activity monitors (WAMs) in home based telemonitoring exercise programmes for claudicants. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of WAM as a feedback and monitoring tool in home based exercise programmes for patients with IC. A search strategy was devised. The databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched through to April 2020. Randomised trials and prospective trials were included. Eligible trials had to incorporate WAMs as a feedback tool to target walking/exercise behaviour. The primary outcome was the change in walking ability. Study quality was assessed with risk of bias tool. A total of 1148 records were retrieved. Of these, eight randomised controlled trials and one prospective cohort study, all of which compared a WAM intervention against standard care and/or supervised exercise, met the inclusion criteria. Owing to heterogeneity between studies, no meta-analysis was conducted. WAM interventions improved measures of walking ability (heterogeneous outcomes such as maximum walking distance, claudication distance and six minute walk distance), increased daily walking activity (steps/day), cardiovascular metrics (maximum oxygen consumption), and quality of life. There is some evidence that home based WAM interventions are beneficial for improving walking ability and quality of life in patients with IC. However, existing studies are limited by inadequate sample size, duration, and appropriate power. Achieving consensus on outcome reporting and study methods, as well as maximising device adherence, is needed.

Comparison of the performance of aerosol sampling devices for measuring infectious SARS-CoV-2 aerosols

To assess the risk of aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2, measurements of the airborne viral concentrations in proximity to infected individuals, the persistence of the virus in aerosols, and the dose of the virus needed to cause infection following inhalation are required. For studies aimed at quantifying these parameters, an aerosol sampling device needs to be employed. A number of recent studies have reported the detection of both genetic material and infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus in air samples collected in clinical settings. Previous studies have demonstrated that the efficiency of different samplers for collection and preservation of the infectivity of microorganisms can vary as a function of the specific microorganism. In the present study, the performance of eight common low-flow aerosol sampling devices were compared for their ability to collect and preserve the infectivity of airborne SARS-CoV-2 contained in small particle aerosols. The influence of sampling duration on recovery of infectious virus was also evaluated. Similar concentrations of infectious SARS-CoV-2 were measured in aerosols for the majority of the samplers tested, with the exception of the midget impingers, which measured significantly lower concentrations of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, in three of the four impingers tested, additional clean airflow through the device following collection of infectious virus resulted in a decrease of the infectious concentration of virus over time, suggesting that virus was being inactivated and these devices may not be suitable for sampling for long durations. Further, RNA copies in the samples over time did not correspond with the losses of infectious SARS-CoV-2 observed in the impingers samples. These data can be utilized to inform interpretation of current studies on the SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in air samples, as well as inform sampling device selection in future studies.

Katabatic Wind and Sea-Ice Dynamics Drive Isotopic Variations of Total Gaseous Mercury on the Antarctic Coast.

Clarifying the sources and fates of atmospheric mercury (Hg) in the Antarctic is crucial to understand the global Hg circulation and its impacts on the fragile ecosystem of the Antarctic. Herein, the annual variations in the isotopic compositions of total gaseous Hg (TGM), with 5-22 days of sampling duration for each sample, were presented for the first time to provide isotopic evidence of the sources and environmental processes of gaseous Hg around the Chinese Great Wall Station (GWS) in the western Antarctic. Different from the Arctic tundra and lower latitude areas in the northern hemisphere, positive δ202Hg (0.58 ± 0.21‰, mean ± 1SD) and negative Δ199Hg (-0.30 ± 0.10‰, mean ± 1SD) in TGM at the GWS indicated little impact from the vegetation-air exchange in the Antarctic. Correlations among TGM Δ199Hg, air temperature, and ozone concentrations suggested that enhanced katabatic wind that transported inland air masses to the continental margin elevated TGM Δ199Hg in the austral winter, while the surrounding marine surface emissions controlled by sea-ice dynamics lowered TGM Δ199Hg in the austral summer. The oxidation of Hg(0) might elevate Δ199Hg in TGM during atmospheric Hg depletion events but have little impact on the seasonal variations of atmospheric Hg isotopes. The presented atmospheric Hg isotopes were essential to identify the transport and transformation of atmospheric Hg and further understand Hg cycling in the Antarctic.

