Repetition Duration Research Articles

Effects of High-Velocity Versus Low-Velocity Resistance Training on Muscle Echo Intensity in Healthy Young Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Improving muscle quality to prevent and treat muscle dysfunction is critical. However, effective measures to improve muscle quality remain poorly understood. We investigated the effects of high- and low-velocity resistance training (RT) on muscle quality, mass, and function before and after an 8-week intervention. High-velocity RT would improve muscle quality more effectively than low-velocity RT. Randomized controlled trial. Level 1. A total of 33 healthy young women (23.1 ± 2.2 years) were assigned randomly to high-velocity (n = 16) or low-velocity (n = 17) groups. Both groups underwent concentric knee extension RT with a 60% 1-repetition maximum (1RM) load, performing 10 repetitions of 4 sets, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. The high-velocity group was instructed to complete each repetition as quickly as possible (mean repetition duration of 0.5 seconds), while the low-velocity group was required to execute each repetition in 3 seconds. Before and after the 8-week intervention, quadriceps femoris echo intensity (EI), muscle thickness (MT), isokinetic peak torque (60 and 300 deg/s), rate of velocity development (RVD) at 300 deg/s, and 1RM were assessed. Split-plot factorial design analysis of variance was used to compare the group × time interaction. A group×time interaction was observed for EI (P < 0.01). Only the high-velocity group showed a significant reduction in EI after the intervention. MT revealed a main effect of time (P < 0.01), with both groups significantly increasing MT. RVD showed a group × time interaction (P < 0.05), with significant increase only in the high-velocity group. Isokinetic peak torque and 1RM showed main effects of time (P < 0.01), with significant increases in both groups. High-velocity RT may be superior to low-velocity RT in enhancing muscle quality and RVD. These results emphasize the importance of RT velocity for muscle quality improvement.

Pitch Variation Skills in Cantonese Speakers With Apraxia of Speech After Stroke: Preliminary Findings of Acoustic Analyses.

Literature on apraxia of speech (AOS) in Chinese speakers is sparse compared to the English literature. This study aims to examine the pitch variation skills of Cantonese adults with AOS poststroke in terms of perceptual tone accuracy, acoustic fundamental frequency (fo) changes, and repetition durations on items with different syllable structures, lexical status, and tone syllables in various positions in a sequencing context. Six Cantonese adults with AOS poststroke (AOS group), six adults without AOS poststroke (nAOS group), and six healthy controls (HC group) performed the tone sequencing task (TST), which was adapted from oral diadochokinetic tasks, with three different tone syllables. Tone accuracy, fo values across 10 time points, and acoustic repetition durations were compared within and between the groups. The AOS group produced significantly lower tone accuracy and different fo changes on the three Cantonese tone syllables compared with the control groups and significantly longer repetition durations than the HC group. The AOS group showed more difficulty with the tone syllables with the consonant-vowel structure, while a priming effect was observed on the T2 (high-rising) syllables with lexical meanings. A unique lowering of fo in the final syllable of the trisyllabic items was observed only in the AOS group. The AOS group showed degraded pitch variation skills. The effects of the three linguistic elements were discussed. Future investigations are called for to adapt the TST in other tonal languages to determine if degraded pitch variation skills are present in other tonal language speakers with AOS.

The Ultimate Guide for Selecting Repetition Tempos

Apply it! By reading this article, you will learn: • Repetition tempo, which is sometimes referred to as repetition duration, describes movement velocity during eccentric, isometric, and concentric phases of one repetition. Thus, repetition tempo plays a major role in set duration, which is commonly referred to as time under tension (TUT). • When a general population client is training for hypertrophy, the effective duration range for one repetition is 0.5 to 8 seconds. The key is making sure your client is training close to momentary muscular failure. When strength is the primary goal, there is evidence that repetition durations of less than 1 to 20 seconds are effective. Although power can be improved with a variety of tempos, a 2-second eccentric duration followed by a maximal speed concentric duration (i.e., “X”) is the most effective. • For those working with elderly patients, strength, power, and physical function can be improved with 3/3- and 3/X-second tempos, but the latter is most effective. • For those working with patients in cardiac rehabilitation or patients with cardiovascular disease, it is important to keep TUT short, which is accomplished by using faster repetition tempos (e.g., 1/1 vs. 2/2 seconds).

