Du Pont De Nemours Research Articles

ChemInform Abstract: Solution and Solid‐State Molecular Structures of Me2Sn(OAc)2 (I) and Its Hydrolyzate, ((Me2Sn(OAc))2O)2 (II), by Solution and Solid‐State 13C NMR. X‐Ray Diffraction Study of (II)

ChemInformVolume 18, Issue 10 Physical Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: Solution and Solid-State Molecular Structures of Me2Sn(OAc)2 (I) and Its Hydrolyzate, ((Me2Sn(OAc))2O)2 (II), by Solution and Solid-State 13C NMR. X-Ray Diffraction Study of (II) T. P. LOCKHART, T. P. LOCKHART E. I. du Pont de Nemours&Co., Cent. Res. Dev., Exp. Stn., Wilmington,DE 19898, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. F. MANDERS, W. F. MANDERS E. I. du Pont de Nemours&Co., Cent. Res. Dev., Exp. Stn., Wilmington,DE 19898, USASearch for more papers by this authorE. M. HOLT, E. M. HOLT E. I. du Pont de Nemours&Co., Cent. Res. Dev., Exp. Stn., Wilmington,DE 19898, USASearch for more papers by this author T. P. LOCKHART, T. P. LOCKHART E. I. du Pont de Nemours&Co., Cent. Res. Dev., Exp. Stn., Wilmington,DE 19898, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. F. MANDERS, W. F. MANDERS E. I. du Pont de Nemours&Co., Cent. Res. Dev., Exp. Stn., Wilmington,DE 19898, USASearch for more papers by this authorE. M. HOLT, E. M. HOLT E. I. du Pont de Nemours&Co., Cent. Res. Dev., Exp. Stn., Wilmington,DE 19898, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: March 10, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.198710098Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume18, Issue10March 10, 1987 RelatedInformation

Significance of quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results in evaluation of three ELISAs and Western blot tests for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in a high-risk population

The characteristics of primary (first) tests with three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody were determined. The three ELISAs were performed on 3,229, 3,130, and 685 specimens from high-risk individuals using the Litton (LT; Litton Bionetics Laboratory Products, Charleston, S.C.), Dupont (DP; E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.), and Genetic Systems (GS; Genetic Systems, Seattle, Wash.) kits, respectively. Evaluation was based on the distribution of quantitative test results (such as optical densities), a comparison with Western blot (WB) results, reproducibility of the tests, and identification of seroconverters. The performances of the GS and the DP kits were good by all four criteria and exceeded that of the LT kit. Primary ELISA-negative results were not always confirmed with repeat ELISA and by WB testing. The largest percentage of these unconfirmed negative test results came from samples with quantitative results in the fifth percentile nearest the cutoff. Thus, supplementary testing was indicated for samples with test results in this borderline negative range. Similarly, borderline positive primary ELISA results that were quantitatively nearest (fifth percentile) the cutoff value were more likely to be antibody negative on supplementary testing than samples with high antibody values. In this study, results of repeated tests by GS ELISA showed the least change from first test results. DP ELISA showed more unconfirmed primary positive test results, and LT ELISA showed more unconfirmed primary negative test results. Designation of a specimen with a single ELISA quantitative level near the cutoff value as positive or negative should be viewed with skepticism. A higher than normal proportion of specimens with high negative optical densities by GS ELISA (fifth percentile nearest the cutoff) and also negative by WB were found to be from individuals in the process of seroconversion.

Du Pont Electronic Materials Division, Stevenage, England

A narration of the fascinating history of the Du Pont Company could almost fill volumes and it would be temptingly easy to utilise the journalistic cliché that here ‘space does not permit’ an in‐depth documentation of the company's development and multi‐faceted diversification. However, for those unaware of the origins of this giant organisation's activities, a brief summary would take us back to 1799, in the wake of the French Revolution, when a French family set sail for America on the American Eagle, with aspirations to establish a colony in Virginia. This aim did not materialise, but in 1802 one of the sons, Eleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours, a former chemistry student of Lavoisier, formed his company on a piece of land along the banks of the Brandywine River near Wilmington, Delaware.