Disproportionality analysis of anaphylactic reactions after vaccination with messenger RNA coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines in the United States

Disproportionality analysis of anaphylactic reactions after vaccination with messenger RNA coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines in the United States

Fast Gating for Raman Spectroscopy.

Fast gating in Raman spectroscopy is used to reject the fluorescence contribution from the sample and/or the substrate. Several techniques have been set up in the last few decades aiming either to enhance the Raman signal (CARS, SERS or Resonant Raman scattering) or to cancel out the fluorescence contribution (SERDS), and a number of reviews have already been published on these sub-topics. However, for many reasons it is sometimes necessary to reject fluorescence in traditional Raman spectroscopy, and in the last few decades a variety of papers dealt with this issue, which is still challenging due to the time scales at stake (down to picoseconds). Fast gating (<1 ns) in the time domain allows one to cut off part of the fluorescence signal and retrieve the best Raman signal, depending on the fluorescence lifetime of the sample and laser pulse duration. In particular, three different techniques have been developed to accomplish this task: optical Kerr cells, intensified Charge Coupling Devices and systems based on Single Photon Avalanche Photodiodes. The utility of time domain fast gating will be discussed, and In this work, the utility of time domain fast gating is discussed, as well as the performances of the mentioned techniques as reported in literature.

Ulnar-Basilic Arteriovenous Fistula for Hemodialysis Access: Utility as the "Second Procedure" after Radio Cephalic Fistula.

Objectives: As per standard guidelines, the recommended order of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation for hemodialysis (HD) access is radiocephalic (RC), followed by proximal elbow fistulas and arteriovenous graft. Although ulnar-basilic (UB) fistula has been an alternative to RC-AVF, still this procedure searches clear recommendations. We present here our experience on UB-AVF as the preferred “second procedure” instead of proximal fistula after the RC-AVF.Methods: Forty-two UB-AVF were created in nonfeasible and failed RC-AVF cases between 2016 and 2018. They were reviewed retrospectively and outcomes were compared with 480 RC-AVF constructed within the same period.Results: The primary patency at 18 months was 73.8%, 69.6% and mean maturation time was 33.7±6.6 days, 32.1±4.7 days for UB-AVF and RC-AVF respectively (p>0.05).Conclusion: Our altered order of preference enabled us to create all the first-time fistula in the distal forearm, providing all the advantages of distal fistula like RC-AVF and avoiding proximal fistula, improved patient convenience and short-term benefit. In an inference that may be used for references and needs support from a larger sample and longer duration study from other centers, UB-AVF may be considered as the second option after RC-AVF depending on the clinical scenario.

Impact of the sampling duration on the uncertainty of averaged velocity measurements with acoustic instruments

AbstractAverage velocity in streams is a key variable for the analysis and modelling of hydrological and hydraulic processes underpinning water resources science and practice. The present study evaluates the impact of the sampling duration on the quality of average velocity measurements acquired with contemporary instruments such as Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters (ADV) an Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP). The evaluation combines considerations on turbulent flows and principles and configurations of acoustic instruments with practical experience in conducting customized analysis for uncertainty analysis purposes. The study sheds new insights on the spatial and temporal variability of the uncertainty in the measurement of average velocities due to variable sampling durations acting in isolation from other sources of uncertainties. Sampling durations of 90 and 150 s are found sufficient for ADV and ADCP, respectively, to obtain reliable average velocities in a flow affected only by natural turbulence and instrument noise. Larger sampling durations are needed for measurements in most of the natural streams exposed to additional sources of data variability.