The acute effects of resistance training on arterial stiffness: A systematic review

Objectives: The effects of resistance training (RT) and the potential role of isolated training variables on arterial stiffness (AS) remain inconclusive. This review summarises the current literature examining the acute effects of RT on AS from a distinct perspective, considering ‘intensity of effort’ as an independent loading variable, potentially affecting AS responses to RT. Design: Systematic review Methods: SPORTDiscus, PubMed/MEDLINE, CHINAHL and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched between 2000 and 2022. Randomised control trials, non-randomised or repeated measures comparative studies assessing arterial responses to acute RT protocols measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) were included. Results: From the 645 articles identified, 16 articles were included. Ten studies reported a significant increase in carotidfemoral PWV (cfPWV) post-exercise (p < 0.05), with increases between 2% and 20.8% reported. Five studies found no significant differences in cfPWV while in one study femoral-dorsalis pedis PWV decreased by 14%. Loading intensities ranging from 30% to 95% of 1RM had an ambiguous effect on AS, although there was a trend towards increased AS following acute RT. Higher intensities of effort and slower repetition velocities appeared to further increase AS. Conclusions: Available evidence shows a trend for increased AS following acute RT. Nonetheless, it remains to be deter mined whether additional RT variables (e.g., intensity of effort, repetition duration) could attenuate or limit increases in AS. Further research, having more RT variables controlled, is needed to draw definite conclusions.

XTMS: A Pulse Generator for Exploring Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapies.

A cascaded H-bridge based pulse generator for transcranial magnetic stimulation is introduced. The system demonstrates complete flexibility for producing different shape, duration, direction, and rate of repetition of stimulus pulses within its electrical limits, and can emulate all commercial and research systems available to-date in this application space. An offline model predictive control algorithm, used to generate pulses and sequences, shows superior performance compared to conventional carrier-based pulse width modulation. A fully functioning laboratory prototype delivers up to 1.5 kV, 6 kA pulses, and is ready to be used as a research tool for the exploration of transcranial magnetic stimulation therapies by leveraging the many degrees-of-freedom offered by the design.

Evaluating the influence of a constraint manipulation on technical, tactical and physical athlete behaviour.

Evaluating practice design is an important component of supporting skill acquisition and improving team-sport performance. Constraint manipulations, including creating a numerical advantage or disadvantage during training, may be implemented by coaches to influence aspects of player or team behaviour. This study presents methods to evaluate the interaction between technical, tactical and physical behaviours of professional Australian Football players during numerical advantage and disadvantage conditions within a small-sided game. During each repetition of the game, team behaviour was manually annotated to determine: repetition duration, disposal speed, total disposals, efficiency, and disposal type. Global Positioning System devices were used to quantify tactical (surface area) and physical (velocity and high intensity running) variables. A rule association and classification tree analysis were undertaken. The top five rules for each constraint manipulation had confidence levels between 73.3% and 100%, which identified the most frequent behaviour interactions. Specifically, four advantage rules involved high surface area and medium high intensity running indicating the attacking team's frequent movement solution within this constraint. The classification tree included three behaviour metrics: surface area, velocity 1SD and repetition duration, and identified two unique movement solutions for each constraint manipulation. These results may inform if player behaviour is achieving the desired outcomes of a constraint manipulation, which could help practitioners determine the efficacy of a training task. Further, critical constraint values provided by the models may guide practitioners in their ongoing constraint manipulations to facilitate skill acquisition. Sport practitioners can adapt these methods to evaluate constraint manipulations and inform practice design.

Fatigue Increases Muscle Activations but Does Not Change Maximal Joint Angles during the Bar Dip.

