Durability Properties Of Concrete Research Articles

The Mechanical Properties and Chlorine Resistance of Concrete Based on the Effects of Pouring Interval Time

In practical engineering construction, differences in time intervals during concrete pouring arise due to issues in concrete quality control and construction procedures, thereby affecting the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. This study conducted compressive strength tests, splitting tensile strength tests, and natural immersion tests to investigate the influence of time intervals in layered pouring on the mechanical strength and chloride ion concentration distribution of staged pouring concrete. Additionally, the study elucidated the mechanism by which pouring interval time affects the mechanical properties and resistance to chloride ion erosion of staged pouring concrete at the microstructure level. The results indicate that compared to ordinary concrete specimens, the splitting tensile strength of staged pouring concrete demonstrates a continuous decrease with increasing pouring interval time. The most significant splitting tensile strength decrease occurred at a 24 h interval. The compressive strength of staged pouring concrete initially decreases and then increases with increasing pouring interval time. At a pouring interval time of 12 h, the compressive strength of staged pouring concrete decreased the most. Results from the natural immersion tests demonstrate that chloride ion concentrations at the bonding interface and on both sides of staged pouring concrete increase continuously with the extension of pouring interval time. The chloride ion concentration at the bonding interface is consistently higher than that on both sides, and the difference between them decreases with increasing diffusion depth. The chloride ion concentration difference ΔC was proposed to evaluate the influence of bonding interface performance on chloride ion concentration, which decreases to varying degrees with increasing depth. The findings of this study can provide guidance for the research on the mechanical properties and durability of staged pouring concrete in practical engineering construction, as well as for engineering protective measures.

The Use of Waste Ceramic in Concrete: A Review

Waste ceramic is produced from different sources and, if not reused, is often disposed of in landfills, contributing to the pressure on landfill capacity and potentially releasing toxins into the surrounding environment as ceramics break down over time. The waste can easily be crushed to the required sizes, which has interested many researchers. It has been used as a replacement for concrete constituents, including cement and aggregates. This offers a promising avenue for reducing the environmental impact and promoting sustainable construction practices by reducing the amount of energy consumed and resources required for concrete production, as well as the amount of waste being sent to landfills. This paper aims to provide a review of the use of waste ceramic in concrete. In essence, the paper is divided into several sections. The first section highlights the current environmental issues associated with concrete production and waste disposal. The second section deals with ceramics, its raw materials, production steps, and the different types of waste ceramic used in concrete. A literature review of the use of waste ceramic in concrete was included in the third section. The study reports different research on the use of waste ceramic and its impacts on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete.

The Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement with Diatomaceous Earth (DE) and Polypropylene Fibers (PPF) on Fresh, Hardened, and Durability Properties of Concrete

This research aims to investigate the fresh and mechanical properties of concrete with diatomaceous earth (DE) and polypropylene fiber (PPF). The cement was partially replaced by DE in the concentration ranging from 5 to 20% by weight; whereas, PPF was incorporated in concrete mix as in range of 0.05–0.20% by cement weight. Totally, 25 different mix proportions were developed and their fresh properties were examined using slump, density and compacting factor tests. Besides, mechanical properties were evaluated by. Using compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength analysis at the ages of 7th, 14th and 28th days. Furthermore, concrete durability properties were evaluated using water penetration, chloride permeability as well as sorptivity tests, which have been performed at the age of 28th day. The result exhibits that the incorporation of D.E slightly affects the slump value meanwhile PPF decreases the fresh values. Furthermore, the combination of DE and PPF in concrete significantly enhances the mechanical properties compared to the control mix. The mix proportion of 15% DE and 0.15% of PPF exhibited a noticeable influence on mechanical properties as well as durability properties compare to control concrete.

Effect of recycled aggregate treatment methods by pristine graphene on mechanical and durability properties of concrete

Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) in concrete is a promising approach to minimise the environmental impacts associated with construction and demolition waste while simultaneously enhancing the sustainability of concrete. Improving the quality of RCAs is crucial for promoting confidence among materials suppliers and systematic utilisation of RCAs in construction. Pristine graphene (PG) suspensions (0.1% and 0.2% concentrations in water) were investigated for improving the properties of RCAs and thereby improving the mechanical and durability properties of concretes made with 100% RCAs as coarse aggregates. Two PG treatment methods were used – spraying and soaking. Nano-silica (NS) suspensions of the same concentrations were also used for comparison. Tests for axial compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths were performed; water absorption and drying shrinkage were also assessed. Microanalysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy and micro computed tomography. PG was found to be more effective than NS for increasing strength properties and reducing water absorption and drying shrinkage of concrete due to its lower porosity. For a given nanomaterial concentration and type, concretes made with soaked RCA exhibited higher strengths and lower water absorption and drying shrinkage than concretes with sprayed RCA. The concretes made with soaked RCA also had lower porosity and fewer microcracks. The results are promising and indicate that treating RCAs reduces their water absorption, thereby improving concrete performance.