Optimization and Representativeness of Atmospheric Chemical Sampling by Hovering Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Over Tropical Forests

AbstractAtmospheric chemical species play critical roles in ecosystem functioning and climate, but spatially resolving near‐surface concentrations has been challenging. In this regard, hovering unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) represent an emerging technology. The study herein provides guidance for optimized atmospheric sampling by hovering copter‐type UAVs. Large‐eddy simulations are conducted for species having chemical lifetimes ranging from reactive (i.e., 102 s) to long‐lived (i.e., 108 s). The case study of fair‐weather conditions over an equatorial tropical forest is used because of previous UAV deployments in this region. A framework is developed of influence length and horizontal shift of upwind surface emissions. The framework quantifies the length scale of the contribution of upwind forest emissions to species concentrations sampled by the downwind hovering UAV. Main findings include the following: (1) sampling within an altitude that is no more than 200 m above the canopy is recommended for both high‐ and intermediate‐reactivity species because of the strong decrease in species concentration even in a highly turbulent atmosphere; (2) sampling durations of at least 5 and 10 min are recommended for intermediate‐ and high‐reactivity species, respectively, because of the effects of atmospheric turbulence; and (3) in the case of heterogeneity of emissions across the underlying landscape, maximum recommended altitudes are presented for horizontal sampling strategies that can resolve the variability in the landscape emissions. The coupled effects of emission rate, wind speed, species lifetime, turbulence, and UAV sampling duration on influence length must all be considered for optimized and representative sampling over forests.

Management strategies and critical appraisal of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

INTRODUCTION: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disease of macula associated with aging. It is the most leading cause of the central vision loss and blindness in the developed countries above the age of 55 years. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to critically analyze and to provide quality evidence in view of safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of Ayurveda interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: The study reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, and case studies on the management of AMD in Ayurveda. They were retrieved through Ayurveda research databases and Medical Journal databases such as MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and other directories of open access journals. Hand searching was done using predefined search terms. The search was limited to articles published till July 2021. Study selection followed the symptomatology of AMD. The data were documented and extracted using study ID and design, sample size, duration, interventions, outcomes, and result. The quality and the risk of bias assessment were done using available tools. Quantitative synthesis was not attempted as we aimed at only systematic review. RESULTS: There were 28 screened records of which 6 fulfilled pre-defined criteria. Most commonly adopted therapeutics include four studies on Nasya (medication through nose), five on Tarpana (lubrication of eye), and two studies focussing on Basti (therapeutic enema) as primary management. The results were categorized under Shodhana (purification therapy) and Shamana (palliative). Overall studies show a significant improvement in subjective parameters assessed through gradation index. Panchakarma combined with eye treatment showed better relief. CONCLUSION: The study outcome yielded considerable improvement in vision and also assisted in maintaining existing vision which is greatly appreciable in addressing the subject’s quality of life by controlling further progression of the disease.

An ADePT evaluation for incorporating the TIPPS periodontal health intervention into primary care antenatal programmes to enhance infant birth weight in Palestine: a feasibility study

BackgroundA feasibility study was conducted to implement the Talk, Instruct, Practice, Plan and Support (TIPPS) intervention for pregnant women to enhance infant birth weight in a conflict area in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). The decision tool, A process for Decision-making after Pilot and feasibility Trials (ADePT), examines the methodological factors identified in a feasibility study, that may require modification for a full trial. Thus, this study aimed to use the ADePT decision tool to evaluate if the feasibility study had achieved its objectives and to identify the need for intervention, clinical context and trial design modification.MethodsA one-arm, pretest–posttest feasibility study recruited 25 pregnant women in their first trimester and clinic staff from a primary healthcare clinic located in Gaza City, Palestine. The TIPPS periodontal health intervention was delivered by antenatal care nurses to the pregnant women during their regular follow-up appointments. The ADePT framework was applied to evaluate the findings from the feasibility study. The ADePT checklist demonstrated sample size estimation, recruitment, consent, intervention adherence, intervention acceptability, costs and duration, completion and appropriateness of outcome assessments, retention, logistics, and synergy between protocol components.ResultsAll recruited pregnant women (25, aged 16–35 years old) consented to participate in the study, and the adherence to the intervention was 88% (22 women). The TIPPS intervention was acceptable, but there was ambivalence over who should deliver it in the clinic. Only the cost of toothbrushing and TIPPS information materials was calculated, while the cost of nurses’ time was not included. The missing values of data were few (12% of gingival bleeding data and 22% from infant birth weight data). This intervention significantly reduced the mean percentage of plaque and bleeding scores after 3 months. The sample size for future randomised controlled trial was estimated around 400 participants. The participants stated the value of the intervention. The clinic staff voiced concerns regarding time and the cost of nurses providing the TIPPS intervention. This allowed suggestions to be made regarding the modification of trial design and context of implementation.ConclusionsThe ADePT evaluation showed it was possible to progress to full trial with modifications in the trial design.