The purpose of this study was to profile and compare the bar dip's kinematics and muscle activation patterns in non-fatigued and fatigued conditions. Fifteen healthy males completed one set of bar dips to exhaustion. Upper limb and trunk kinematics, using 3D motion capture, and muscle activation intensities of nine muscles, using surface electromyography, were recorded. The average kinematics and muscle activations of repetitions 2-4 were considered the non-fatigued condition, and the average of the final three repetitions was considered the fatigued condition. Paired t-tests were used to compare kinematics and muscle activation between conditions. Fatigue caused a significant increase in repetition duration (p < 0.001) and shifted the bottom position to a significantly earlier percentage of the repetition (p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in the peak joint angles measured. However, there were significant changes in body position at the top of the movement. Fatigue also caused an increase in peak activation amplitude in two agonist muscles (pectoralis major [p < 0.001], triceps brachii [p < 0.001]), and three stabilizer muscles. For practitioners prescribing the bar dip, fatigue did not cause drastic alterations in movement technique and appears to target pectoralis major and triceps brachii effectively.

May the Force and Mass Be With You-Evidence-Based Contribution of Mechano-Biological Descriptors of Resistance Exercise.

Skeletal muscle is one of the most important tissues of the human body. It comprises up to 40% of the body mass and is crucial to survival. Hence, the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and strength is pivotal. It is well-established that resistance exercise provides a potent anabolic stimulus to increase muscle mass and strength in men and women of all ages. Resistance exercise consists of mechano-biological descriptors, such as load, muscle action, number of repetitions, repetition duration, number of sets, rest interval between sets, frequency, volitional muscular failure, and range of motion, which can be manipulated. Herein, we discuss the evidence-based contribution of these mechano-biological descriptors to muscle mass and strength.

Effect of Repetition Duration—Total and in Different Muscle Actions—On the Development of Strength, Power, and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT The aim of this systematic review was (a) to identify the articles that have differentiated muscle action duration (MAD) in the eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) muscle action regimen during resistance training (RT) programs and (b) to analyze how MAD affects strength, power, and muscle hypertrophy adaptations. Twenty-four studies were included from 3 electronic databases. The results showed that the RT protocols with medium ECC MAD and fast CON MAD, specifically cadences 2–4/0/1/0, produced the highest improvement values for the development of maximum dynamic strength, both in trained (18–24%) and untrained subjects (10–14%). For the development of maximum power, a medium total repetition MAD of less than 4 seconds and slow total repetition MAD, less than 8 seconds, seems suitable for untrained and trained subjects, respectively, with the condition that CON MAD is explosive or fast (cadence 4–8/0/max-3/0). Finally, muscle hypertrophy could be improved with a total repetition MAD less than 8 seconds in both trained and untrained subjects. The optimal timing of each muscle action to maximize hypertrophic training results is still not entirely clear. In conclusion, the prescription of the MAD, total and phase specific, should be planned according to the adaptations desired in untrained and trained individuals.

The biomechanical characteristics of the strongman atlas stone lift.

BackgroundThe atlas stone lift is a popular strongman exercise where athletes are required to pick up a large, spherical, concrete stone and pass it over a bar or place it on to a ledge. The aim of this study was to use ecologically realistic training loads and set formats to (1) establish the preliminary biomechanical characteristics of athletes performing the atlas stone lift; (2) identify any biomechanical differences between male and female athletes performing the atlas stone lift; and (3) determine temporal and kinematic differences between repetitions of a set of atlas stones of incremental mass.MethodsKinematic measures of hip, knee and ankle joint angle, and temporal measures of phase and repetition duration were collected whilst 20 experienced strongman athletes (female: n = 8, male: n = 12) performed three sets of four stone lifts of incremental mass (up to 85% one repetition maximum) over a fixed-height bar.ResultsThe atlas stone lift was categorised in to five phases: the recovery, initial grip, first pull, lap and second pull phase. The atlas stone lift could be biomechanically characterised by maximal hip and moderate knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion at the beginning of the first pull; moderate hip and knee flexion and moderate ankle plantarflexion at the beginning of the lap phase; moderate hip and maximal knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion at the beginning of the second pull phase; and maximal hip, knee extension and ankle plantarflexion at lift completion. When compared with male athletes, female athletes most notably exhibited: greater hip flexion at the beginning of the first pull, lap and second pull phase and at lift completion; and a shorter second pull phase duration. Independent of sex, first pull and lap phase hip and ankle range of motion (ROM) were generally smaller in repetition one than the final three repetitions, while phase and total repetition duration increased throughout the set. Two-way interactions between sex and repetition were identified. Male athletes displayed smaller hip ROM during the second pull phase of the first three repetitions when compared with the final repetition and smaller hip extension at lift completion during the first two repetitions when compared with the final two repetitions. Female athletes did not display these between-repetition differences.ConclusionsSome of the between-sex biomechanical differences observed were suggested to be the result of between-sex anthropometric differences. Between-repetition differences observed may be attributed to the increase in stone mass and acute fatigue. The biomechanical characteristics of the atlas stone lift shared similarities with the previously researched Romanian deadlift and front squat. Strongman athletes, coaches and strength and conditioning coaches are recommended to take advantage of these similarities to achieve greater training adaptations and thus performance in the atlas stone lift and its similar movements.

