Duncan's Post-hoc Test Research Articles

Anthropometric, Metabolic, and Dietary Fatty Acids Characteristics in Lean and Obese Dyslipidemic Asian Indian Women in Calcutta

The precise etiology and mechanisms leading to the development of increasing incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Asian Indians remains incompletely understood. There is evidence that women in this population may have comparatively greater risk factors (e.g., dyslipidemia) for CHD than men. To determine how dietary fatty acids composition could be used to identify Asian Indian women who are at greater risk of obesity and dyslipidemia. The present cross-sectional study comprised of 130 (Group I: lean control, n=40; Group II: lean dyslipidemic, n=45; and Group III: obese dyslipidemic, n=45) Asian Indian women (> or =30 years) living in Calcutta, India and the surrounding suburbs. Anthropometric measures, lipoproteins, plasma glucose, and intake of dietary fatty acids were obtained from each participant. Obesity measures were subsequently calculated from anthropometric measures. Conversion of foods into nutrients was done according to standard nutritive values of Indian foods. ANOVA with Duncan's post-hoc test revealed significant group differences for anthropometric measures, lipids profiles, blood glucose, and dietary fatty acids. Pearson's partial correlations (controlling for age) also revealed that central obesity measure had a significant association with dietary fatty acids and their ratios. Discriminant function analysis revealed that overall, 80% of all entries were positively (correctly) classified in three groups using fatty acids and their ratios. Dietary fatty acids composition is related to indicators of obesity. The recent shift in dietary habits may have caused an increase in the prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia in this region.

Microbial leakage and apical inflammatory response in dog's teeth after root canal filling with different sealers, post space preparation and exposure to the oral environment

Coronal leakage is an important factor affecting the outcome of endodontic therapy. This study evaluated the microbial leakage (ML) and the apical inflammatory response (AIR) in dog’s teeth after root canal filling with three endodontic sealers, post preparation and exposure to the oral environment, testing the hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between these two histological parameters (ML and AIR). Sixty-four root canals of 8 mongrel dogs were cleaned, shaped and randomly distributed into groups according to the sealer to be used: Sealer 26 (n=18); AH Plus (n=18); RoekoSeal (n=19); no sealer – control group (n=9). Root canals were filled by the lateral condensation technique. Post space preparation left 4 mm of filling material in the apical root third, and specimens were exposed to the oral environment for 90 days. The dogs were killed and jaw blocks were histologically processed using Brown & Brenn and HE staining techniques. ML and AIR were scored from 1 to 4. Results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA, Duncan’s post-hoc test and Spearman’s correlation. ML and AIR score means were: Sealer 26 - 2.44±0.98 and 2.50±0.70; AH Plus - 2.50±0.78 and 2.22±0.54; RoekoSeal - 1.84±0.95 and 2.63±0.83; Control - 2.56±1.23 and 3.11±0.60. Statistically significant differences in AIR scores were found between the AH Plus and control groups (p<0.05). Although RoekoSeal had the lowest ML means, and AH Plus, the lowest AIR means after 90-day exposure to the oral environment, no statistically significant differences were found between the three sealers under study, and no correlation was found between ML and AIR.

Adding Consumer-Providers to Intensive Case Management: Does It Improve Outcome?

Adding Consumer-Providers to Intensive Case Management: Does It Improve Outcome?

Optimizing resin cement removal around esthetic crown margins

Objective. To quantify luting cement at the crown–tooth interface of esthetic crowns fabricated using four different techniques and two methods of excess cement removal. Material and Methods. Four methods of crown fabrication were used: the feldspathic porcelain and platinum foil technique, the feldspathic porcelain and refractory die technique, the resin composite crown and CAD/CAM technique, and the feldspathic porcelain crown and CAD/CAM technique. Half of the cemented crowns were allocated to Group A: removal of excess cement by flicking-off with a plastic instrument 3 min after initial polymerization, or Group B: removal of excess cement using a wiping action with cotton pellets. Morphologic measurements, using non-destructive digital profilometry, were made of the volume of excess cement (mm3), mean maximum and mean depth of excess cement (µm), and surface area of excess cement (mm2). Results. ANOVA and Duncan post-hoc tests revealed no statistical differences (p<0.05) between the four types of crown fabrication with respect to volume and mean depth of retained luting cement. There was a significantly greater volume, mean depth, and mean maximum depth of luting cement retained using the “flick off” method compared to the cotton pellet “wiping” method for excess cement removal, but no statistical differences in mean surface area between the two methods. Conclusions. Following removal of excess luting cement, as judged clinically, using two methods, subclinical amounts of cement remained adherent to the tooth surface of all specimens at the crown–tooth interface.

