Durable Market Research Articles

A Study On Impact Of White Goods Towards consumers Preference

The market’s level of competition has risen as a result of the advent of the overseas white goods industry. With rising earnings, dual-income families, changing lifestyles, credit availability, greater consumer knowledge, and the introduction of new models by Indian and multinational companies, India’s consumer durable sector is riding the crest of the country’s economic boom. As the Durable market is growing rapidly, an understanding of the consumer behavior regarding the characteristic of consumers in influencing their buying behavior is crucial. Consumer requirements of Air-condition, Washing machine and Refrigerator are at present not limited to its basic function but also on other values like – efficiency, ease of use and comfort. The consumer durables industry is marked by the growth of multinational corporations (MNCs), exchange offers, discounts, and fierce competition. MNCs have a 65 percent market share in the consumer durables industry. The expanding Indian middle class is a major focus for multinational corporations. They compete on the basis of a firm grasp on the local market, well-known brands, and a large distribution network, whereas Indian companies compete on the basis of a firm grasp on the local market, well-known brands, and a large distribution network. Consumer durables penetration, on the other hand, is still low in India. At this juncture, this study has been undertaken for to find out the impact and reality of white goods market in India.

INDO – CHINA TRADE: A NEW CENTRE PERIPHERY RELATIONSHIP

Indo China trade names for last 3-4 years mainly because of three reasons one; China has become the robust trading partner of India outpacing USA, second; the balance of trade deficit of India is very high almost 60 Billion dollar, three; India and China are face to face on boundary issue and army skirmishes which has led to a boycott China slogan in India. But the issue do not end here. In fact China has become a manufacturing hub of all kind of industries in India. The inputs assembles spares as well as sophisticated machinery in India all Imported from China. In pandemic Covid-19 found that even dominant pharmaceutical companies of India are dependent on Chinese support. The whole consumer durable market of India is in fact only an assembly market. All parts of refrigerator, AC, cameras, microwave and what not are imported and then only assembly is done by Indian companies. Same is true for Electric gadgets, Telecommunication instruments, plastic industry and even handicrafts and handloom sector. Economics call it dependency of development. A Metropolis satellite like relationship in which India’s economic development at present is been conditioned by China. In fact this is an extension of Prebisch singer Centre periphery model where in the International division of labour is such that some group of countries (periphery) output, raw material, agro and mineral-based product to while the other group of countries (Centre) add value and exports them back to periphery. This leads to exploitation of resources of periphery and analogous development of the developed countries. In this research paper the researcher is trying to analyse the Indochina trade through the lens of dependency theory. KEYWORDS: Centre periphery relationship, manufacturing, exports, BOT, Indo China trade

Are Digital Markets Different?

Antitrust law has largely failed to address the challenges posed by digital markets. At the turn of the millennium, the antitrust enterprise engaged in intense debate over whether antitrust doctrine, much of it developed during a bygone era of smokestack industries, could or should evolve to address digital markets. Eventually, a consensus emerged: although the basic doctrine is supple enough to apply to new technologies, courts and enforcers should adopt a defendant-friendly, hands-off approach. But this pro-defendant position is deeply—and dangerously—flawed. Economic theory, empirical research, and extant judicial and regulatory authority all contradict the prevailing views regarding power, conduct, and efficiencies in digital markets. Far from being self-correcting, digital markets facilitate the creation and maintenance of uniquely durable market power. Digital markets are conducive to complex anticompetitive strategies that have largely escaped regulatory scrutiny. Perhaps most importantly, digital-market conduct tends to lack significant offsetting efficiencies. As a result, the consensus view is ripe for rejection. Digital markets do require a different approach, but it must be uniquely interventionist, not unusually laissez faire. This Article concludes by offering a set of doctrinal and policy proposals aimed at creating a more robust, vigilant, and welfare-enhancing digital antitrust enterprise.

“A Comparative Study on Attitude of Consumers towards Branded Consumer Durable Products in Rural & Urban Market of Solapur District”

Major portion of Indian population (about 69%) resides in rural area point towards the need for developing good understanding rural market and rural marketing trend. Consumers from rural market are distinctly different from urban counterparts in many aspects such as availability of information sources, factors influencing purchase decision, attitude towards products, and their value expectations. In case of consumer durables it is observed that only 35% sale is actualized from rural market and 65% sale is contributed from urban market. Despite of this the penetration levels of branded products are also less in rural market as compared with urban market. Also the established products accounts for merely 10% of the consumer durable market that to in rural market it is less as compared to urban market (report of RNCOS, 2010). Rural market accounts the untapped potential for leading companies to grow their market share with distinctive challenges. Measuring their attitude, knowing the factors forming their attitude & making their attitude favorable towards branded consumer durable products is a key area of concern for leading companies. Hence, researcher is keen to know the attitude and perception being most important factors affecting consumer purchase decision in rural and urban market.