Performance of Ceramic Tiles Waste as a Partial Replacement of Brick Aggregate on Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete

The availability of natural aggregates such as stone chips is a particularly challenging issue nowadays. Ceramic materials are increasingly being used in new projects such as tiles, sanitary fittings, electrical insulators, and so on, due to ceramic’s fragile properties, which often break during production, shipping, and installation. So, ceramic waste is one of these materials that are probably cost-efficient to use as a substitution (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) for brick chips. This research examined the mechanical strength properties of ceramic tile waste (CTW) concrete, including its compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, and utilized a water absorption test to assess its durability and performance. This research used a mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 with a constant water-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.45, and a water-reducing superplasticizer named Conplast SP337 was used. For the mechanical and durability tests, a total of seventy-two (72) concrete cylinders of 100 mm × 200 mm were cast, cured, and tested at 7, and 28 days. Mechanical strength results revealed a significant increase of around 16.71% for 50% CTW concrete mixtures at the place of brick aggregates, and the water absorption performance improved with the incorporation of CTW in concrete mixes.

Effects of induction furnace slag on the durability properties of concrete

In this study, three major properties of concrete were compared, viz: water absorption, compressive strength and chloride ion penetration. The percentage amounts of Induction furnace slag (IFS) varied in concrete to replace cement were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% and 60%. These specimens were made to undergo curing for 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days following which the aforementioned tests took place. The results of the three tests (i.e. compressive strength test, water absorption test and chloride ion penetration test) showed an optimal performance of concrete at 25% IFS replacement. Some of the specimens containing varying amounts of slag (i.e. 0%, 25% and 45%) were subjected to microstructural and phase identification tests in other to establish their distinguishing properties. These tests include Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Meanwhile the IFS was also examined for its composition through X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). Predictive models were generated from all the results obtained. The models developed can predict the compressive strength of concrete (Y) if information on the percentage of IFS replaced (X1), the depth of chloride ion penetration into concrete (X2) and the amount of void left in concrete after water is absorbed (X3) are all known. There existed a high correlation; strong relationship between compressive strength and the depth of chloride ion penetration; and between compressive strength and the percentage volume of void.

To Study the Performance of Bagasse Ash on the Strength of Concrete

Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse ash as a supplementary cementations material adds sustainability to concrete by reducing the CO2 emission of cement production. The positive effects of bagasse ash as a partial replacement of cement on the mechanical properties of concrete are recognized through numerous researches; however, the extent of improvement depends on the durability properties of bagasse ash. In this study, durability properties of conventional concrete utilizing bagasse ash sourced from Sugar factory have been investigated. Concrete mixtures with Bagasse ash as 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% total binder were used to cast the test specimens. The compressive strength, loss in mass of the bagasse ash and control concrete specimens were determined before and after exposure to elevated temperature and chemical attack. The 56-day compressive strength of the concrete mixtures varied from 3 to 26 MPa at elevated temperature conditions. The bagasse ash concrete samples showed less strength than the control concrete samples when designed for the same 56-day compressive strength of the control concrete. Inclusion of bagasse ash reduced the chemical attack significantly at 28 days and reduced further at 56days. In general, incorporation of bagasse ash as partial replacement of cement improved the durability properties of concrete. Key Words: Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash, Compressive Strength of Concrete, % content of SCBA

Effects of FeNi3/SiO2 /GO nanoparticles on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete

Recent research in the construction industry supports the idea that nanomaterials can partially replace cement. A recently suggested material as a suitable substitute for cement in concrete is graphene oxide nanocomposite. As a result, in this laboratory study, FeNi3/SiO2/GO nanoparticles [NFSG] and SiO2 nanoparticles [NS] partially replace cement by 1, 2, and 3% by mass after their synthesis and confirmation by FT-IR, SEM and TEM analyses and their impact on the mechanical and durability characteristics of the specimens at ages 7, 28, and 90 days were examined. The findings imply that the designs with the highest mechanical properties tests produced the best results. These designs used 2% of NFSG and 2% of NS substituting cement. After 28 days, NFSG-containing concrete increased compressive strength by 15% and splitting tensile strength by 13%. FTIR spectra demonstrated that specimen containing 2% of NFSG produced more C-S-H [calcium silicate hydrate] gel, improving the microstructure of concrete and subsequently its properties.