Du Pont-State Relations

This paper examines the historical relations between the Du Pont Company and the U.S. federal government. Relations between the Du Pont Company and various segments of the state apparatus were varied and complex. I indicate how these historically contingent relations were affected by the strategies of capital accumulation adopted by the firm, the immediate organizational interests of the State, and the nature of class conflict in the society as a whole. These factors represent a combination of principles derived from neo-Marxian and neoWeberian theories of political economy. Corporations and governments are the most powerful organizations in advanced capitalist societies. Decisions regarding the most crucial issues that confront society as a whole are largely made within the context of these spheres of influence. Despite the importance of corporate and governmental organizations, relatively few theoretically-informed analyses regarding the specific content of relations between them exist in the literature. Most analyses of corporate-state relations begin at the institutional level of analysis and generalize to the level of the organization. As a result, these analyses tend to rely on rather sweeping, impressionistic, and often anecdotal evidence. What is required is a more detailed understanding of how specific relations are created, modified, and sustained over time. In this paper, I examine the historical interplay of relations between the E.I. du Pont de Nemours Company and the U.S. federal government.' The purpose of this paper is to identify the most historically significant aspects of these relations. First, I give a brief overview of the position of the Du Pont Company in the U.S. economy as a whole. Next, I describe the key factors which have influenced the development of Du Pont-state relationships. I then present a narrative summary of the history of these relations. Finally, I discuss these findings in light of more general theories of political economy.

Variations in Western blot banding patterns of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus.

Serum samples from 27 patients infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (14 with acquired immune deficiency syndrome [AIDS] and 13 with AIDS-related complex) were examined for antibodies to viral proteins by the Western blot method and with four different commercial solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Virus-specific bands on blots at molecular masses of 64, 55, 53, 41, 31, 24, and 17 kilodaltons were observed. Rank correlation matrices were calculated to relate the intensity of viral bands, stage of illness, and ELISA kit optical densities (ODs). Groups of bands tended to covary in intensity: p17, p24, and p55 (gag gene products); p53 and p64 (pol gene products); and p31 (pol/endonuclease gene product) and p41 (env gene product). Blots of sera from AIDS-related complex patients usually showed strong activity against all viral proteins, while those of sera from AIDS patients characteristically showed strong reactivity only at the pol/endonuclease and env bands. For one ELISA kit (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill.), ODs correlated well with the env and pol band intensity scores, while ELISA ODs with other kits (from Litton Industries, Sunnyvale, Calif.; Electro-Nucleonics, Inc., Fairfield, N.J.; and E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.) correlated closely with gag band intensity scores. We conclude that human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III Western blot patterns are determined by (i) viral protein processing pathways and (ii) the stage of illness of the patient and may reflect (iii) the ELISA method used for serum screening.

Chlorimuron-Ethyl (Classic)®: A New Broadleaf Postemergence Herbicide in Soybean

Chlorimuron-ethyl is a highly effective postemergence herbicide for control of economically important broadleaf weeds in soybean. It has been developed by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, DE, under the code DPX-F6025 and is marketed in the United States under the trade name of Classic. Chlorimuron-ethyl is a member of a new class of herbicides called sulfonylureas. It is active at extremely low use rates, and soybeans have good tolerance.

The Du Pont Experiments in Scientific Management: Efficiency and Safety, 1911–1919

In this article, Professor Stabile examines the experimentation with Frederick Taylor's principles of scientific management by managers at the E. I. du Pont de Nemours Powder Company. Despite their initial interest in efficiency, those managers quickly recognized that there was a direct relationship between efficiency and safety, an issue Taylor had not considered. When it was alleged that the efficiency methods had been a factor in two explosions, the emphasis in the company shifted to a more systematic approach to promoting safety. As a consequence, the company was able to manage a full-scale expansion of its production during the First World War with little disruption resulting from safety problems.