Volatilization of components from and water absorption of polyether impressions

To evaluate the accuracy of stone dies produced from impressions with polyether impression materials and a vinyl polysiloxane reference material after prolonged storage at 0, 50, or 100% relative humidity. Impressions were taken with light and heavy-bodied types of the polyethers P2 (P2L/H; Heraeus Kulzer) and Impregum (IML/H; 3M ESPE) and vinyl polysiloxane Flexitime (FLL/H; Heraeus Kulzer) from a truncated steel master cone in cylindrical trays giving 4 mm layer thickness at the prominence line. Impressions were taken at 23 degrees C, and stone dies were poured after 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 days storage at 23 degrees C and 0, 50, or 100% RH. Accuracy was determined as discrepancy between a steel ring with accurate fit on the master cone and the stone die and expressed as base diameter deviation Deltad (microm). One-way ANOVA and Duncan's post-hoc test were used for statistical data analysis (p<0.05). P2L/H showed significant Deltad increase (30-240 microm) depending on storage time and humidity (p<0.05). Dies from IML/H at 0% RH were 90 through 180 microm enlarged, at 50% RH the maximum diameter increase was 60 microm, and at storage in 100% RH all dies were 25-120 microm smaller (p<0.05). Dies from FLL/H showed maximum Deltad deviations (55 to -10 microm). P2 impressions release volatile substances during storage and should preferably be poured within less than 24 h. Impregum absorbs water and should be stored at <50% humidity. The accuracy of Flexitime is scarcely affected by storage time or by ambient humidity.

Effectiveness of different techniques for removing gutta‐percha during retreatment

To evaluate the effectiveness of various techniques for removing filling material from root canals in vitro. Eighty extracted mandibular premolar teeth were selected for the study. The teeth were root filled using thermomechanical compaction of gutta-percha. After 8 months, the filling material was removed and canals were reinstrumented using the following techniques: group I - hand instrumentation with K-type files (SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA); group II - K3 Endo System (SybronEndo); group III - M4 system (SybronEndo) with K-type files (SybronEndo); and group IV - Endo-gripper system (Moyco Union Broach, York, PA, USA) with K-type files (SybronEndo). The amount of filling debris remaining on root canal walls was assessed radiographically; the images were digitized and analysed using AutoCAD 2000 software. Total canal area, area of the cervical, middle and apical thirds, and area of remaining filling material were outlined by one operator. The ratios between these areas were calculated as percentages of remaining debris. Thereafter, data were analysed by means of one-way anova and the post-hoc Duncan test to identify differences between the four techniques. Multiple comparisons of the percentages of remaining filling material in the entire canal did not reveal any significant differences between the methods of removal. However, when each third was analysed separately, significant differences for remaining debris were present between groups. The apical third had the most remaining material, whilst the cervical and middle thirds were significantly cleaner (P = 0.002). Comparison of the techniques revealed that teeth instrumented with K3 rotary instruments had a lower ratio of remaining filling material in the apical third (P = 0.012). In the apical third, K3 rotary instruments were more efficient in removing gutta-percha filling material than the other techniques, which were equally effective for the other thirds.

Effect of desensitizing agents on the hydraulic conductance of human dentin subjected to different surface pre-treatments-an in vitro study

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the variation of fluid filtration across dentin treated with different formulations of potassium oxalate gels and one gel of acidified sodium fluorophosphate, under five different pre-conditioned dentin surfaces. Methods: The methodology used for the measurement of hydraulic conductance of dentin in the present study was based on the model suggested by Pashley, Stewart and Galloway [Arch Oral Biol 29 (1984)379]. Two hundred dentin discs 1 mm in thickness, obtained from human extracted third molars, were divided into 20 groups of ten specimens each. The groups corresponded to the following experimental materials: 3% potassium oxalate gel—pH 4; 6% potassium oxalate gel—pH 4; 3% potassium oxalate gel—pH 2.5 and 1.23% fluoride gel (APF gel)—pH 3.6–3.9, applied to dentin under the following surface conditions: air-dried, blot-dried, wet, EDTA air-dried; EDTA blot-dried. General MANOVA and post-hoc Duncan tests were performed on the data. Results: Regardless of surface pre-treatment the 3% potassium oxalate gel—pH 2.5 produced the greatest reduction in dentinal filtration ( p<0.05) even after citric acid challenge. In general, air-drying the dentin was the best surface pre-treatment ( p<0.05). The interaction between the material and surface pre-treatment showed values of hydraulic conductance similar for most of the combinations, but the 3% potassium oxalate gel—pH 2.5 under wet conditions produced the largest reduction in hydraulic conductance. The APF gel produced the smallest reduction in hydraulic conductance when compared with the other materials, regardless of surface pre-treatment. Significance: the potassium oxalate gels studied in this investigation have a great potential for tubule occlusion and, consequently, should be effective treatments of dentinal hypersensitivity, regardless of dentin wetness.