Invigorating Vertical Merger Enforcement

This Feature summarizes why and how vertical merger enforcement should be invigorated. In our modern market system, vigorous vertical merger enforcement is a necessity. Strong enforcement is particularly important in markets where economies of scale and network effects lead to barriers to entry and durable market power. Even when there are parallel vertical mergers, the result may well be an anticompetitive reciprocal dealing, coordinated equilibrium rather than intense competition among efficient integrated firms. Stronger enforcement would involve several steps, including recognition that claims of elimination of double marginalization do not deserve to be silver bullets and that behavioral remedies are generally unable to prevent anticompetitive effects.

Time preferences and the pricing of complementary durables and consumables

There is strong empirical evidence that consumers discount at significantly higher rates than firms. Yet, most research abstracts from the effect of discount rates on marketing decisions such as pricing. We study the effects of a consumers' discount rate that is higher than a firm's discount rate on prices, profits and consumer surplus of complementary products in four competitive settings and an infinite time setting: the firm is a monopolist or competes in the durable market and either ties the consumable to the durable or sells untied products. Our analysis yields five main results: First, a higher time preference of consumers than the firm never increases the optimal durable price and never decreases the optimal consumable price. Second, the optimal consumable price of tied goods is always higher than the optimal consumable price of untied goods, whereas the optimal durable price is always higher when goods are untied. Third, a higher time preference of consumers than the firm never increases profit, always decreases consumer surplus and, as a result, always decreases welfare. Fourth, the ability of the firm to commit to future prices and of consumers to commit to future purchases benefits both consumers and the firm. Fifth, if the firm competes in the durable market, then tying increases consumer surplus when consumers commit to purchasing the consumable. We discuss the implications of our results for firms' pricing strategies.

Segmentation of Consumer Durable Market in Kerala based on Festival Buying Motives

Festival season constitute the main buying period across India, especially for consumer durable goods, which contributes almost 45-50% of the total annual sales. In a highly segmented market with different races, subcultures, religions, castes, linguistic groups and geographical variations, significant differences exist with regard to the buying motives, buying behavior and consumption patterns of the consumers. It is imperative to identify various factors and the extent of influences on consumer behavior during festivals, enabling marketers to be more precise on their occasion based marketing efforts. Considering market segmentation and knowledge about segment characteristics, as powerful marketing tools, this study is an attempt to understand the underlying dimensions of festival buying motives and to segment the consumer durable market. Thirty-one motivational items were factor analyzed in order to delineate underlying dimensions of motivation associated with festival buying and done the segmentation using cluster analysis based on the delineated motivation factors. Cluster analysis identified four clustered segments from the six motivation dimensions in which the Renewal and Family togetherness seekers were found to be the most important segment. Group of Deal seekers was the second important cluster, followed by multi-purpose festival buyers and the last cluster was Ritual and auspicious time seekers.

Eligibility to Use the Fund's Facilities for Concessional Financing, 2015

The review of PRGT eligibility continues to be guided by the principles of maintaining a transparent, rules-based, and parsimonious framework—ensuring uniformity of treatment across members in similar situations while taking appropriate account of country-specific circumstances. The graduation policy seeks to maintain broad alignment with the World Bank’s IDA graduation practices, while also remaining consistent with the principle of ensuring the self-sustainability of the PRGT’s lending capacity over time. The paper concludes that the existing framework remains broadly appropriate, but could be enhanced in a few areas, including: Making use of additional data sources, namely the IMF BEL database, in assessing that a country has durable and substantial market access, supplementing the current reliance on the World Bank’s IDS database that is produced with a significant lag; Sharpening the specification of circumstances under which the presence of serious short-term vulnerabilities would justify non-graduation of a country that meets the income graduation criterion. This would entail limiting the application of the serious short-term vulnerabilities criterion for countries that exceed the applicable income graduation threshold by 50 percent or more.

Consumer Brand Preference for Consumer Durable Goods With Reference to Lucknow District

Consumer behaviourble changes make “Yesterday’s luxuries are today’s necessaries”. India is emerging as an attractive market for consumer durables. But the vibrant environmental factors and fierce competition is making it imperative to understand the dynamics of consumer durable market. Market survival depends on consumer satisfaction. Consumer satisfaction depends on their perception and brand preference of particular brand. 6 brands of consumer durables are available in the study area. The study would bring to light which consumer durable brand is most preferred by the consumers and why chose a particular consumer durable brand. Adopting a convenience sampling technique, 350 respondents of socio economic class (SEC A, B & C) were chosen among the consumer durable goods users in Lucknow City, randomly selected during the month of January and February 2014. The responses were analyzed through chi-square test and Garrett score with the help of SPSS-17. The paper has found that quality, technological innovations and multitude of brands across price points for price sensitive consumers are the three dominant factors which influence the consumer preference for consumer durable brands. The authors have found that quality has emerged as the most dominant factor influencing the consumers’ preference for the consumer durable goods.