Recognizing and Counting Freehand Exercises Using Ubiquitous Cellular Signals.

Freehand exercises help improve physical fitness without any requirements for devices or places. Existing fitness assistant systems are typically restricted to wearable devices or exercising at specific positions, compromising the ubiquitous availability of freehand exercises. In this paper, we develop MobiFit, a contactless freehand exercise assistant using just one cellular signal receiver placed on the ground. MobiFit passively monitors the ubiquitous cellular signals sent by the base station, which frees users from the space constraints and deployment overheads and provides accurate repetition counting, exercise type recognition and workout quality assessment without any attachments to the human body. The design of MobiFit faces new challenges of the uncertainties not only on cellular signal payloads but also on signal propagations because the sender (base station) is beyond the control of MobiFit and located far away. To tackle these challenges, we conducted experimental studies to observe the received cellular signal sequence during freehand exercises. Based on the observations, we constructed the analytic model of the received signals. Guided by the insights derived from the analytic model, MobiFit segments out every repetition and rest interval from one exercise session through spectrogram analysis and extracts low-frequency features from each repetition for type recognition. Extensive experiments were conducted in both indoor and outdoor environments, which collected 22,960 exercise repetitions performed by ten volunteers over six months. The results confirm that MobiFit achieves high counting accuracy of 98.6%, high recognition accuracy of 94.1% and low repetition duration estimation error within 0.3 s. Besides, the experiments show that MobiFit works both indoors and outdoors and supports multiple users exercising together.

Resistance training intervention performed with different muscle action durations influences the maximal dynamic strength without promoting joint-angle specific strength gains

ABSTRACT The present study investigated the effect of 10-week matched (range of motion, volume, intensity, rest, and repetition duration) training protocols with varying muscle action duration (MAD) on maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) test at eight different knee angles and one-repetition maximum (1RM) test after in seated knee extensor machine. Forty women were allocated into one control and three training groups with varying MAD: 5C1E (5s concentric action [CON] and 1s eccentric action [ECC]), 3C3E (3s CON and 3s ECC), and 1C5E (1s CON and 5s ECC). All training groups (5C1E, 3C3E, and 1C5E) showed a greater relative response in 1RM performance than the control group (0.1 ± 3.5%, p ≤ 0.05). The 1C5E group presented greater relative increases in the 1RM performance (22.1 ± 11.6%) compared to 5C1E (13.6 ± 9.2%; p ≤ 0.05) and 3C3E (14.1 ± 5.5%, p ≤ 0.05) groups. The training groups increased the MVIC performance more than the control group (p ≤ 0.05), although there were no significant differences between the training groups. This study demonstrated that isoinertial resistance training protocols with shorter CON MAD showed greater maximum dynamic strength performance response than matched training protocols with other MAD configurations. However, the configuration of MAD did not induce angle-specificity to increase the maximum isometric strength.

Pitch Variation in Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Preliminary Findings.