Effects of polar groups of polymer matrix on reinforcement‐matrix interaction in kevlar fiber‐reinforced composites

AbstractIn order to investigate the interaction between the polar groups of reinforcement and matrix in polymer composite, mechanical properties were studied for the Kevlar fiber‐reinforced composites (Kevlar is a registered trademark of E. I. duPont de Nemours Co. Inc.), in which the kind and fraction of polar components in matrix were varied using blended polymers. For the composites comprised of polymethyl methacrylate and poly(hydroxypropyl ether of bisphenol A) as the matrix, a subtransition, which can be ascribed to the interphase formed on the reinforcement surface by a strong interaction between reinforcement and matrix, appears at a temperature above the primary transition on the E″ versus temperature curves. Such a subtransition is obscured or diminished accompanying the decrease in fraction of the polar components in the matrix. The fiber efficiency factors for strength are also decreased with a decrease in the fraction of the polar components. These results imply that the reinforcement‐matrix interaction is affected depending on the fraction of the polar components in matrix.For the composite comprised of blending the two polar components as the matrix, each component can contribute to the interaction with the reinforcement.The results obtained from the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the matrix polymer‐coated Kevlar cloth do not contradict those obtained by studying the mechanical properties.

STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF NAFION-H: A FLUORINATED SULFONIC ACID POLYMER

Abstract This paper deals with the structure and chemistry of Nafion-H, the acidic form of Nafion, which is the trade name for a perfluorinated polymer manufactured by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Nafion-H and its salts are available from Dupont in both membrane and powder forms. Nafion composites with Teflon mesh (polytetrafluoroethylene) added to give increased mechanical strength are also available. In addition, sulfonated fluorocarbons modified with other chemically active polymers have been made by Dupont and by competing companies such as Ashai Chemical Industry Co., Ashai Glass Co., Tokuyama Soda Co., and Toya Soda Co.

The effects of morphology and hygrothermal aging on water sorption and transport in Kapton® polyimide

AbstractA comparison of water sorption and diffusion behavior in 2 mil, as‐received, Kapton= Trademark of E.I. Dupont de Nemours Inc. film, and in otherwise identical but hygrothermally aged samples, suggests chemical differences between the samples. These differences can be related to known polyimide chemistry and the specific history encountered by the samples. Although the sorption isotherms are similar for an as‐received 0.3 mil sample studied earlier and for the as‐received 2 mil samples studied here, the diffusion coefficient of water in the as‐received 2 mil sample is approximately 300% larger than in the as‐received 0.3 mil sample. This large effect is believed to be related to the presence of small, paracrystalline aggregates with large aspect ratios. Differences in orientation measured by birefringence for the two samples suggest that the barrier properties of Kapton® are strongly affected by the detailed morphological organization of the ordered aggregates. Comparison of the sorption isotherms for the as‐received and hygrothermally aged 2‐mil films suggests a significant increase in the hydrophillic nature of the aged film. This change is consistent with an apparent chemical reaction between water and uncyclized amic acid residues in the film. The tendency for water to cluster in as‐received Kapton® is essentially eliminated by the chemical modification associated with hygrothermal aging. The hygrothermal aging produces a dramatic reduction in the water vapor diffusion coefficient at low vapor activities but a rather modest change at high activities.

Process for preparing an anisotropic aromatic pitch: Dickakian, G.B. (E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE, USA) US Pat 4 522 701 (11 June 1985)

Process for preparing an anisotropic aromatic pitch: Dickakian, G.B. (E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE, USA) US Pat 4 522 701 (11 June 1985)

Distribution of bacteria and yeasts within the 10-ml Isolator during the processing of seeded blood samples.

Forty-five organisms consisting of stock cultures and clinical isolates of bacteria and yeast were separately inoculated into outdated blood bank blood to achieve a concentration of approximately 100 CFU/ml. Blood with each organism was introduced into groups of four Isolators (E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.), which were then processed according to the Isostat instructions of the manufacturer. The supernatant, sediment, and wash (material removed from the surface of the slanted stopper after sediment removal) were inoculated onto 5% sheep blood agar plates. Cultures were incubated aerobically (5 to 10% CO2) at 35 degrees C for 48 to 72 h. From the 180 Isolators, the mean recovery was 6% (range, 0 to 48%) for the supernatant, 87% (range, 47 to 98%) for the sediment, and 8% (range, 3 to 23%) for the wash. Neither variation among technologists nor intentional misalignment of additional Isolators in the centrifuge could explain all of the losses of microorganisms from the sediment. The manual nature of the Isolator procedure, which led to the loss of significant amounts of organisms from the sediment, may help to explain false-negative Isolator results obtained from blood of patients, particularly when small numbers of pathogens are present.