Outcomes of Total Dose Infusion Therapy in Pregnant Women with Iron Deficiency Anemia

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to access the capability of total dose infusion iron therapy for maintaining the hemoglobin level in local pregnant womenMETHODOLOGY: A descriptive study was carried out by using non probability consecutive sampling type and duration of study started from June-December 2019 at BMC Hospital Kotri and Civil Hospital Karachi. A total of 227 pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia were included in this study for total dose infusion (TDI) iron therapy through intravenous and pregnant women with normal hemoglobin and iron level were excluded. The patients were selected on the basis of constructed Performa details, CBC, Reticulocyte count, serum ferritin and TIBC parameters were recorded and measured before and after the therapy. The results were recorded from day 1 to 14; data were analyzed through SPSS version 16 software. RESULTS: The positive outcome of total dose infusion in pregnant anemic patients of iron deficiency anemia was observed in 80.62% (183/227). The upper middle class and well- educated families were also on high risk of iron deficiency anemia, the quick and satisfactory results were also obtained from upper middle class and well-educated families. The 80% of patents gave a positive response with in 14days of TDI whereas only 20% required more than 14 days for maintaining their hemoglobin level.CONCLUSION: TDI is a safe, effective, a fast and quick method to restore the level of hemoglobin, especially in case of pregnancy to improve iron deficiency in pregnant anemic patients. KEY WORDS: Iron deficiency anemia, Total dose infusion, Hemoglobin level

Redondoviridae: High Prevalence and Possibly Chronic Shedding in Human Respiratory Tract, But No Zoonotic Transmission.

Redondoviridae is a recently discovered DNA virus family consisting of two species, vientovirus and brisavirus. Here we used PCR amplification and sequencing to characterize redondoviruses in nasal/throat swabs collected longitudinally from a cohort of 58 individuals working with animals in Vietnam. We additionally analyzed samples from animals to which redondovirus DNA-positive participants were exposed. Redondoviruses were detected in approximately 60% of study participants, including 33% (30/91) of samples collected during episodes of acute respiratory disease and in 50% (29/58) of baseline samples (with no respiratory symptoms). Vientovirus (73%; 24/33) was detected more frequently in samples than brisaviruses (27%; 9/33). In the 23 participants with at least 2 redondovirus-positive samples among their longitudinal samples, 10 (43.5%) had identical redondovirus replication-gene sequences detected (sampling duration: 35–132 days). We found no identical redondovirus replication genes in samples from different participants, and no redondoviruses were detected in 53 pooled nasal/throat swabs collected from domestic animals. Phylogenetic analysis described no large-scale geographical clustering between viruses from Vietnam, the US, Spain, and China, indicating that redondoviruses are highly genetically diverse and have a wide geographical distribution. Collectively, our study provides novel insights into the Redondoviridae family in humans, describing a high prevalence, potentially associated with chronic shedding in the respiratory tract with lack of evidence of zoonotic transmission from close animal contacts. The tropism and potential pathogenicity of this viral family remain to be determined.