Valorisation of the Effect of Waste Aluminum Sawdust on Concrete: Durability Characteristics and Environmental Impacts

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of replacing waste aluminum sawdust (AS) with fine aggregate on the strength and durability properties of concrete. For this, concrete mixtures with a cement dosage of 400 kg/m3, water/cement (W/C) ratio of 0.40-0.50-0.60 were prepared. Aluminum sawdust obtained from Elazığ industrial site was added to the concrete mixtures by replacing 0%, 0.5% and 1% fine aggregate by volume. After curing in the curing pool for 28 days, the produced concrete samples were placed in the carbonation tank and exposed to the accelerated carbonation test in three different time periods as the 1st, 3rd and 7th days. Tests of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, ultrasound transmission velocity, porosity and carbonation depth were performed on concrete samples before and after carbonation. The samples that were exposed to carbonation were compared with the samples that did not undergo carbonation. In addition, the microstructure of AS concrete was investigated using scanning electron microscopic images (SEM). In the microscopic images, larger cracks, openings and interfacial voids were observed in the concrete matrix with the addition of AS. However, due to the formation of ettringite in these gaps and cracks after carbonation, the cavities became smaller. As a result of the experiments, it was observed that the optimum W/C ratio was 40% and the AS amount was 0.5% in the use of AS in concrete. In addition, it was found that the carbonation effect improves the compressive and splitting tensile strength and increases the ultrasound transmission rate. Finally, life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to evaluate the environmental impacts of the prepared concrete samples. Considering the large amount of natural aggregate consumption, it is thought that the use of waste materials in concrete will provide environmental and economic benefits.

Use of silica fume as a replacement of cement in the concrete

Over the past 30 years, significant advancements have been made in enhancing the capabilities of concrete as a construction material, with a focus on high-strength concrete applications using Silica Fume (SF). Global interest in SF as a pozzolanic admixture has surged owing to its ability to enhance concrete properties when used at specific percentages. This study examined the effect of addition of SF in concrete mixes. The performance of concrete in corrosive environment is most important and it can be enhanced by the addition of SF. For strength and longevity, hight strength concrete is required. In this study, concrete was prepared with varying proportions of silica fume (5, 10, and 15% by aggregate volume). The specimens were tested to evaluate their strength. The cubes and beams were casted, cured and tested on universal testing machine. The findings showed that both the compressive and flexural strengths were improved by the addition of silica fume. The mechanical and durability properties of concrete are significantly enhanced by the incorporation of silica fume. The findings of this study are helpful for construction industry in the use of silica fume as an economical choice for the enhancement of strength.

Impact of superabsorbent polymer on self-compacting concrete's workability, strength, carbonation and freezing-thawing

Superabsorbent Polymer, an internal curing material, is a significant development in concrete technology. Self-compacting concrete is popular due to high flowability or pumpability. However, the higher quantity of cementitious materials required higher moisture consumption to complete the hydration. Further moisture unavailability leads to shrinkage increment. External curing cannot give proper moisture to cementitious material at higher depth. Hence, internal curing with super absorbent polymer is an economical solution for this problem. This study examines the impact of super absorbent polymer on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the workability, mechanical characteristics of the concrete, such as compressive strength and flexural strength. In addition, freezing-thawing tests and carbonation tests were conducted to investigate the durability performance of concrete. Scanning electron microscopy images were also used to observe the concrete's microstructure after freezing-thawing cycles. The findings demonstrate that Compressive strength and flexural strength values decreased in water curing while in air curing, those were increased. Additionally, it was discovered that the freezing-thawing cycles decreased the compressive strength of reference concrete in standard water curing. However, compressive strength increased after freezing-thawing cycles in air-curing super absorbent polymer mixes. Scanning electron microscopy images have confirmed that the microstructure of air-curing super absorbent polymer mixes was improved

Effect of Nano-Silica on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract: The incorporation of nanotechnology has led to significant strides in the concrete industry, ushering in innovative construction methodologies. Various nanomaterials, including nano-silica (NS), have undergone comprehensive scrutiny as potential partial substitutes for cement in concrete formulations. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the impacts of NS on several mechanical properties of concrete, encompassing compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths. Additionally, the review delves into the influence of NS on the concrete’s durability, including microstructural characterization and the eradication of structural micropores.