On the trail of metathesis catalysts

It was in the fall of 1973 that Geoffrey Wilkinson made one of his too-infrequent visits to the Central Research Department at E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company. On this occasion he announced that he had prepared hexamethyltungsten. At the time I was interested in adding the dianion of cyclooctatetraene to early transition metals in order to provide complexes of potential catalytic interest [I], and in the process had rediscovered Juvinall’s preparation of TaMqCl, [2]. Since the C,H, complexes I obtained did not appear to be potentially interesting catalysts, I decided to try to prepare pentamethyltantalum by adding methyllithium to TaMe,Cl,. Pentamethyltantalum, like hexamethyltungsten, turns out to be an unpredictable and potentially vicious material when isolated as a solid, owing to its ready decomposition to give methane and (under some conditions) hydrogen 131. Since Zr(CH,Pli), and Ti(CH~Ph)~ had been known for several years [4], I was not surprised to find that pentabenzyltantalum could be prepared, and that it was a relatively stable red crystalline species [3b,S]. I was surprised when I attempted to extend the list of pentaalkyls to pentaneopentyltantalum. Trineopentyltantalum dichloride was prepared straightforwardly, and upon addition of 2 equivaIents of neopentyllit~um to it in pentane a lovely orange solution was produced, from which a low melting orange crystalline product could be isolated virtually quantitatively [6a]. Its mass spectrum revealed that it was not pentaneopentyltantalum, but a compound whose mass was consistent with the formulation T~(CHB~‘)(CH,BU’)~. Paul Meakin was kind enough to run a 13C NMR spectrum of Ta(CHBut)(CHzBu’), that same night; I asked him to be sure to extend the window to 300 ppm downfield of TMS. He called the next morning to tell me that there was indeed a most peculiar doublet located at 250 ppm with a coupling constant of only 90 Hz. Since this was the first “carbene” complex that did not contain some sort of stabilizing substituent(s) (usually 0 or N) [7], I did not think the low “olefinic” carbon-hydrogen coupling constant was especially significant. Extensive studies did not result in any firm conclusions regarding the mechanism of formation of TatCHBut)(CH*But)~, and it is still uncertain whether Ta{CH,Bu’),Cl spontaneously loses neopentane or is dehydrohalogenat~ by a fifth equivalent of a lithium reagent to give the final product [6b]. The salient feature of the reaction in either case is removal of an a-hydrogen from one neopentyl group by another

E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO. v. ENKA AG AND ANOTHER

Journal Article E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO. v. ENKA AG AND ANOTHER Get access Reports of Patent, Design and Trade Mark Cases, Volume 103, Issue 14, 1986, Pages 417–420, https://doi.org/10.1093/rpc/1986rpc417 Published: 01 July 1986

Simultaneous determination of aramid fibre and polymeric matrices in advanced composites