Ophthalmological aspects of coronavirus infections

The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CоV-2 virus, may lead to ocular diseases besides affecting the respiratory system. Cororonavirus infection may be transmitted not only through the respiratory system but also through the conjunctiva. The review article summarizes the data on the origin and variants of coronaviruses that infect humans, as well as on SARS-CоV-2 structures. Literature data on prospects of molecular diagnostics of the disease, coronavirus type detection methods, clinical sample types and duration of the disease before it is diagnosed are discussed. The data on the relationship between the coronavirus infection and conjunctivitis are given. Molecular tests of the tear and conjunctival swabs were used to diagnose the coronavirus infection independently of whether symptoms of ocular disorders were present. The real-time reverse-transcription of RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the most informative method for diagnosis of SARS-CоV-2 in the early stage of COVID-19 (until the 9th day). The presence of SARS-CоV-2 in the tear fluid and conjunctival swabs indicates the need for safety measures to prevent virus transmission through the ocular surface, including protective goggles to be worn by healthcare workers. Since side effects in the eye may appear, COVID-19 patients with visual impairment who received etiotropic or pathogenetic treatment are advised to consult an ophthalmologist.

Not All About the Effort? A Comparison of Playing Intensities During Winning and Losing Game Quarters in Basketball.

To compare peak and average intensities encountered during winning and losing game quarters in basketball players. Eight semiprofessional male basketball players (age = 23.1 [3.8]y) were monitored during all games (N = 18) over 1 competitive season. The average intensities attained in each quarter were determined using microsensors and heart-rate monitors to derive relative values (per minute) for the following variables: PlayerLoad, frequency of high-intensity and total accelerations, decelerations, changes of direction, jumps, and total inertial movement analysis events combined, as well as modified summated-heart-rate-zones workload. The peak intensities reached in each quarter were determined using microsensors and reported as PlayerLoad per minute over 15-second, 30-second, 1-minute, 2-minute, 3-minute, 4-minute, and 5-minute sample durations. Linear mixed models and effect sizes were used to compare intensity variables between winning and losing game quarters. Nonsignificant (P > .05), unclear-small differences were evident between winning and losing game quarters in all variables. During winning and losing game quarters, peak and average intensities were similar. Consequently, factors other than the intensity of effort applied during games may underpin team success in individual game quarters and therefore warrant further investigation.

Peak External Intensity Decreases across Quarters during Basketball Games

The purpose of this study was to compare peak external intensities across game quarters in basketball. Eight semi-professional male players were monitored using accelerometers. For all quarters, peak intensities were determined via moving averages for PlayerLoad/minute (PL·min-1) using sample durations of 15 s, 30 s, 1 min, 2 min, 3 min, 4 min, and 5 min. Linear mixed models and effect sizes (ES) were used to compare peak intensities between quarters for each sample duration. Small decreases in peak PL·min-1 occurred between Quarters 1 and 4 for all sample durations (ES = 0.21-0.49). Small decreases in peak PL·min-1 were apparent between quarters 1 and 2 for 30-s, 1-min, and 3-min sample durations (ES = 0.24-0.33), and between quarters 3 and 4 for 2-5-min sample durations (ES = 0.20-0.24). Peak intensities decline across quarters with game progression in basketball, providing useful insight for practitioners to develop game-specific training and tactical strategies.

Research into the Time Factor in the Formation of Phase Composition of the Cement Stone Structure

