Durability Of Structures Research Articles

Crashworthiness analysis of multi-cell filled tube with lateral corrugated tubes

In this study, inspired by the intrinsic mechanism of axial compression of filled tubes and combining corrugated tubes with multicellular tubes, a lateral Multicellular filled lateral corrugated tube (MFLCT) is proposed. The durability performance of this structure under axial impact is investigated using a validated Abaqus/Explicit finite element model. The research findings indicate that the proposed MFLCT exhibits better energy absorption capability compared to MFST and MFCT under the same thickness and mass conditions. For the same thickness, MFLCT shows a maximum increase of 12.16% in specific energy absorption (SEA) compared to MFST (MFLCT-N6A16), with a maximum reduction of 11.31% in peak crushing force (PCF), and a PCF reduction of 3.06% compared to MFST. Additionally, MFLCT shows a maximum increase of 10.94% in SEA compared to MFCT. For the same mass, MFLCT exhibits a maximum increase of 7.84% and 8.49% in SEA compared to MFST and MFCT, respectively, while the maximum reductions in PCF are 3.06% and 4.89%, respectively. Subsequently, a parametric study of MFLCT is systematically conducted to investigate the influence of corrugation number, amplitude, wall thickness, and nominal diameter on the structural durability, yielding optimal energy absorption ratios for MFLCT under different parameters.

Study of steel corrosion St3 rate in mineral fertilizer environment

The study of steel corrosion rate in the environment of mineral fertilizers is an important aspect necessary to ensure the durability and reliability of agricultural machinery structures. Mineral fertilizers containing various chemical compounds have a significant effect on corrosion processes. During the experiments, corrosion rates were measured at different concentrations of mineral fertilizers. It was found that with increasing concentration of mineral fertilizers there is an increase in corrosion activity, which is due to electrochemical reactions occurring on the surface of the metal. Key words: STEEL, CORROSION RATE, CORROSION PRODUCTS, CORROSION LOSSES, AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENT, MINERAL FERTILIZERS

Исследование скорости коррозии стали Ст3 в среде минеральных удобрений

The study of steel corrosion rate in the environment of mineral fertilizers is an important aspect necessary to ensure the durability and reliability of agricultural machinery structures. Mineral fertilizers containing various chemical compounds have a significant effect on corrosion processes. During the experiments, corrosion rates were measured at different concentrations of mineral fertilizers. It was found that with increasing concentration of mineral fertilizers there is an increase in corrosion activity, which is due to electrochemical reactions occurring on the surface of the metal. Key words: STEEL, CORROSION RATE, CORROSION PRODUCTS, CORROSION LOSSES, AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENT, MINERAL FERTILIZERS

Comparing numerical simulation methods for evaluating hysteretic response of self-centering shear walls reinforced with SMA-ECC under cyclic loading

Under the action of earthquake, the traditional shear wall structure has the problems of excessive residual deformation and macroscopic cracks. The SMA-ECC composite material formed by the combination of smart materials such as shape memory alloy (SMA) and high ductility engineered cementitious composite (ECC) not only has good energy dissipation capacity, but also can obtain superior self-centering ability and damage self-healing ability, thereby improving the seismic performance and durability of shear wall structures. In this paper, in order to explore the nonlinear behavior of the self-centering shear wall under earthquake action and accurately simulate it, ECC and SMA material tests are carried out to establish the uniaxial constitutive relationship of the material. Using OpenSees finite element analysis platform, considering the micro and macro perspectives, a variety of finite element models are established, namely layered shell model, fiber model and multi-vertical rod model. Combined with the low-cycle reciprocating loading test of shear walls, the numerical simulation results are compared with the experimental data. By considering the parameters such as yield load, peak load and simulation time, the feasibility, stability and calculation efficiency of these models are evaluated. The results show that among the three models, the model based on fiber element can capture well the hysteretic response of new materials, and simulate the hysteretic performance, pinch effect and stiffness degradation of various shear wall members. The simulated values and experimental values can be well matched. Compared with the microscopic model, the computational efficiency of the fiber model is greatly improved, and the model has good feasibility, accuracy and efficiency.This work provides a basis for further research on the optimization of design parameters of SMA-ECC shear wall.