The microelectronics industry has undergone significant technological advances in recent years. For example, the increase of circuit densities has required the introduction of the leadless chip carrier (LCC) and a redesign of conventional packaging. The extreme compactness of modern systems also requires weight reduction of the printed wire boards (PWBs). This weight reduction has been accomplished by the use of reinforced polymer/fibre composites which, because of their excellent mechanical properties, also improve the PWBs. The printed wire boards normally are made with epoxy and/ or polyimide polymers and are reinforced with E or S glass fabrics. Because some of the new speciality electronic systems must perform over a wide temperature range, they must be able to expand and contract during service. The major problem associated with mounting hermetic chip carriers (HCC) on PWBs is that the boards crack under thermal stresses because of unmatched coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs). The HCC packages are usually made of alumina having a CTE value in the x, y directions of approximately 6 to 6.5 x 10-6/1m (/~m°C) ~ over the 5 0 to 130°C temperature range. On the other hand, the conventional polymer/fibre laminates have CTEs in the x, y directions of ,,~12 to 16 x 10-6/zm (/~m°C)1. The thermalexpansion characteristics of the PWB and the ceramic chip carrier can be more closely matched by replacing the glass fabric in the laminates with other materials, such as Kevlar 49, quartz, or ceramic fabrics, or with a combination of any two reinforcements which have lower coefficients of thermal expansion than glass. The ratio of polymer to reinforcement must be closely controlled to produce the required mechanical properties of the laminate and the CTE match. Conventional thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is the preferred method to determine the amounts present in the polymer. However, when an organic reinforcement or a combination of organic and inorganic fibres are used, determining the laminate's composition is difficult, because under ordinary conditions all organic materials are lost during oxidation in air. More precisely, in the case of organic matrix composites containing aramid fibres, no accurate or accepted method of analysis exists. In this letter, we propose the use of differential thermogravimetric analysis (dTG) as an approach to obtain the desired measurements. However, complementary techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) must be used to describe fully the measured weight losses. The PWB samples used for this study were prepared by lamination techniques described elsewhere [1]. Several laminates were made, which contained quartz (J. P. Stevens and Co.) and/or Kevlar 49 (du Pont de Nemours and Co.) fabric as well as a fully imidized polyimide (Kerimid 601, Rhone Pomlene) and, in some instances, also an epoxy resin (proprietary formulation) to improve wetting of the Kevlar 49 fabric with the organic matrix. The TG measurements were made with a Mettler 3000 system operating under a stream of air at a heating rate of 20°C min -~. The dTG signals were obtained by data manipulation using a Mettler TC-10 microprocessor. Fig. 1 shows typical dTG curves, as a function of heat-up rate obtained for a laminate containing eight quartz layers, seven Kevlar-49 fabric layers, and cured Kerimid 601. At least three weight losses can be observed. The resolution of

Rationalizing Antitrust Cluster Markets

t I would like thank Peter Ezersky, Al Klevorick and Richard Schmalensee for helpful comments. Special thanks go Thomas Welch for piquing my interest in this subject and Walter Vandaele for encouraging my research. 1. The courts' objective in defining the relevant line of commerce for antitrust purposes has been to recognize competition where, in fact, competition exists. Brown Shoe Co. v. United States, 370 U.S. 294, 326 (1962). Because substitutes compete, substitutability in demand or supply has been the prime criterion for setting the boundaries of a market. United States v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 351 U.S. 377, 395 (1956) (goods that are reasonably interchangeable by consumers should be placed in the same market); Brown Shoe Co., 370 U.S. at 325 n.42 (cross-elasticity of production facilities may also be an important factor in defining a product market). By this substitutability criterion, if an antitrust defendant produced several goods (that is, was a multiproduct firm), a separate market would be defined for each of the defendant's consisting of each product's respective substitutes. See U.S. Dep't of Justice, Merger Guidelines, 49 Fed. Reg. 26,823, 26,828 (1984) [hereinafter cited as Guidelines] (The Department will first determine the relevant product market with respect each of the of each of the merging firms.). For a general discussion of antitrust market definition, see R. POSNER & F. EASTERBROOK, ANTITRUST 347-85 (2d ed. 1981). 2. Tied products are those which sellers require be purchased together. In cluster cases, defendant firms offer sell a number of untied products, but do require that they be purchased together. See R. POSNER & F. EASTERBROOK, supra note 1, at 802 (discussing tying arrangements). 3. This point was explicitly made by the court in JBL Enter. v. Jhirmack Enter., 509 F. Supp. 357, 368-69 (N.D. Cal. 1981), affd, 698 F.2d 1011 (9th Cir. 1983) (full-line cluster of beauty held be relevant market even though individual were not interchangeable for the end user and there was no production flexibility). See also United States v. A.T.&T., 524 F. Supp. 1336, 1375 (D.D.C. 1981) ([uIn United States v. Grinnell [384 U.S. 563 (1966)] the Supreme Court aggregated central fire alarm and burglar alarm systems without suggesting that these services are economic substitutes extent.). Some courts, however, seem have clustered on the basis of supply substitutability. For example, in United States v. Hughes Tool Co., 415 F. Supp. 637 (C.D. Cal. 1976) (clustering specialized surface rotary drilling products), while the court did explicitly define the market on the basis of supply substitutability, it found that any large heavy machinery manufacturer would have plant facilities, personnel and at least basic equipment go into production on of these . . .within a relatively short period of time. Id. at 642. This description fits the classic definition of supply substitutability. See R. POSNER & F. EASTERBROOK, supra note 1, at 352. See also FTC v.