The challenge of obtaining high-quality concretes rests on the specificity of hydration hardening of a cement binder, during which the introduction of even a small amount of this or that component or a change in the hardening conditions may lead to drastic changes in the structure and properties of cement materials. In order to reveal the nature of the influence of plasticizing additives and their introduction procedure, a set of research efforts targeting microstructure and basic mechanical properties was deployed, including the study of changes of cement stone’s structural and mechanical parameters over a long period of hardening (up to 18 years) and the composition of cement stone’s hydration products. The main variable factors dealt with are: the dosage of SP S-3 and the modifier’s introduction procedure during mixing of cement with water. The paper imparts findings on the kinetics of changes in the content of alite, belite and other hydrosilicates in cement stone, as well as portlandite against the duration of samples’ hardening. It was found that for almost all compositions with S-3, there is a decrease in the intensity of calcite reflections (3.029 Å) compared to the control sample, which speaks of a slight decrease in carbonation processes in the presence of a superplasticizer. When the temperature and humidity conditions of hardening change, especially over a long period, structural changes associated, for example, with the destabilization of hydroaluminate phases, decompression caused by the formation of secondary crystalline hydrates of various densities, and the release of hydrate water can be one of the reasons for changing the strength of cement systems over time. These phenomena were analysed throughout its hardening time lasting up to 18 years.

Estimation of release history of groundwater pollution source using ANN model

Estimating the release history of a groundwater pollutant source is an important environmental forensics problem. The knowledge of the release history of pollution source is critical in the prediction of the future trend of the pollutant movement. In addition, for identifying the responsible parties for allocating the remediation costs as well as in choosing an effective remediation strategy. Estimation of the release history with the help of concentration data is an ill-posed inverse problem. A novel approach based on ANN modeling has been developed in this study to estimate the release history of groundwater pollution source without using the prior knowledge of lag time. The required sampling duration of the breakthrough curve has been decreased in this study using the only upper half portion of the breakthrough curve which also reduces the uncertainties associated at the tail ends of the breakthrough curve. The previous studies in this area utilize the complete breakthrough curve whose lag time is completely known. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm has been used to train ANN model. The problems solved in this study address both two and three-dimensional flow fields with erroneous concentration data. The results indicate that the developed ANN model appears to be robust even for large measurement error level in concentration data up-to 10% and very effective in solving these problems.

Endoparasites of fresh water fishes from rivers in Edo State, Nigeria

Parasites of fish constitute one of the major problems to fish health. Parasites of fish have been a great concern since they often cause disease conditions in fishes. This study described the parasitic faunas of eight fresh water bodies in Edo state (Ikpoba river, Ogba river, Ujogba river, Niger river at Illushi, Obe river, Gelegele river, Niger river at Agenebode and Osomegbe river). The duration of fish sampling was from October, 2017 to November, 2017.The fish samples (whole catch sourced from fishermen) were collected for identification, morphometric analysis and examination for the presence of parasites. One-way ANOVA and Tukey Honest Test were used to compare the data among size classes at the level of p &lt;0.05. Three orders (Lepidosirenformes, Siluriformes and Polyteriformes), eight families (Protopteridae, Clariddidae, Channiddae, Polypterididae, Melapteridae, Clarotidae, Cichlidae and Lorcariidae) and fourteen genera were examined. The study had an overall prevalence of 25.34%. The highest prevalence of fish parasitic infection was recorded in Niger river along Agenebode. Overall, parasite taxa recovered were nematodes (65.50%), trematodes (27.00%), cestodes (4.27%) and acanthcephalans (3.27%). The most infected fish species was Clarias gariepenus (13.77%). The helminth taxa (nematodes) had the highest prevalence of parasites (65.50%). The largest number of parasites isolated was Camallanus cotti (30.43%) and Procamallanus laevionchus (17.39%). This study showed river Niger at Agenebode with most parasitic prevalence, nematodes as the most prevalent parasitic taxa and Clarias gariepenus as the most infected fish species.&#x0D; Keywords: Edo state, Freshwater fishes, Fish parasites, Helminths, Parasite taxa, Nigeria