Effect of incorporating ultrafine palm oil fuel ash on the resistance to corrosion of steel bars embedded in high-strength green concrete

Abstract Durability degradation in reinforced concrete (RC) constructions is commonly attributed to the steel reinforcement corrosion caused by chloride. The utilization of supplemental cementitious resources, such as waste materials from industrial and agricultural sectors, typically improves the impermeability and strengthens concrete resistance to corrosion, sulfate, and acid attacks. Therefore, the prevention of steel reinforcement corrosion is greatly important in resolving challenges related to the durability and stability of RC structures, particularly when utilizing agriculture waste materials. This approach also serves as a solution for waste disposal. The aim of this study is to investigate the corrosion-resistant characteristics of high-strength concrete that contains ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (U-POFA) as a partial replacement for cement. Four high-strength green concrete (HSGC) mixes were investigated in this study with a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by U-POFA at 0, 20, 40, and 60% by mass. The aim of this study is to analyze the workability, strength activity index (SAI), compressive strength, rapid chloride permeability, linear polarization resistance (LPR) by different measurement methods, and four-probe resistivity measurement by electrical resistivity measurement method of over a curing period of 7, 28, 60, and 90 days. The use of U-POFA in the different mixes results in improved workability, SAI, compression strength, and chloride penetration resistance compared with the zero-POFA mix. It is clear from the study results that adding U-POFA as a partial replacement for OPC improved the corrosion resistance of HSGC mixtures. Thus, the incorporation of U-POFA 60% succeeded in reducing the chloride ion penetration by 80% and the LPR by 93% at the test age of 90 days, compared to the reference mixture.

Elucidating Collapse-Resistant Mechanisms of Pore Geometries in Fire Ant Nest Cavities

Porous materials and structures, such as subterranean fire ant nests, are abundant in nature. It is hypothesized that these structures likely have evolved biological adaptations that enhance their collapse resistance. This research aims to elucidate the collapse-resistant mechanisms of pore geometries in fire ant nests. Finite Element Models of ant nests in soil were generated using X-ray CT imaging of aluminum castings of ant nests. Representative volume elements of the ant nests, representing porous structures at various depths, were analyzed under confined compression. This work on investigating fire ant (sp. Solenopsis Invicta) nests found them to be hierarchical and graded at various depths that affect how they resist loads and collapse. The top portion acts as a protective shield by distributing damage and absorbing energy. In contrast, the lower chambers localize stress, contributing to damage tolerance. This research provides evidence to suggest that ant nests have developed properties that allow them to resist collapse. These findings could inform the design of lightweight and durable cellular structures in various engineering fields.

Oxygen Vacancies Enhanced Peroxymonosulfate Activation by Accelerating Electron Shuttle over Carbon-Hybrid Defective Mn2O3: Mechanistic Insight into the Singlet Oxygen Dominated Pathway

Defect construction is a crucial approach to improve catalytic performance of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, while elucidating the enhancement mechanism remains a great challenge. Herein, a metal-organic frameworks-derived, carbon-hybrid Mn2O3 with abundant oxygen vacancy (Mn2O3-NA-350) was synthesized and applied in a PMS-based advanced oxidation system for micropollutants degradation. Characterization and density functional theory calculation results show that the plentiful oxygen defects promote the formation of active Mn3+ species and the adsorption of PMS, which accelerate the electron shuttle and redox cycle of Mn3+/Mn4+ by enhancing electron donation of catalyst, and thus driving a 1O2-dominanted degradation pathway. As a result, the catalyst exhibits remarkable pollutant removal performance and structural durability, achieving over 95% degradation efficiency in 5min with an apparent reaction rate of 0.71min-1 ([2,4-dichlorophen] = 10mg/L, [catalyst] = 200mg/L, [PMS] = 200mg/L), and also maintaining almost unchanged catalytic performance after multiple cycles and even under a continuous flow operation for over 20hours. This work provided an effective Mn-based catalyst for PMS activation towards non-radical mediated pollutant elimination and revealed the oxygen vacancy-induced activity enhancement mechanism.