Molding resins based on blends of acid copolymer/hydrocarbon polyolefin/reinforcing fiber/wetting agent: Murphy, C.V. (E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE, USA) US Pat 4 477 617 (16 October 1984)

Molding resins based on blends of acid copolymer/hydrocarbon polyolefin/reinforcing fiber/wetting agent: Murphy, C.V. (E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE, USA) US Pat 4 477 617 (16 October 1984)

Process for thermoforming reinforced polymer sheets: Hatchadoorian, E. et al (E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE, USA) US Pat 4 457 797 (3 July 1984)

Process for thermoforming reinforced polymer sheets: Hatchadoorian, E. et al (E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE, USA) US Pat 4 457 797 (3 July 1984)

The Business of Biomass

Biotechnology ProgressVolume 1, Issue 3 p. 165-180 Article The Business of Biomass Robert M. Busche, Robert M. Busche Central Research and Development Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE Robert M. Busche is presently Planning Consultant for renewable resource utilization in Life Sciences Division; previously, consultant on new venture development and Technical Manager for research and manufacturing in Heat Transfer Products Division. He served in various supervisory positions related to polyethylene, nylon intermediates and synthesis gas manufacture. As an Assistant Technical Superintendent at Belle Works, Charleston, West Virginia, in 1955, he had technical responsibility for start-up of the world's first coal gasifier to produce synthesis gas for methanol on a commercial scale. Before joining Du Pont, he worked as a process engineer in coal gasification and Fisher-Tropsch synthesis at the Bureau of Mines Coal-to-Oil Demonstration Plant at Louisiana, Missouri. He received his Doctor of Science degree in Chemical Engineering from Washington University (Saint Louis) in 1952; with a thesison “Kinetics of Powdered Coal Gasification”.Search for more papers by this author Robert M. Busche, Robert M. Busche Central Research and Development Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE Robert M. Busche is presently Planning Consultant for renewable resource utilization in Life Sciences Division; previously, consultant on new venture development and Technical Manager for research and manufacturing in Heat Transfer Products Division. He served in various supervisory positions related to polyethylene, nylon intermediates and synthesis gas manufacture. As an Assistant Technical Superintendent at Belle Works, Charleston, West Virginia, in 1955, he had technical responsibility for start-up of the world's first coal gasifier to produce synthesis gas for methanol on a commercial scale. Before joining Du Pont, he worked as a process engineer in coal gasification and Fisher-Tropsch synthesis at the Bureau of Mines Coal-to-Oil Demonstration Plant at Louisiana, Missouri. He received his Doctor of Science degree in Chemical Engineering from Washington University (Saint Louis) in 1952; with a thesison “Kinetics of Powdered Coal Gasification”.Search for more papers by this author First published: September 1985 https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.5420010306Citations: 27 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume1, Issue3September 1985Pages 165-180 RelatedInformation

Wallace H. Carothers and Fundamental Research at Du Pont

In the Depression decade, the research group headed by Wallace H. Carothers made two discoveries-neoprene and nylon-that have had an enormous impact on E. I. du Pont de Nemours and industrial research generally. At the same time, Carothers's many publications helped establish the foundations of polymer science. A theoretical organic chemist, he left Harvard University to take part in Du Pont's new fundamental research program. Although founded on the academic model, it soon began to reflect its industrial setting. Some surprising experimental results, the research philosophy of a new research director, and the economic realities of the Great Depression pushed Du Pont's pure scientists toward more practical or mission-oriented goals. Nylon and neoprene emerged from this creative tension between chemists interested in science and management committed to innovation.