ПОДОЛАННЯ ПРОТИДІЇ ПІД ЧАС ПРОВЕДЕННЯ СУДОВОЇ ПОЧЕРКОЗНАВЧОЇ ЕКСПЕРТИЗИ: СИСТЕМИ ТАКТИЧНИХ ПРИЙОМІВ

Мета статті – аналіз теоретичних питань і розроблення практичних рекомендацій із тактики відібрання експериментальних зразків почерку та підписів в умовах протидії перевірюваних осіб під час проведення судових почеркознавчих експертиз. Методологія. Методологічну основу становлять загальні закони та категорії теорії пізнання, зокрема положення матеріалістичної діалектики про пізнання соціальних процесів і явищ, пов’язаних із досліджуваними проблемами. У процесі розгляду теми також застосовувалися історико-правовий метод, яким проаналізовано генезу розроблення тактико-технологічних засад проведення слідчих дій, теоретичні напрацювання криміналістичних аспектів протидії при проведенні судових почеркознавчих експертиз; системно-структурним і порівняльним встановлено сутність тактики проведення судових почеркознавчих експертиз, з’ясовано прийоми подолання протидії перевірюваних осіб проведенню почеркознавчої експертизи, а також групування їх в системи, запропоновано рекомендації щодо їх застосування; соціологічний метод (анкетування) застосовано для опитування слідчих та експертів за спеціально розробленою анкетою; статистичним методом (групування відомостей, аналіз кількісних показників) узагальнено дані за результатами аналізу висновків експертів, протоколів відібрання зразків почерку та підписів; експериментальним проведено експерименти з відтворення чужих підписів різними категоріями осіб. Наукова новизна зумовлена започаткуванням заснованого на результатах проведеного авторами експерименту тактичного прийому подолання протидії перевірюваної особи в разі повідомлення неправдивої інформації про незнання цією особою транскрипції підпису конкретної людини, що полягає в наданні особі досліджуваного підпису для короткочасного візуального його огляду. Висновки. У результаті дослідження, зокрема, з’ясовано, що залежно від слідчої ситуації, яка склалася, системи тактичних прийомів відібрання зразків спрямовані: на встановлення обставин та умов виконання рукопису; одержання зразків почерку перевірюваної особи в ситуації можливої її відмови; спілкування з такою особою і вплив на неї у процесі відібрання зразків; подолання протидії перевірюваної особи. При цьому тактичні прийоми подолання протидії перевірюваної особи передбачають: за відмови від надання експериментальних зразків почерку та підписів – використання прийомів психологічного впливу та логічного переконання; у разі спотворення перевірюваним свого почерку – прискорення темпу написання та збільшення тривалості відібрання зразків; якщо повідомлено неправдиву інформацію про незнання перевірюваним транскрипції підпису конкретної людини – надання досліджуваного підпису для короткочасного візуального його огляду.

SARS-CoV-2 and indoor/outdoor air samples: a methodological approach to have consistent and comparable results

Since the beginning of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, large attention has been focused on the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 diffusion and environment. As a matter of fact, clear evidence of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via respiratory aerosol would be of primary importance; at the same time, checking the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater can be extremely useful to control the diffusion of the disease. Up to now, many studies report SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in indoor/outdoor air samples or water/wastewater samples that can differ by order of magnitude. Unfortunately, complete information about the scientific approach of many studies is still missing, relating to: samplers and sampling materials performances, recovery tests, measurement uncertainty, robustness, detection and quantification limits, infectivity of captured virus, virus degradation during sampling, influence of sample pre-treatments (included freezing) on results, effects of inhibitors, sample alterations due to manipulation, validation of methods and processes, quality assurance according to ISO/IEC 17025 requirements.Based on the first experiences focused on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples such as air quality filters or impingers collection solutions, the present study describes a coherent preliminary approach to SARS-CoV-2 indoor and outdoor air sampling in order to overcome the evident lack of standardization. Three aspects are highlighted here: the first solution to assure quality and consistency to air sampling relies on the development of recovery tests using standard materials and investigating sampling materials, sampling techniques, sampling durations, sample conservation and pre-treatments; secondly, in order to overcome the shortcomings of every single sampling technique, coupling different samplers in parallel sampling could be an efficient strategy to collect more information and make data more reliable; finally, with regards to airborne virus sampling, the results could be confirmed by simplified emission and dilution models.