Dynamic Energy Performance and Pore Structure of CGSC under Sulfate Attack: An SHPB-Based Study

This study aims to evaluate the durability of using coal gangue as a substitute for natural aggregates in shotcrete linings for coal mine roadways, addressing environmental concerns from resource consumption and coal gangue accumulation. The support structures of coal mine roadways endure dynamic loads and sulfate erosion during service, making it crucial to assess the long-term stability of these materials in such complex environments. Accordingly, coal gangue shotcrete (CGSC) specimens were immersed in Na2SO4 solution, and a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) system was used to examine the impact of erosion on their dynamic mechanical properties. The results indicate that in the early stages of erosion (0–30 days), the dynamic compressive strength (DCS) of CGSC increased significantly. Under a condition of 0.06MPa, the DCS rose from 31.8MPa to 45.2MPa, representing a 42% increase. Similarly, under 0.10MPa, it increased from 93.9MPa to 99.0MPa, a 5.4% improvement. However, in the mid-to-late stages of erosion (30–120 days), the DCS gradually declined. Under 0.06MPa, it dropped to 28MPa (a decrease of 38%), and under 0.10MPa, it fell to 62.1MPa (a decrease of 37.3%). Microscopic structural characterizations conducted using NMR, XRD, and SEM revealed that the expansion and rupture of erosion products led to the propagation of microcracks, which contributed to the performance degradation. Additionally, the study analyzed the relationship between pore structure changes, fractal dimensions (D1 and D2), and the energy absorption coefficient (λ). A dynamic strength model was developed, quantitatively linking the duration of sulfate erosion to the energy dissipation rate. This research provides theoretical support for optimizing the sulfate erosion resistance of CGSC and enhancing the durability and safety of mining tunnel structures.

Effect of loading area on triaxial compression behavior of microcapsule-based self-healing concrete

Concrete is customarily subjected to a complex triaxial stress state in structures under service. True triaxial experiments using cubic specimens in laboratory settings often utilize shims marginally smaller than the specimen surface for loading purposes. However, the influence of shim dimensions on the triaxial mechanical characteristics of concrete remains obscure. Therefore, in this study, for urea-formaldehyde (UF)/epoxy microcapsule-based self-healing concrete, shims of varying sizes were designed to conduct true triaxial compression experiments, examining the effects of loading area size and microcapsule content on triaxial mechanical behavior. The crack damage morphology was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the rupture of microcapsules was analyzed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and the micropore structure was determined via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The research findings reveal that reducing the loading area induces stress concentration near the shim edge, significantly decreasing the first peak strength with a maximum reduction of 37%; while also increasing the second peak strength, with a maximum increase of 52%. Notably, a “sleeve-like” delamination occurs when the loading area is below 95% of the specimen surface area. Incorporating microcapsules into concrete enhances ductility and porosity, achieving a maximum 1.9% increase in first peak strain and 1.98% in porosity. This study may offer valuable insights and data for the optimization of concrete materials and structural design, thereby contributing to the safety and durability of engineering structures.

Research on Temperature Control Anti-cracking in the Main River Bed Dam Section of Concrete Gravity Dams in the Cold Area

Abstract Cracks have always been a difficult problem in the construction and operation of water conservancy projects. Once cracks occur in concrete dams, it will have an impact on the appearance, structural bearing capacity, waterproofing, durability and service life of the dams. Taking the 9# typical retaining dam section of SETH Dam in Xinjiang as an example, this paper uses the three-dimensional finite element method to simulate the temperature field and stress field of the typical dam section during construction and operation, considering the actual pouring progress of the dam and various temperature control measures taken during construction. The results show that the thermal insulation measures adopted in this project have good effects. According to the analysis results, some construction suggestions are put forward, such as strengthening downstream thermal insulation and continuous monitoring, pouring upstream and downstream through warehouses, avoiding long interval and multiple empty pouring blocks, and avoiding exposure of overwintering surface.

Mitigating Drying Shrinkage in High-Strength Concrete Using Glass and Polypropylene Fibers with Diatomaceous Earth as Cement Substitute

