Duncan's Multiple Range Test Research Articles

Antimalarial potentials of Solanum dasyphyllum fractions against Plasmodium berghei infected mice

BackgroundThe leaves of Solanum dasyphyllum are commonly utilized in the management of fever in traditional medicine, yet scientific evidence supporting their antimalarial effectiveness is lacking. ObjectiveThus, this study aimed to assess the antioxidant properties of solvent fractions derived from these leaves, alongside investigating antimalarial potential against Plasmodium berghei in mice. MethodsAntioxidant activity was evaluated through total phenolic content determination, DPPH radical scavenging, and Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay. The fractions were tested against Plasmodium berghei (NK65) in 4-day suppressive, prophylaxis, and curative models, with mice orally administered 1% Tween80 (control), Solanum dasyphyllum hexane fraction (SdHXF), Solanum dasyphyllum dichloromethane fraction (SdDMF), Solanum dasyphyllum ethyl-acetate fraction (SdEAF), and Solanum dasyphyllum aqueous fraction (SdAQF) (each at 125mg/kg), and chloroquine (10 mg/kg). IC50 values were determined via linear regression analysis, and antimalarial study results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan multiple range tests, considering significance at P value < 0.05. ResultsThe SdHXF (60.4%), SdDMF (56.8%), SdEAF (86.4%), and SdAQF (94.8%) exhibited notable percentage chemosuppression compared to the control in the 4-day suppressive test. In the prophylaxis test, SdEAF (80.6%) and SdAQF (80.0%) demonstrated similar percentage chemosuppression. In the curative test, the mean survival time significantly increased in SdHXF (30.2 ± 1.3 days), SdDMF (30.8 ± 3.2 days), SdEAF (31.4 ± 2.3 days), and SdAQF (30.1 ± 2.0 days) compared to the control (10.3 ± 0.1 days). The antioxidant activity of the fractions increased with concentration; however, it was lower than that of the positive controls (gallic acid and ascorbic acid). ConclusionThese results suggest that the fractions possess potent antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei, particularly in the mid-polar fractions, indicating the potential of the plant as a source of novel antimalarial agents.

Impact of Different Soil Amendments on Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization in Ultisols

Quantifying the nutrient mineralization in soils amended with different materials is vital for understanding the nutrient availability for plant uptake. It helps to improve nutrient management by minimizing nutrient loss from the soil. The present research was conducted as a laboratory incubation to assess the nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) mineralization in Ultisols amended with cattle manure, spent poultry layer litter, Gliricidia leaves (Gliricidia sepium), leaf litter compost, urea, and Siam weed leaves (Chromolaena odorata). A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with four replicates, and means were compared with Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) after analyzing the data with the SPSS 25 statistical package. CO2-C evolution in amended soils increased up to day 14 of incubation and became stable as incubation progressed. The highest total flux of CO2-C (171.89 g/kg) was obtained in cattle manure-amended soil. Compost-amended soil showed significantly higher (p=0.05) release of mineralized nitrogen (1530.31 mg/kg) over unamended control. The pH in all the amended soils increased over time, with the highest pH in soil amended with compost. Thus, the present study indicated rapid C and N mineralization when different amendments are integrated into the soil.

Architecture Pruning Technique (Pollarding) of Moringa (Moringa oleifera)

Moringa is a fast-growing, deciduous tree that can reach a height of 10–12 m and is not traditionally pollarded in agriculture production. A field experiment was conducted between May 2023 and Jun 2024 in MARDI, Serdang to determine the effect of pollarding at different levels of pruning heights on vegetative growth and yield of Moringa. The trial was laid down in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications and five plants per plot and the data was analyzed using ANOVA in SAS (SAS 9.4) software. Differences between means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at P≤0.05. Five months after being cultivated on field condition, trees were pruned pollarding at four levels: 30, 60, 90 cm and control (unpruned). Subsequently, the growth performance was evaluated by collecting data on plant height, diameter of the main stem, length of the secondary branch, number of budbursts, diameter of the secondary branch and leave area. Meanwhile, the yield components were recorded based on the fresh weight and dry weight of the leaves. Results showed that different levels of pruning heights significantly affected overall dependent variables. Unpruned trees produced an optimal response for all dependent variables, but it is not suggested due to the trees growing erratically, challenging to harvest, and having an uneven canopy structure. Meanwhile, for the yield components' pruning at 60 and 90 cm from the ground level was comparable and did not differ significantly from unpruned trees. Therefore, pruning at 60 cm was suggested as an architecture pruning technique for moringa production cultivated on mineral soil under tropical climates. Pollarding can be a way to improve the productivity of agricultural produce, but further evaluation of yield trends must be conducted to ensure the consistency of production.