The effect of short-term calcium hydroxide treatment on dentin bond strengths to composite resin.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) treatment on the bond strengths to dentin of a resin-based composite material. Two distinct dental adhesives, Prime & Bond (P&B) NT and Single Bond (SB) were used. One hundred and twenty-seven bovine incisors were mounted in acrylic, ground flat to expose middle dentin, polished to 600-grit, and randomly assigned to 10 groups: (i) 0 days, no Ca(OH)2, P&B NT; (ii) 7 days, no Ca(OH)2, P&B NT; (iii) 7 days, Ca(OH)2, P&B NT; (iv) 30 days, no Ca(OH)2, P&B NT; (v) 30 days, Ca(OH)2, P&B NT; (vi) 0 days, no Ca(OH)2, SB; (vii) 7 days, no Ca(OH)2, SB; (viii) 7 days, Ca(OH)2, SB; (ix) 30 days, no Ca(OH)2, SB; (x) 30 days, Ca(OH)2, SB. All specimens were stored in an incubator at 37 degrees C. Specimens were then retrieved and the dentin surface was rinsed with air/water spray from a triple syringe. Dentin was etched with 37% phosphoric acid (PA) for 15 s, rinsed, blot dried, and coated with adhesive according to manufacturer's instructions. The adhesive was light cured for 10 s, and Filtek Z250 was applied to the surface with a #5 gelatin capsule and light cured for 160 s. Shear bond strengths were measured for each specimen in an Instron unit at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm min(-1). The data were subjected to anova and Duncan post-hoc tests. Mean shear bond strengths for P&B NT ranged from 8.02 to 11.79 MPa. There was no significant difference between P&B NT groups treated with or without Ca(OH)2 at any time interval. Mean shear bond strengths for SB ranged from 14.70 to 19.54 MPa. No significant difference was found between SB groups treated with or without Ca(OH)2 at 7 days. At 30 days, SB with Ca(OH)2 was significantly higher than SB without Ca(OH)2. Short-term Ca(OH)2 treatment had no detrimental effect on dentin bond strengths to the ethanol or acetone-based adhesive resin systems tested.

DIFFERENT CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSES EVOKED FROM DIFFERENT MUSCLE NERVES IN THE RAT 998

The exercise pressor reflex is commonly assumed to be similar across different skeletal muscles and that the ventilatory and cardiovascular responses are coupled. The purpose of this study was to 1) confirm that differential cardiovascular responses can be evoked from nerves innervating different muscle (AJP 256:R448, 1989) and 2) to test whether the ventilatory and cardiovascular responses are coupled. Anesthetized rats(urethane 1.7 gm/kg; S-D males, 400 gm, n=10) were instrumented to measure cardiorespiratory variables: mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and minute ventilation (MV). The muscle nerves included: femoral-muscle branch(MFem), common peroneal (Pero), and tibial (Tib). Stimulation (2.5 × MT, 50 Hz, 0.5 msec pulse) was for 15 sec. Data (peak change from baseline) were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and Duncan's post-hoc test for differences (p<0.05) between nerves. Results (mean±SEM) are shown in thetable below. Means with the same letter (a) are not different from each other. These data confirm that 1) exercise reflex cardiovascular responses not only vary but may be opposite between different muscles and 2) reflex cardiorespiratory coupling may not be well established in this species.