Abstract In recent decades, the demand for high-strength concrete has surged due to its enhanced workability and durability. However, the high cement content in such concrete impacts its hardening properties, particularly causing drying shrinkage strain, which affects structural performance and durability. Adding fibers like glass and polypropylene can mitigate this drying shrinkage by improving tensile and flexural strength, ductility, and crack control. High cement content also raises environmental concerns, including increased CO2 emissions. Diatomaceous earth, an eco-friendly and cost-effective cement substitute, can address these issues. This study explores the effects of glass and polypropylene fibers on concrete drying shrinkage and the impact of diatomaceous earth. Concrete specimens (100 mm × 100 mm × 400 mm) with 0% and 10% diatomaceous earth and varying fiber contents (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1%) were tested. Drying shrinkage data over 60 days were recorded using dial gauges. Results indicate that both types of fibers effectively reduce drying shrinkage, with glass fibers being more effective. Additionally, the usage of 10% diatomaceous earth also reduces drying shrinkage. A modified B4-Bazant model incorporating coefficients for diatomaceous earth (Kd), fiber type (Kf), and fiber volume (Kvf) was developed. Further research with different fiber proportions is recommended for more accurate modeling.

Experimental study on mechanical properties of polyurethane-based composites

Conventional concrete is susceptible to damage under long-term loading due to its brittleness and susceptibility to cracking, affecting structural stability and durability. Polyurethane (PU) has good toughness and bonding ability, making it ideal for improving concrete properties. In this study, PU was mixed with cement and aggregate in a certain proportion to prepare PU-based composites to evaluate the effect of the content of each component on their mechanical properties. Polyurethane cement (PU-cement) was produced by mixing PU and cement, polyurethane mortar (PU-mortar) was made by adding standard sand to PU-cement, and polyurethane concrete (PU-concrete) was created by adding gravel to PU-mortar. The compressive and flexural properties of the three materials were tested, and the bubble characteristics of the fracture surfaces of the specimens were observed. The compressive and flexural strengths of PU-cement were 51.1MPa and 31.1MPa, respectively. Compared to PU-cement, the compressive and flexural strengths of PU-mortar were improved by 48.9% and 10.9%, respectively, and those of PU-concrete were improved by 28.4% and 1.3%, respectively. The highest flexural strength of the specimen is achieved when the number of bubbles and air content are minimized. Optimal flexural strength was achieved when bubble and air content were minimized. This study refined the proportions of PU-based composites and systematically evaluated their mechanical properties, demonstrating the importance of proper component proportioning in enhancing material properties. The findings also guide the application of PU-based composites in construction.

Mechanisms of air bubble rise in cement suspensions studied by X-ray analysis

The de-airing of fresh concrete is a crucial step in ensuring sustainable and durable concrete structures. Currently, proper de-airing is ensured by adjusting the fresh concrete consistency i.e. its rheological properties, without any knowledge whether this will actually guarantee sufficient de-airing. The exact relationship between the rheological properties and air bubble dynamics in concrete is not yet understood. In this paper, a detailed study was carried out in which air bubbles of different size and volume were injected in fresh cement suspensions with varying solid volume fractions (i.e. varying rheological behaviour). The air bubbles were visualised by means of X-ray radiography and the rise behaviour was evaluated with image based algorithms. It was found that in more viscous suspensions (i.e. higher particle contents) the bubble speed increases with decreasing suspension viscosity. For suspensions with higher flowability (i.e. less particle content), the inertial forces dominate the viscous forces, with the viscosity playing a subordinate role. The shear rate induced by an ascending air bubble is sufficient to locally reduce the dynamic viscosity of the suspension. In addition, it leads to shear-induced particle migration, with less concentrated regions in the ascending channel. Consequently, subsequent bubbles are influenced by changes of viscosity in this channel, rising faster and having different bubble shapes.

Highly sensitive and Durable crack structures on Flexible, Friction-Resistant substrates

Flexible sensors using crack-sensitive structures have garnered significant interest due to their exceptional sensitivity stemming from crack disconnection and reconnection mechanisms. However, studies on the sensor’s crack size is imperative, as cracks are typically regarded as defective or harmful in real-life applications. In this study, a new multi-layer configuration (PDMS/Ecoflex)/CNT/PET/(PDMS/Ecoflex) is employed to create piezoresistive pressure sensors with reduced crack size labelled crack free, demonstrating extensive linearity and exceptional sensor responsiveness. The crack size on the conductive layer was significantly reduced using Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide cationic surfactant. PDMS/Ecoflex (PE) blend matrix was shown to have an outstanding mechanical and tribological properties compared to PDMS and Ecoflex alone achieving flexibility of up to 500 %, decreasing friction by 56 %, and enhancing wear resistance. The crack-free sensors exhibited a linearity of 0.99, high sensitivity (GF = 132), and low response time (19 ms). Furthermore, crack-free pressure sensors exhibit distinct characteristics such as low detection limits, rapid response/recovery, negligible hysteresis, excellent dynamic response (over 1000 cycles), and exceptional long-term durability. the cracked-free sensor was compared to a standard crack-based sensor to analyze the crack appearance and mechanism on the overall performance and application including health monitoring and various body movement detection.

