Dundee Stress State Questionnaire Research Articles

Automatic-controlled information processing and error detection in a simulated pharmacy-verification task.

The relationships between attentional variables and information-processing demands of pharmacy dispensing tasks that contribute to difficulties in cognitive performance are not well-known. In the present study, a psychological approach to medical dispensing errors, the cognitive-systems performance model of Grasha, was employed to evaluate the contributions of individual differences in attention and alterations in visual task information on simulated pharmacy-verification performance, perceived workload, and self-reported stress. 73 college-age volunteers completed a pretest battery containing psychological measures of automatic and controlled information processing, and one-week later spent 265 min. completing the end visual-inspection process for 200 simulated prescriptions, 27% of which contained artificially inserted errors. Evidence suggesting that both automatic and controlled processes underlie performance of a simulated pharmacy-verification task was obtained. Individual differences in controlled information processing were mildly predictive of detection accuracy, while contrary to expectations, automatic processing scores did not produce significant relationships. Detection associated with experimental alterations in font size (12-pt. vs 6-pt.) of critical prescription label information was partially in line with expectations from the cognitive-systems performance model, while additional visual enhancements via a magnification/illumination device yielded mixed results. Finally, reports of perceived workload (NASA Task Load Index) and specific patterns of self-reported stress (Dundee Stress State Questionnaire) were consistent with a three-tier behavioral framework offered recently by Matthews, Davies, Westerman, and Stammers for predicting behaviors along the automatic-controlled continuum.

Further Tests of an Abbreviated Vigilance Task: Effects of Signal Salience and Jet Aircraft Noise on Performance and Stress

The effects of signal salience and jet-aircraft noise on performance and self-reports of stress were examined in an abbreviated vigilance task (12 min) that duplicates many of the findings with longer duration vigilance tasks (Temple et al., 2000). As is the case with longer vigils, signal detection in the abbreviated task was poorer for low salience than for high salience signals and stress scores, as indexed by the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire (Matthews, Joiner, Gilliland, Campbell, & Falconer, 1999), were generally greater when observers were required to detect low as compared to high salience signals. Unlike longer vigils, however, signal detection in the abbreviated task was superior in the presence of noise than in quiet, and noise generally attenuated self-reports of stress. The beneficial effect of jet-aircraft noise for the abbreviated task differentiates it from longer vigilance tasks and suggests that noise may have short-term positive value in vigilance.

Fundamental dimensions of subjective state in performance settings: task engagement, distress, and worry.

Subjective state constructs are defined within the traditional domains of affect, motivation, and cognition. Currently, there is no overarching state model that interrelates constructs within the different domains. This article reports 3 studies that provide converging evidence for 3 fundamental state dimensions labeled task engagement, distress, and worry that integrate constructs across the traditional domains. Study 1 differentiated the state dimensions by factor analysis of the scales of the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire (G. Matthews et al., 1999). Study 2 showed differential state response to performance of tasks making different cognitive demands. Study 3 showed that states are correlated with differing patterns of appraisal and coping. The 3 stress state dimensions provide a general descriptive framework consistent with transactional accounts of stress and performance.

Sensory Determinants of Workload and Stress in Sustained Attention

Audio-visual differences regarding temporal changes in the workload and stress associated with vigilance performance were examined. Detection probability was superior for the auditory modality. Global workload scores (NASA-TLX) for both modalities did not increase over time but scores on the Frustration subscale did. Observers became more stressed over time (Dundee Stress State Questionnaire), though those in the auditory condition recovered toward the end of the watch. Sensory factors have different implications for the workload and stress of sustained attention.

Individual Differences in Stress Response and Working Memory

Understanding how stress and performance are reciprocally linked may contribute to alleviating operator stress. A study of individual differences in stress and working memory is reported. 112 participants performed a demanding working memory task on four occasions. Subjective stress state was assessed with the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire (DSSQ: Matthews et al., 1998). The task elicited changes in subjective state that included increased distress, although the magnitude of subjective stress responses tended to decrease over time. Working memory tasks may be intrinsically stressful, although operators are able to adapt to task demands to some extent. Several DSSQ scales correlated with performance on the task. Control and confidence was associated with a general facilitation of performance on all four days of testing. Energetic arousal also tended to facilitate performance, but the effect was contingent on task parameters, consistent with attentional resource theory. The data indicate which dimensions of stress should be targeted for intervention in real-world applications.

The Effects of Caffeine on Performance and Stress in an Abbreviated Vigilance Task

Recently, Temple, Warm, Dember, LaGrange, & Matthews (1996) described a 12-min computerized vigilance task which duplicates the vigilance decrement and the workload (NASA-TLX) and stress characteristics (Dundee Stress State Questionnaire) of vigils lasting 30 min or more. The abbreviated task may be useful in situations wherein long-duration tasks are precluded, e.g., performance assessment batteries, neuropsychological testing, and brain imaging. The present experiment extended this line of investigation by demonstrating that performance on the abbreviated task is enhanced (signal detections were increased and the decrement attenuated) by caffeine — a drug which benefits long-duration vigilance tasks. The enhancement effect associated with caffeine was limited to performance, however, suggesting that the drug influences factors which control signal detection but not those which control task-induced stress.