HU-211, a nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, improves neurological signs and reduces brain damage after severe forebrain ischemia in rats.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the dose-response relationship and the therapeutic time window for the synthetic nonpsychotropic cannabinoid (HU-211) as a neuroprotective agent in transient, severe forebrain ischemia in the rat. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 20 min common carotid artery occlusion (CCAo) 24 h after coagulation of both vertebral arteries. Thirty minutes after the onset of CCAo, rats received an iv injection of HU-211 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg in HPCD (n = 12, 18, and 11, respectively), or the appropriate vehicle (n = 20). Neurological signs were scored daily for 3 d following ischemia. A significant improvement (p < 0.01, Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test, followed by Mann-Whitney U-test, p < 0.05) of neurological deficits by the 4 mg/kg dose of HU-211, was observed 24, 48, and 72 h after insult. On the third day post-CCAo, the rat brain was taken for histopathological evaluation of the CA-1 sector of the hippocampus. Counts of viable neurons in the hippocampal CA1 field showed significantly more live cells in the HU-211 (4 mg/kg) treated animals (P < 0.001, ANOVA followed by Duncan's post-hoc test, p < 0.05). The drug was equally effective when given 30 and 60 min after ischemia, but neuroprotection was no longer significant after 3 h. We suggest that HU-211 may be a potential treatment for postischemic brain damage in human beings.

Neuroprotective activity of HU-211, a novel NMDA antagonist, in global ischemia in gerbils.

HU-211, a nonpsychotropic cannabinoid and a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, was tested in a global ischemia model in the Mongolian gerbil. Male Mongolian gerbils underwent a 10-min bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. HU-211, administered i.v. at 4 mg/kg, 30 min postischemia, induced statistically significant neuroprotection of the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. A dose-response study demonstrated an inverted U curve in which the 4 mg/kg dose induced the best neuroprotection in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus (p < 0.05 ANOVA followed by Duncan's post-hoc test). The therapeutic window was then investigated, and in another study, HU-211 4 mg/kg were administered i.v. at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min postinsult. A statistically significant neuroprotection was detected at 30 and 60 min administration postinsult.

Motor power differences within the first two weeks post-SCI in cervical spinal cord-injured quadriplegic subjects.

The purpose of this study was to confirm the clinical impression that motor power significantly changed within the first 2 weeks after a spinal cord injury (SCI) and to determine the time for motor power assessment within the first 2 weeks post injury that best correlated with motor power determined 6 months post-SCI. Our hypothesis was that within the first 2 weeks postinjury, the manual muscle test (MMT) scores would change significantly from the < or = 24 h examination and that the post-24 h evaluations of strength would have a higher correlation with the 6 month measure of motor outcome than the evaluation of strength performed < or = 24 h after SCI. The biceps, extensor carpi radialis, triceps, flexor digitorum profundus, and interosseous muscle strength was measured in 40 subjects using the MMT (muscles graded 0/5 to 5/5) at < or = 24 h, 72 h, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-SCI. Upper extremity motor index scores (MIS) obtained at the four testing periods within 2 weeks of injury were analyzed using a Friedman analysis of variance with Duncan's post-hoc tests to identify significant differences. Separate analyses were performed on subgroupings of the total sample based on the strength of the most rostral key muscle having less than antigravity strength. There were three groups evaluated: initial MMT 0/5 (n = 22), initial MMT 1-1.5/5 (n = 17), and initial MMT 2-2.5/5 (n = 13).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The Effects of Static Stretching and Warm-Up on Prevention of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness

It has been suggested in the lay literature that static stretching and/or warm-up will prevent the occurrence of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effects of static stretching and/or warm-up on the level of pain associated with DOMS. Sixty-two healthy male and female volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups: (a) subjects who statically stretched the quadriceps muscle group before a step, (b) subjects who only performed a stepping warm-up, (c) subjects who both stretched and performed a stepping warm-up prior to a step test, and (d) subjects who only performed a step test. The step test (Asmussen, 1956) required subjects to do concentric work with their right leg and eccentric work with their left leg to voluntary exhaustion. Subjects rated their muscle soreness on a ratio scale from zero to six at 24-hour intervals for 5 days following the step test. A 4x2x2 ANOVA with repeated measures on legs and Duncan's New Multiple Range post-hoc test found no difference in peak muscle soreness among the groups doing the step test or for gender (p greater than .05). There was the expected significant difference in peak muscle soreness between eccentrically and concentrically worked legs, with the eccentrically worked leg experiencing greater muscle soreness. We concluded that static stretching and/or warm-up does not prevent DOMS resulting from exhaustive exercise.