O IMPACTO DE MANIFESTAÇÕES PATOLÓGICAS DO CONCRETO NA DURABILIDADE E SEGURANÇA DAS ESTRUTURAS

This study analyzes the impact of pathological manifestations in reinforced concrete, emphasizing their effects on the durability and safety of structures. Common issues such as cracks, reinforcement corrosion, and spalling were investigated, along with their main causes, including design flaws, improper execution, poor maintenance, and adverse environmental conditions. Through a theoretical approach based on an extensive literature review, this research aimed to understand the origins and consequences of these pathologies and propose solutions to mitigate them. The findings reveal that pathological manifestations not only compromise structural integrity but also increase repair and maintenance costs throughout the service life of buildings. Aggressive environments, such as coastal zones or regions with significant temperature variations, were identified as aggravating factors, accelerating concrete deterioration and raising the risk of structural failures. Preventive measures, such as the use of high-quality materials, regular inspections, and protective coatings, proved essential to minimize the impacts of these pathologies. Furthermore, adopting proper practices during the design and execution stages significantly contributes to extending the service life of structures and ensuring user safety. In conclusion, pathological manifestations in concrete represent a critical challenge for civil engineering, requiring special attention from the initial construction phases to periodic maintenance. This study highlights the importance of combining technical knowledge with the implementation of best practices to preserve the functionality, safety, and aesthetic value of structures. It also underscores the need for future practical studies to further evaluate the effectiveness of various prevention and repair techniques, fostering sustainable development in the construction industry.

Mitigating Temperature Effects in Curved Continuous Steel Box Girders: A Parametric Thermodynamic Analysis and Design Recommendations

Curved continuous steel box girders are extensively utilized in bridge construction due to their efficiency and environmental benefits. However, in regions with significant temperature fluctuations, temperature effects can result in cumulative deformation and stress concentration, which may severely impact structural safety and durability. This study examines the structural response of curved continuous steel box girders with five spans under diverse temperature conditions and also develops a comprehensive parameterized thermodynamic numerical model. The model assesses the influence of cross-sectional shape parameters, including the number of cross-sectional box chambers, diaphragm thickness, and height-to-width ratio, as well as longitudinal structural parameters such as planar configurations, width-to-span ratio, and support arrangements, along with the arrangement of stiffening ribs on the temperature-induced effects in the girders. The results indicate that optimizing the width and eccentricity of support stiffeners to 30% and 25%, respectively, in support plate size can significantly alleviate local temperature-induced stresses. Additionally, variations in longitudinal and transverse stiffeners manifest minimal impact on thermal performance. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for improved design and construction practices, offering practical design recommendations to mitigate temperature effects and enhance the longevity and safety of such structures.

Preparation and Experimental Study of Corrosion-induced Shape-memory Fibers for Crack Repair

Repairing concrete cracks is crucial for enhancing the safety and durability of concrete structures. However, current repair technologies face limitations in corrosive environments such as marine settings. This study presents a novel corrosion-induced shape-memory fiber (CSF) based on the concept of corrosion-induced intelligent fiber (CIF). The CSF1 was made by coating elongated spandex-covered yarn with polyvinyl alcohol, and the CSF2 was prepared by winding stretched nylon fiber with iron wire. Experimental results demonstrate that CSF1 specimens can rapidly heal a 10mm wide crack within two seconds when exposed to water, while CSF2 specimens exhibit obvious shape recovery when exposed to seawater. Moreover, under midspan loads, pre-cracked CSF2-acrylic plate specimens achieve effective crack closure in seawater. These findings confirm the successful transfer of prestress from CSFs to the matrix, thereby validating the feasibility of CIF-based crack repair theory. This research provides experimental evidence for designing and optimizing self-repairing composite materials tailored for various corrosive environments and engineering applications.