Introduction Pitch variation, which refers to one's ability to vary fundamental frequency (F0) within or between syllables when speaking, has not been investigated in children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). However, pitch variation plays an important role in tone languages, as varying F0 patterns communicate different lexical meanings. This study investigated pitch variation abilities in individuals with CAS via the tone-sequencing tasks (TSTs), focusing on task performance and the effects of syllable structure, lexical status, and tones. Method Three Cantonese-speaking children with CAS (aged 3;7-5;8 [years;months]) and six children without CAS participated in the study. Children without CAS were divided into two control groups, comprising those with speech and/or language impairment or typical development. TSTs consisted of 56 sets of five repetitions of stimuli. The stimuli varied in syllable structure, lexical status, and tones. Percentage of tones correct (PTC), consistency scores, F0 values, and acoustic repetition duration were measured. Results The CAS group performed more poorly than the control groups on the TST with respect to tone accuracy, consistency, and repetition duration. No interaction effects between group and syllable structure or group and lexical status were found. No significant difference was found on F0 values across time between Tone 1 and Tone 2 syllables in the CAS group. However, interaction effects between group and time points of F0 values on Tone 2 syllables were found. Discussion The results suggest that children with CAS have difficulty with pitch variation, which was revealed on the TST with respect to tone accuracy, consistency, and repetition duration. Moreover, children with CAS have difficulty in varying F0 values to produce high-rising tones and tend to use high-level tones to substitute. Clinically, the TST may be useful to assist in the diagnosis of CAS. Isolated vowel stimuli may be useful to test young children or children with severe impairment. Future investigations and development of a normed tool for children with CAS are suggested.

The effect of different resistance training protocols equalized by time under tension on the force-position relationship after 10 weeks of training period

ABSTRACT This study investigated the impact of performing two equalized resistance training (RT) protocols for 10 weeks that differ only by repetition duration and number in the force-position and EMG-position relationship. Participants performed an equalized (36 s of time under tension; 3–4 sets; 3 min between sets; 50–55% of one-repetition maximum; 3× week) RT intervention on the bench press and the only different change between protocols was repetition number (RN; 12 vs.6) or duration (RD; 3 s vs. 6 s). Two experimental groups (RN12RD3, n = 12; and RN6RD6, n = 12) performed the RT, while one group was the control (Control, n = 11). Maximal isometric contractions at 10%, 50% and 90% of total bench press range of motion were performed pre- and post-RT, while electromyography was recorded. It demonstrated an increase in isometric force (+14% to 24%, P < 0.001) shifting up the force-position relationship of the training groups after RT, although no difference was between training groups compared to the Control. Neuromuscular activation from pectoralis major presented an increase after training for both RT groups (+44%; P < 0.001) compared to the Control. However, although not significantly different, triceps brachii also presented an increase depending on the protocol (+25%). In conclusion, 10 weeks of an equalized RT with longer RN and shorter RD (or opposite) similarly increases the ability to produce maximal isometric force during the bench exercise across different angles, while neuromuscular activation of the pectoralis major partially explained the shift-up of the force-position relationship after training.

Equalization of Training Protocols by Time Under Tension Determines the Magnitude of Changes in Strength and Muscular Hypertrophy.

Martins-Costa, HC, Lacerda, LT, Diniz, RCR, Lima, FV, Andrade, AGP, Peixoto, GH, Gomes, MC, Lanza, MB, Bemben, MG, and Chagas, MH. Equalization of training protocols by time under tension determines the magnitude of changes in strength and muscular hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 1770-1780, 2022-The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 training protocols equalized by tension (TUT) on maximal strength (1 repetition maximum [RM]), regional cross-sectional areas (proximal, middle, and distal), and total cross-sectional areas (sum of the regional cross-sectional areas) of the pectoralis major and triceps brachii muscles. Thirty-eight men untrained in resistance training participated in the study and were allocated under 3 conditions: Protocol 3s (n = 11; 12 repetitions; 3s repetition duration), Protocol 6s (n = 11; 6 repetitions; 6s repetition duration), and Control (n = 11; no training). Training protocols (10 weeks; bench press exercise) were equated for TUT (36 seconds per set), number of sets (3-4), intensity (50-55% of 1RM), and rest between sets (3 minutes). Analysis of variance was used to examine a percentage change in variables of interest across the 3 groups with an alpha level of 0.05 used to establish statistical significance. Protocols 3s and 6s showed no differences in the increase of total and regional muscle cross-sectional areas. There were no differences in regional hypertrophy of the pectoralis major muscle. In the triceps brachii muscle, the increase in distal cross-sectional area was greater when compared with the middle and proximal regions. Both experimental groups had similar increases in the 1RM test. In conclusion, training protocols with the same TUT promote similar strength gains and muscle hypertrophy. Moreover, considering that the protocols used different numbers of repetitions, the results indicate that training volumes cannot be considered separately from TUT when evaluating neuromuscular adaptations.