ICTs and ethical consumption: The political and market futures of fair trade

This paper addresses the relationship between information and communication technologies (ICTs) and ethical consumption as part of a cause for the insurance of a sustainable future. It homes in on fair trade as an ethical market, politically progressive cause and, crucially, form of participation where citizens can engage in the formation of an alternative future and the broader issue of food security. A three-dimensional analysis of agencies and uses of digital structures and content is informed by a case study approach, as well as interviews with fair trade activists, and ethically consuming citizens in the British metropolis. Through this, the argument which primarily rises distinguishes between the dimensions of durability (in terms of time and duration) and sustainability (in terms of time, duration and environmental concerns) of engagement in fair trade as a form of participation. Ethical consumption, then, is part of a durable market which has developed despite general market fluctuation, but is still very much bound in traditional physical economic spaces; in other words, ethical consumption has been integrated in the business as usual paradigm. Additionally, ICTs have not challenged the way in which information about ethical consumption is communicated or the spaces in which it is conducted. ICTs have been employed by fair trade activists, but they have not contributed to the development of fair trade as a political or economic project. Over a period of over five decades since the inception of the cause, their use has not significantly altered the way in which citizens engage with fair trade in the alternative or mainstream marketplace.

Math skills and market and non-market outcomes: Evidence from an Amazonian society of forager-farmers

Research in industrial nations suggests that formal math skills are associated with improvements in market and non-market outcomes. But do these associations also hold in a highly autarkic setting with a limited formal labor market? We examined this question using observational annual panel data (2008 and 2009) from 1121 adults in a native Amazonian society of forager-farmers in Bolivia (Tsimane’). Formal math skills were associated with an increase in wealth in durable market goods and in total wealth between data collection rounds, and with improved indicators of own reported perceived stress and child health. These associations did not vary significantly by people's Spanish skills or proximity to town. We conclude that the positive association between math skills and market and non-market outcomes extends beyond industrial nations to even highly autarkic settings.

The Future of Debt Markets

Discussions at the 12th OECD-WBG-IMF Global Bond Market Forum focused on three key areas related to the future of debt markets: i) the challenges facing new and infrequent sovereign issuers in assuring durable market access in frontier and emerging markets; ii) the future prospects for the securitisation and covered bond markets; and iii) the future role of large bond investors.

Evolutionary model of an anonymous consumer durable market

An analytic model is presented that considers the evolution of a market of durable goods. The model suggests that after introduction goods spread always according to a Bass diffusion. However, this phase will be followed by a diffusion process for durable consumer goods governed by a variation-selection-reproduction mechanism and the growth dynamics can be described by a replicator equation.The theory suggests that products play the role of species in biological evolutionary models. It implies that the evolution of man-made products can be arranged into an evolutionary tree. The model suggests that each product can be characterized by its product fitness. The fitness space contains elements of both sites of the market, supply and demand. The unit sales of products with a higher product fitness compared to the mean fitness increase. Durables with a constant fitness advantage replace other goods according to a logistic law. The model predicts in particular that the mean price exhibits an exponential decrease over a long time period for durable goods. The evolutionary diffusion process is directly related to this price decline and is governed by Gompertz equation. Therefore it is denoted as Gompertz diffusion.Describing the aggregate sales as the sum of first, multiple and replacement purchase the product life cycle can be derived. Replacement purchase causes periodic variations of the sales determined by the finite lifetime of the good (Juglar cycles). The model suggests that both, Bass- and Gompertz diffusion may contribute to the product life cycle of a consumer durable.The theory contains the standard equilibrium view of a market as a special case. It depends on the time scale, whether an equilibrium or evolutionary description is more appropriate. The evolutionary framework is used to derive also the size, growth rate and price distribution of manufacturing business units. It predicts that the size distribution of the business units (products) is lognormal, while the growth rates exhibit a Laplace distribution. Large price deviations from the mean price are also governed by a Laplace distribution (fat tails). These results are in agreement with empirical findings. The explicit comparison of the time evolution of consumer durables with empirical investigations confirms the close relationship between price decline and Gompertz diffusion, while the product life cycle can be described qualitatively for a long time period.

Time preference and the welfare effects of tie-in sales

This paper shows for B2C tie-in sales with a monopoly or competition in the durable market that tying increases welfare for the likely case that consumers exhibit higher discount rates than firms.