Quantifying the impact of construction defects on square RC columns

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns are integral to structural integrity, and their performance is highly dependent on precise construction practices. This study investigates the influence of construction defects on the behavior of RC columns, focusing on key parameters such as misplaced longitudinal (vertical) reinforcing bars, honeycombed concrete, variations in stirrup spacing, casting eccentricity, and the effectiveness of square welded wire mesh for confinement. An experimental program was conducted with thirteen square RC column specimens designed to simulate potential construction defects. The findings demonstrate a clear relationship between defect types and column performance. Misplacement of vertical reinforcing bars by up to 50 % resulted in a 17 % reduction in ultimate load capacity. Honeycombed concrete, due to inadequate compaction, was identified as the most harmful defect, leading to a 46 % decrease in ultimate load and a 34 % reduction in toughness. Conversely, reducing stirrup spacing, while maintaining reinforcement quantity, enhanced column performance; a 33 % reduction in spacing resulted in comparable ultimate load but a 36 % increase in toughness. Increased casting eccentricity negatively impacted performance, with a 30 mm eccentricity causing a 46 % reduction in ultimate load capacity. The addition of square welded wire mesh over stirrups significantly improved performance, yielding a 13 % increase in ultimate load, while the use of welded wire mesh alone was ineffective, resulting in nearly a 50 % decrease in load capacity. These results underscore the importance of proper construction practices for the safety and durability of concrete structures. Accurate reinforcement placement, thorough concrete compaction, and precise column alignment are crucial. The research also suggests that using square welded wire mesh alongside stirrups can mitigate some construction defects’ adverse effects. Future studies should explore a broader range of column designs and loading conditions, as well as the effectiveness of various repair and strengthening techniques for columns with existing defects.

Structural Analysis of The BRI Branch Office in Kesambi Sub-District Cirebon City

Safe and standardized infrastructure development is an important factor in supporting economic growth, especially in disaster-prone areas such as Cirebon. This research aims to analyze the structural strength of the BRI branch office building in Kesambi, Cirebon, in accordance with SNI 2847:2019, SNI 1726:2019, and SNI 1727:2020 regulations. This research uses a quantitative approach with ETABS V18.1.1 software to conduct structural analysis. The data used includes primary data from field measurements and secondary data from literature and applicable design standards. The analysis process includes structural modeling, load calculation, and strength evaluation of structural elements such as columns, beams, and slabs. The analysis results show that most of the building's structural elements meet the established strength standards. However, columns K1C, K2, and KT3 did not meet the Strong Column Weak Beam (SCWB) criteria, indicating the need for improvement in the design and strengthening of these elements. These findings indicate the importance of applying comprehensive structural analysis in the planning of banking buildings. The research also provides recommendations for design improvements to enhance the safety and structural durability of the building, and emphasizes the need for compliance with applicable regulations in infrastructure development. This study concludes that the BRI branch office building in Kesambi, Cirebon, is generally safe for use, but there are some elements that require more attention to ensure structural safety.

Electrical resistivity-based approach to characterize moisture content in compressed earth bricks

Compressed earth bricks (CEBs) are increasingly used as a sustainable building material, but their hygroscopic nature makes them susceptible to moisture-related degradation. Monitoring moisture content in CEBs is crucial for ensuring structural integrity and durability, yet existing methods are often destructive or limited in application. This study presents a non-destructive approach for assessing moisture content in CEBs using electrical resistivity measurements, adapted from geophysical surveying techniques. The research employed a modified Syscal Junior Switch-48 resistivity meter with 4-electrode and 16-electrode configurations to measure electrical resistance in CEB samples under controlled relative humidity conditions ranging from 20 % to 100 %. Clear logarithmic correlations were established between moisture content (1.86–9.48 %) and electrical resistivity. The measured electrical resistivity varied from 12.4Ωm at 9.48 % moisture content to 3350Ωm at 1.86 % moisture content, demonstrating the method's sensitivity across a wide range of moisture levels. The 50 mA measurement mode demonstrated capability to assess moisture levels down to 1.86 %, while the standard 1250 mA mode was effective above 2.9 % moisture content. Numerical modeling using finite element analysis was conducted to determine geometric factors and true resistivity values. The 16-electrode multiplexed measurements showed good agreement with the experimental trend, enabling potential internal moisture mapping. This application of resistivity measurements represents a significant advance in non-destructive monitoring of earthen construction materials.