Resistance training with different repetition duration to failure: effect on hypertrophy, strength and muscle activation.

BackgroundThis study investigated the effects of two 14-week resistance training protocols with different repetition duration (RD) performed to muscle failure (MF) on gains in strength and muscle hypertrophy as well as on normalized electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and force-angle relationships.MethodsThe left and right legs of ten untrained males were assigned to either one of the two protocols (2-s or 6-s RD) incorporating unilateral knee extension exercise. Both protocols were performed with 3–4 sets, 50–60% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM), and 3 min rest. Rectus femoris and vastus lateralis cross-sectional areas (CSA), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) at 30o and 90o of knee flexion and 1RM performance were assessed before and after the training period. In addition, normalized EMG amplitude-angle and force-angle relationships were assessed in the 6th and 39th experimental sessions.ResultsThe 6-s RD protocol induced larger gains in MVIC at 30o of knee angle measurement than the 2-s RD protocol. Increases in MVIC at 90o of knee angle, 1RM, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis CSA were not significant between the 2-s and 6-s RD protocols. Moreover, different normalized EMG amplitude-angle and force-angle values were detected between protocols over most of the angles analyzed.ConclusionPerforming longer RD could be a more appropriate strategy to provide greater gains in isometric maximal muscle strength at shortened knee positions. However, similar maximum dynamic strength and muscle hypertrophy gains would be provided by protocols with different RD.

Neuromuscular responses at acute moderate and severe hypoxic exposure during fatiguing exercise of the biceps brachii.

PurposeThe present study examined acute normobaric hypoxic exposure on the number of repetitions to failure, electromyographic (EMG) repetition duration (Time), EMG root mean square (RMS) and EMG mean power frequency (MPF) during biceps brachii (BB) dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) exercise.MethodsThirteen subjects performed two sets of fatiguing DCER arm curl repetitions to failure at 70% of their one repetition maximum under normoxic (NH), moderate hypoxia FiO2 = 15% (MH) and severe hypoxia FiO2 = 13% (SH). Electromyography of the BB was analyzed for EMG Time, EMG RMS, and EMG MPF. Repetitions were selected as 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of total repetitions (%Fail) completed. Pulse oximetry (SpO2) was measured pre-and post-fatigue.ResultsThere was no significant three-way (Condition x Set x %Fail) or two-way (Condition x Set) interaction for any variable. The number of repetitions to failure significantly decreased from (mean ± SEM) 18.2 ± 1.4 to 9.5 ± 1.0 with each Set. In addition, EMG Time increased (25% < 50%<75% < 100%), EMG RMS decreased (50% > 75%>100%), and EMG MPF decreased (75% > 100%) as a result of fatiguing exercise. SpO2 was lower during MH (Δ5.3%) and SH (Δ9.2%) compared to NH and as a result of fatiguing exercise increased only in MH (Δ2.1%) and SH (Δ5.7%).ConclusionThe changes in BB EMG variables indicated exercise caused myoelectric manifestations of fatigue, however, acute moderate or severe hypoxia had no additional influence on the rate of fatigue development or neuromuscular parameters.

Répéter s'il vous plait: Working memory intensive sentence repetition deficits as a sensitive neuropsychological marker of primary progressive aphasia