Comparison of the Use of Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) of Red Onion and Shallot Extracts on the Growth of Green Spinach Plants (Amaranthus sp.)

Green spinach is one type of vegetable commodity that the people of Indonesia most widely consume because it has a relatively high nutritional content such as iron, vitamin C, protein, and carbohydrates. However, currently, there is a decrease in green spinach vegetable productivity in Indonesia due to several things, including cultivation techniques that could be more optimal, low seed quality, and limited application of agricultural technology. For this reason, agrarian intensification is needed by using natural plant growth regulators (PGR) to increase the growth of green spinach. Red onions and shallots are part of the allium genus, which has growth phytohormones, namely auxin and gibberellins, which have the potential to be natural PGR. This study aims to compare the use of red onion and shallot extracts in increasing the growth of green spinach plants. The research design used was a randomised group design (RGD) with variations in extract concentrations (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%). Parameters of observation of green spinach plant growth are plant height, number of leaves, leaf circumference, and wet biomass of harvested plants. The application of red onion and shallot extracts was carried out on green spinach plants aged seven days after planting (DAP) with a time interval of 1 week until 28 DAP. Observation of green spinach plant growth parameters began at the age of 14-35 DAP. Statistical analysis of the data using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and then the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) further t-test a 5% significance level. The results showed that red onion and shallot extracts affected all observed growth parameters of green spinach plants. Shallot extract with a concentration of 45% gave the best results on all green spinach plant growth parameters.

Evaluation of antimalarial compounds in Prosopis africana stem bark fractions against Plasmodium berghei

Prosopis africana, a traditional medicinal plant for malaria treatment, requires further scientific evidence. This study aimed to assess the antimalarial potential of Prosopis africana stem bark fractions in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice and identify the responsible compounds. The aqueous extract underwent partitioning with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, followed by antimalarial evaluation. F5 was the most potent fraction based on its antimalarial potential. The study pooled 36 chromatographic separation sub-fractions into five using TLC analysis Rf values. In Plasmodium berghei-infected mice, fraction F5 at 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight (bw) was tested for antimalarial activity. Compound analysis of F5 utilized ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupolar mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis employed Analysis of Variance and Duncan's multiple range tests (p &lt; 0.05). The methanol, n-hexane, and ethylacetate extracts displayed suppression of P. berghei by 90%, 72.2%, and 73.6%, respectively. Methanol, n-hexane, and ethylacetate extracts suppressed P. berghei by 90%, 72.2%, and 73.6% respectively. F5 showed significantly higher chemo-suppression (67.21%) than F1 (63.94%), F2 (6.99%), F3 (2.81%), and F4 (37.3%). At 12.5 mg/kg bw, F5 suppressed P. berghei by 91.09%, surpassing chloroquine (87.79%), and restored altered hematological indices and CD4+ counts. Compounds identified in F5 included caffeate, linalool, terpinene-4-ol, quinovic acid, quercetin, prosopinine, catechin, and apigeninin. In conclusion, the fraction F5 of P. africana stem bark exhibited higher antimalarial activity than chloroquine and the identified compound might likely contribute to its activity.

Influence of Maternal Dietary Protein during Late Gestation on Performance of Black Bengal Does and Their Kids.