Categorizing Consumers’Buying Behavior: A Factor Analysis in Consumer Durable Market

Consumers' buying behavior is divergent and situational. For durable products, such behavior got different dimensions again. To make the study simple and informative, color television is used to represent the durable markets. Television, as a product, is getting the status of essential commodity all over the world. The potential of TV market is indeed quite enormous. The Indian consumers were indifferent in choosing the brand since a lot of close substitutes were available in the market. However, they have changed ever since the India liberalized its economy. Choosing the right brand of television is difficult enough when there were half a dozen brands and all of these claimed to give excellent picture quality. Marketing managers are interested not only in the product but also the behavior of the consumers because it gives them the right orientations for product development. The level of consumer's satisfaction provides the scope for repeated purchases and brand loyalty which lead to optimum profitability. This research finds that consumers' perception on buying color television is mostly affected by the factors, such as, structural add-ons, words of mouth, technical features, durability, ground reality etc.

Using the Federal Production Tax Credit to Build a Durable Market for Wind Power in the United States

As Congress continues to struggle to develop a well-balanced national energy policy, it may wish to consider both a longer-term extension of the production tax credit for renewable electricity sources, as well as certain revisions to the design and structure of that credit.

Analysis on the consumers’ choices and the equilibrium in durable market which includes secondary markets

Analysis on the consumers’ choices and the equilibrium in durable market which includes secondary markets

The Infusion of Relational Market Obligations into the Austrian Agenda—Some Lessons Learned from Economic Sociology

Given its dictum of market equilibrium, economics in general obviously does poorly in shouldering market dynamics. Pervading obligatory traits of the market (other than mere dyadic contracting) is yet another area where not much attention is devoted. Whereas the Austrian agenda fills the first of these voids in a most sophisticated manner, its current discourse appears as oblivious concerning the manner in which market exchange transforms into relational interconnected obligations. That is to say, exchange is hardly understood as an indispensable facet of durable market obligations such as relationships 'constituting the market', but exclusively as immediate entrepreneurial arbitrage. Apart from an outright peculiar failure to recognize some of its own roots in this regard this omission unnecessarily delimits the manner in which Austrians can proceed and deepen their market analysis. The principal idea of this paper is to scrutinize the manner in which relational market obligations can be introduced into Austrian reasoning by drawing on ideas from within economic sociology. Max Weber's dictum on market openness takes on a particular role in this regard. An adjacent contribution strived for is to let this scrutiny foreshadow the manner in which such a partial reconciliation of market ideas from within economic sociology and Austrian economics could proceed.

Swedish construction culture, management and collaborative quality practice

In many countries, the construction sector has adopted principles of quality management and introduced less adversarial, more durable market relations during the 1990s. The Swedish construction sector is investigated with emphasis on the implications of the local culture. Construction in a cold country on the periphery of Europe is affected by the merger of traditions of craftsmanship and military engineering. Centralized state control and weak professional identities have been influential. However, social and cultural traits reflected in a national management style (based on low power distance, loose control and low uncertainty avoidance) can be traced in the development of specific quality and collaboration practices in Swedish construction. Egalitarian distrust of both elitism and strong professions, expressed as a tendency for two parties to settle disputes without referring to neutral third parties, has also been identified. Some implications for adapting Sweden's construction culture of quality management and dispute resolution to a larger international framework are proposed. Dans de nombreux pays, le secteur de la construction a adopté dans les années 1990 des principes de gestion de la qualité et engagé des relations commerciales plus durables et moins agressives. Cet article s'intéresse à la situation en Suède et principalement aux implications de la culture locale. La construction dans un pays froid, à la périphérie de l'Europe, subit les influences combinées des traditions artisanales et du génie militaire. Le contrôle de l'état centralisé et la faiblesse des identités professionnelles ont également joué un rôle. Toutefois, les traits sociaux et culturels qui apparaissent dans un style de gestion national (faibles distances de pouvoir, contrôle relâché et peu d'efforts pour éviter les incertitudes) se retrouvent dans le développement de pratiques spécifiques en matière de qualité et de collaboration. En Suède, le secteur de la construction est également marqué par la défiance des élites et des professions puissantes, qui s'exprime par une tendance pour deux parties à régler leurs différends sans s'en remettre à la neutralité d'une tierce partie. L'auteur propose quelques solutions qui permettraient d'adapter la culture de la gestion de la qualité et la résolution des différends, propres au secteur suédois de la construction, à un cadre international plus vaste.

State Forms the Market

In an article entitled “Non-Market Mechanisms of Market Formation: The Development of the Consumer Durables Industry in Turkey” which appeared in the Fall 1998 issue of this journal, Ayşe Buğra analyzes the nationwide network of sales agents organized by Arçelik, the first and the largest consumer durables producer in Turkey, and its role in the development of the consumer durables industry in the postwar era. She argues that in the absence of a market-forming role of the state and the limited availability of modern channels of publicity, “the increased sales of household durables required special mechanisms -both to create the need for the products and to facilitate payments for them” (Buğra 1998, p. 7). According to Buğra, under these circumstances Arçelik formed a network of sales agents for its products and this contributed, to a large extent, to the formation of a mass consumer market for household durables.