Effect of green gram pod ash (GGPA) as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in mechanical and durability properties of concrete

Agriculture waste generation is increasing daily, and agricultural waste management has become one of the most challenging issues for many countries. To contribute towards a sustainable waste management system, this experimental study evaluates the impact of using agricultural waste materials in concrete. Concrete that does not harm the environment and has improved engineering properties can be produced using agricultural waste ash such as green gram pod ash. Green concrete has been examined for its mechanical, durability and microstructure properties when partially replaced with Portland cement by green gram pod ash (GGPA). Conducting various tests using concrete containing different weight proportions of green gram pod ash in a mix at 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, respectively. This paper examines the mechanical, durability and morphological characteristics of green gram pod ash blended with cement concrete. It has been shown that concrete containing 8% green gram pod ash enhances the properties of GGPA concrete. It was observed that the addition of 8% green gram pod ash enhances the compressive strength. Split tensile strength, flexure strength, modulus of elasticity and impact strength of concrete by 4.26%, 4.07%, 35.19%, 16% and 10.3% at 28 days of curing. It was concluded that green gram pod ash was shown to satisfy engineering application design requirements and significantly reduce concrete production costs and environmental pollution. The cement replacement with 8% of GGPA is optimum for achieving better concrete properties.

Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties of Concrete with Class F Fly Ash

Concrete is one of the most used manufactured materials in the world. Fly ash (FA) is a byproduct produced from pulverized coal combustion in power generation. A total of 0.08 million tons of class F fly ash is produced from a coal-based power plant yearly in Barapukuria, Bangladesh, whose disposal is of a great issue. Therefore, this study aims to explore the possibility of using class F FA in concrete construction as a supplementary cementitious material. In this study, two different water-to-cement ratios (0.4 and 0.5), each with five cement replacement levels numerically, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% with FA are used. Various tests are performed on cylinder and beam specimens to assess physical, mechanical, and durability properties, such as workability, density, compressive strength (CS), splitting tensile strength (STS), flexural strength (FS), chloride ion penetrability (CIP), and shrinkage. Analyzing the results, it is reported that workability increases and density decreases with the increasing FA replacement. Mechanical properties mostly decrease with increasing FA content. However, the strength gained with age is higher for concrete with FA compared to the control concrete. The CIP reduces with FA replacement, especially at 56 days of age. Shrinkage value reduces 82% at 40% replacement FA replacement and w/c ratio 0.4. However, at 10% FA replacement and concrete age of 56 days, mechanical strength loss is infinitesimal or even better compared to the control concrete. Thus, a low replacement percentage of FA with a high curing period is a suitable concrete cement alternative.

Investigations on Strength and Durability Properties of Recycle Aggregate and Fly Ash in Concrete

In this investigative study the Natural Coarse Aggregate (NCA) were put back with Recycled Course Aggregate (RCA) at peculiar proportions, the mechanical performance and durability properties of concrete are examined. The inclusion of fly ash (FA) is also introduced as stand–in of Cement. The present investigation aims to determine the effect of RCA as an stand-in material to NCA and to analyze the fresh properties like workability, density and hardened properties like Compressive Strength, Flexure Strength, Split Tensile Strength and durability properties like Water permeability and Sorptivity. Mix is formulated for water cement ratio 0.40. The specimens were casted of replacing virgin aggregate with RCA by 10% and 20%, and cement with FA by 10%, 20% and 30%. All the specimens are cured for 7 and 28 days as per requirement later they are tested. The acquired data are then compared between the strength of NCA of concrete and the proportion of RCA and FA. The outcome view is in such a way that the workability of concrete will decline as the replacement of RCA increases, by which it should limited to a fixed percentage (10% or 20%). The density of concrete is not altered by the put back of FA, but raise in percentage of RCA replacement could alter the density of concrete. In case of Compressive, Flexure and Split tensile strength of concrete the optimum strength obtained for 10% FA and 10% RCA for 7 and 28 days was similar to that of 100% NCA and 0% FA and durability studies also gave the optimum results for the same replacement.

Improvement in Long Term Bonding and Mechanical Performance by Using Glass Concrete in Combination with Xanthan Gum Exposed to Harsh Environment