AbstractBackgroundSentence repetition deficits have been shown to be critical in diagnosing primary progressive aphasia (PPA), particularly the logopenic variant, distinguishing its symptoms from other Alzheimer’s disease related dementias [1‐3]. These impairments were found to be associated with working memory [4].MethodIn the current preliminary study, to further investigate how sentence repetition is mediated in memory in PPA and AD, we used a spoken sentence‐span task to examine groups of 6 French‐speaking PPA (including lvPPA and non‐fluent subtypes), 6 AD patients without aphasia, and 15 healthy ageing controls. The task required individuals to repeat meaningful French sentences with increasing number of content words ranging from three to nine. Each span of content words contained two items, and when the participants failed in repeating both items in one span, the task was terminated; when one item was incorrectly repeated half a point penalty was issued.ResultsBoth the patient groups performed more poorly than healthy controls in all measures (ts&gt;+/‐3.27). A set of mixed‐effects regression models showed that the PPA group had reduced sentence‐span (M PPA=5.08 vs. M AD=5.66; ß=0.58, SE=0.16, t=3.53, 95%CIs[0.25,0.91]), greater difficulty repeating content words (M PPA= 44.33 vs. M AD=50.00; ß=5.66, SE=2.19, t=2.57, 95%CIs[‐2.18,‐0.48]), and elevated number of substitution errors (M PPA= 6.16 vs. M AD=4.83; ß=‐1.33, SE=0.42, t=‐3.10, 95%CIs[1.32,10.01]) compared to the AD group (Figure 1). No group differences were found in repetition duration standardized by number of content words.ConclusionWe found that sentence repetition deficits in PPA have different characteristics than those in AD, submitting to earlier studies that associated PPA assessment with graphic markers [5]. We recommend clinicians to incorporate a sentence repetition task involving sentences with varying length and number of content words in their diagnostic assessment as this study suggests that working‐memory intensive sentence repetition decline appears to be a neuropsychological clinical marker distinguishing cognitive profiles of PPA from AD patients. [1]Hohlbaum, et al., Aphasiology, 2018. 32(12):1445‐1467. [2]Foxe, et al., Cortex, 2016. 83: p.39‐50. [3]Gorno‐Tempini, et al. Neurology, 2008. 71(16): p.1227‐1234. [4]Beales, et al., Brain and Language, 2019. 194: p.1‐11. [5]Gros, et al., Alzheimer’s&amp;Dementia, 2019. P1‐285(15): p.351‐352.

Repetitions to failure increase pectoralis major activation with similar neuromuscular fatigue in trained men

Resistance training protocols performed to muscle failure (MF) have been employed in an attempt to maximize activation and neuromuscular fatigue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the surface electromyography amplitude (EMGRMS) and frequency (EMGFREQ) of the pectoralis major between protocols performed to MF and non muscle failure (NMF). Seven trained men performed three sets at 60% of a repetition maximum, with a 3 min rest period and a 6s repetition duration. MF protocol was performing with maximum number of repetitions in all sets, while in NMF protocol subjects performed 6 repetitions in 3 sets. For data analysis two two-way repeated measures ANOVAs (Protocol x Repetition) were used and when necessary, Bonferroni post hoc was performed. The EMGRMS was higher in the protocol MF compare to NMF, but there was no difference in EMGFREQ between protocols. Although there were no significant differences in the frequency domain between protocols, perform repetitions to MF was a determining factor to generate higher amplitude of the electromyography signal. Thus, perform repetitions to MF could be considered an effective strategy to increase muscle activation in trained individuals, however, with similar neuromuscular fatigue.

Reliability of center of pressure excursion as a measure of postural control in bipedal stance of individuals with intellectual disability: A pilot study

The high prevalence of postural instability in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) warrants the need for reliable and practical postural control assessments. Stabilometry is a postural control assessment that has been widely used for clinical populations. However, the scant systematic knowledge about the reliability of stabilometric protocols for adults with ID renders results questionable and limits its value for clinicians and researchers. The study's purpose was to develop a stabilometric protocol for adults with and without ID based on optimal combinations of shortest necessary trial durations and the least number of trial repetitions that guarantee sufficient reliability. Participants performed six trials of bipedal standing in 2 vision (eyes open vs eyes closed) x 2 surface (solid vs compliant) conditions on a force platform. Several parameters were calculated from the first 10-, 20-, and 30-s interval of every center-of-pressure (COP) trial data. For different trial durations, we identified the number of trials that yielded acceptable relative (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.70) and absolute (standard error of measurement < 20%) reliability using the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula. To determine the optimal combination of trial duration and number of repetition for each COP parameter, we implemented a two-step process: 1) identify the largest number of repetition for each of the three trial durations and then 2) select the trial duration with the lowest number of repetition. For both ID- and non-ID groups, we observed a trend whereby shorter trial durations required more repetitions and vice versa. The phase plane and ellipse area were the most and least reliable center-of-pressure parameter, respectively. To achieve acceptable reliability, four 30-s trials of each experimental condition appeared to be optimal for testing participants with and without ID alike. The results of this research can inform stabilometric test protocols of future postural control studies of adults with ID.