Abstract Concrete is the mostly used construction material composed of a mixture of cement, water, aggregates (such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone), and often additional additives or admixtures. It is widely used in the construction industry for various applications due to its strength, durability, and versatility. Key characteristics of concrete include strength, durability, versatility, fire resistant, cost effective, weather resistant, insulation and decorative options. Concrete plays a vital role in the construction industry, providing the foundation for most buildings, infrastructure, and many other structures worldwide. Its composition and properties can be tailored to meet specific project requirements, making it an indispensable material in modern construction. Various fibers can be used to enhance the mechanical and bonding properties of concrete. Also waste fibers after recycling can be reduced the environmental burden. Keeping in this view, glass powder sodium silicate glass (SSG) is used as replacement of cement with different percentages 0%,4%,8%, and 12% in combination of xanthan gum 0.2% for all mixes. An experimental study is conducted to investigate the mechanical and durability properties of concrete by performing compression test, flexural test, alkali silica reactivity test, sulfate resistivity test and drying shrinkage test. For this, forty-eight concrete cylinders are prepared for compression test, forty-eight concrete prisms for flexural test and thirty-six mortar bars of four mixes are prepared for durability testing. Workability is checked of fresh concrete during the pouring of concrete cylinders. Poured cylinders’ samples are left for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of curing. Different tests are performed on hardened concrete and mortar samples to evaluate the mechanical and durability properties. Results concluded that workability of four mixes lies between 60-80mm and compressive strength of concrete has been improved using glass powder (SSG). Optimum results have been achieved at 12% as compared to other mixes 4% and 8% of concrete samples. Fibrous material is used as a binding agent and fibrous concrete is suitable for humid environment where high strength and voids less concrete are required. Quantity of cement can be reduced by using different fibers as a replacement of cement. Research recommended that recycled glass powder can be used in concrete as construction material and 12% replacement is suitable for optimum results.

Impact of Alccofine on the strength and durability properties of concrete

The use of concrete in construction is widespread throughout the world. Essentially, it consists of a binder phase and an aggregate phase. In construction, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) have revolutionized the industry. The search for a cementitious material to replace cement is being carried out throughout the world in the modern era. In addition to reducing CO2 emissions, this can reduce other climatic changes, such as an increase in global average temperature. An analysis of the influence of Alccofine-1203 (ALC-1203) on the mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete of M30 grade is presented in this study. A total of six concrete mixes with varying concentrations of Alccofine and cement were prepared for the study. This research examines the strength and durability of concrete containing Alccofine, a supplemental cementitious material. The addition of varying quantities of Alcofine to concrete mix was investigated in a series of laboratory studies. It has been determined that using Alccofine as a substitute may improve the strength significantly. At a replacement level of 15%, Alccofine enhanced the compressive strength to the greatest extent. Moreover, it reduced porosity, improving durability features such as resistance to acid, sulphate, and chloride ion penetration. In addition, adding Alccofine resulted in a denser microstructure, which increased mechanical properties and durability. According to the study results, adding a supplemental material could enhance its strength and durability.

Mechanical and durability performance of polyvinyl alcohol fiber hybrid geopolymer-portland cement concrete under freeze–thaw cycles

Cold winter temperatures at high latitudes in coastal regions lead to prolonged exposure of offshore concrete structures to freeze–thaw (F–T) damage, which significantly reduces the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. To improve the durability of concrete under F–T damage, this study investigated the combined effects of fly ash (FA) and bentonite on the frost resistance of polyvinyl alcohol fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete (PFRGC). The study comprehensively analyzed the effect of fly ash and bentonite content on the rate of mass change and compressive strength under various F–T damage conditions. In addition, uniaxial compressive tests were carried out at different stages of F–T damage and the resulting stress–strain curves and compressive properties were analyzed. Correlations between peak stress, peak strain, modulus of elasticity and deterioration time of the concrete were developed. SEM microscopy tests were also used to investigate the evolution of the internal microstructure and the morphological characteristics of the erosion products under freeze–thaw conditions. The results indicated that the change in concrete mass with a growing number of F–T cycles can be divided into two periods: a gentle increase and a faster increase. A continuous increase in the rate of mass increase was observed for the specimens containing fly ash and bentonite, while the compressive strength of these specimens continued to decrease. During F–T damage, the maximum stress decreased slightly and the maximum strain increased gradually as the volume of bentonite and fly ash increased. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical basis for the development of fly ash and bentonite to improve the frost durability of offshore structures.

Influence of nano bentonite clay and nano fly ash on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete

Influence of nano bentonite clay and nano fly ash on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete

Complex Effect of Portland Cement Modified with Natural Zeolite and Ground Glass Mixture on Durability Properties of Concrete

This article analyses the combined effect of a mixture of natural zeolite and ground soda lime silicate glass on the durability properties of concrete. The specimens were prepared by replacing 25% of the cement with a mixture of zeolite and glass at different proportions with zeolite particles of two different sizes and cured for 28 and 90 days. Chloride migration, the depth of water penetration under pressure, and freeze–thaw cycle tests were performed, and compressive strength was determined. The combined effect of the mixture on the composition and microstructure of the cement matrix was studied by analysing the results of XRD, TGA, SEM-BSE, and porosity tests. The test results showed that irrespective of the cement “dilution” effect, the mixture of additives had a beneficial combined effect: increased durability of concrete, a denser structure of the cement matrix, the formation of calcium aluminate hydrates, faster rate, and higher degree of hydration.