The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of different levels of dietary protein during late pregnancy on the performance of Black Bengal does and their kids. Twelve does were divided into three groups, with four in each, and three diets, i.e., high protein (18% CP), medium protein (14% CP), and low protein (10% CP) were supplied for 50 days, commencing from 100 days post-coitum to parturition. During the first 100 days of pregnancy, uniform rations with similar ingredients were provided to fulfill the nutrient requirements depending on the live weight of does. All three diets were isocaloric (10.0 MJ/kg DM). Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA, and the significance of the difference among means was determined by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The main effects of diet and sex, as well as their interaction, were analyzed by two-way ANOVA by using the GLM procedure. The relative expression values of qPCR were calculated by using the 2-ΔΔCt analysis method. Live weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in high-protein-fed dams than other groups during the experimental period. The milk yield of does was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in high-protein-fed goats than in the low-protein group. The lactation length of does was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the high- and medium-protein-fed does than in the low-protein-fed does. The duration of post-partum anestrus of does was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the low-protein-fed dams than in the high-protein group. The birth weight of kids tended to be higher in the high-protein group but did not differ significantly among the treatment groups. In male kids, weaning weight, final weight, live weight gain, and average daily gain were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in female kids. Weaning weight was higher (p < 0.05) in kids of the high-protein-fed does than the low-protein group. Final weight and live weight gain were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in kids of the high-protein-fed does than in the low-protein-fed group. On the other hand, average daily gain was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in kids of the high- and medium-protein-fed does than the low-protein group. The average body length and wither height of kids at the 32nd week was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in kids of high-protein-fed does than those of the low-protein-fed group. The average heart girth of kids at the 32nd week was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in kids of high-protein-fed does than the medium- and low-protein groups. The survival rate of kids was higher in the medium- and high-protein-fed does than in low-protein group. Hot carcass weight and ether extract content of meat were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the high-protein group than in the other groups. The dressing percentage was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the kids of high-protein-fed does than low-protein-fed goats. The expression of the H-FABP gene was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in kids of high-protein-fed does than those of the medium- and low-protein groups. In conclusion, maternal dietary protein levels positively influences the production performance of Black Bengal does and their kids.

HONEY PUMPKIN STEM BORER, Apomecyna saltator FABRICIUS (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) CAN BE CONTROLLED WITH PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER

Apomecyna saltator, a notorious pest of honey pumpkin plants, poses a significant threat to both vegetative and generative phases, leading to considerable production losses. Despite its agricultural impact, there are limited studies on effective management strategies for this pest. This research investigates the effect of combined phosphorus and potassium fertilization on controlling A. saltator infestations in honey pumpkin plants. The study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University. A randomized block design with five treatments and five replications was used, testing different combinations of SP-36 phosphorus and potassium chloride (KCl) fertilizers: no fertilization (p0), SP-36 0.67 g/plant + KCl 1.25 g/plant (p1), SP-36 1.00 g/plant + KCl 1.88 g/plant (p2), SP-36 1.34 g/plant + KCl 2.51 g/plant (p3), and SP-36 1.67 g/plant + KCl 3.13 g/plant (p4). The variables observed included stem diameter, larval population, percentage of plant damage, number of attacked plant segments, fruit weight, and overall production. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results indicated that combining phosphorus and potassium fertilizers significantly increased stem diameter, fruit weight, and yield while reducing larval populations, plant damage, and affected segments. The study demonstrates that phosphorus and potassium strengthen honey pumpkin plants and negatively impact A. saltator infestations. This research highlights a novel approach to pest control, showing that targeted fertilization promotes plant health and suppresses the honey pumpkin stem borer (A. saltator). This dual benefit of nutrient application provides a sustainable and efficient pest management strategy, offering a fresh perspective on integrated crop protection.

Impact of Golden Banana Puree (Musa acuminata) Enrichment on the pH, Lactic Acid Bacteria Count, and Viscosity of Kefir

The addition of golden banana puree (Musa acuminata) as a prebiotic has been hypothesized to enhance the growth of lactic acid bacteria in kefir. This study aimed to determine the effects of adding golden banana puree on the pH value, total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count, and viscosity of kefir. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and three replications. The treatments included the addition of 0% (P0), 6% (P1), 8% (P2), and 10% (P3) banana puree. The observed variables were pH value, total LAB, and viscosity. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) when a significant treatment effect was detected. The results indicated that the addition of golden banana puree had a very significant effect (P0.01) on the pH value, total LAB count, and viscosity of kefir. The study concluded that increasing the concentration of golden banana puree leads to a higher total LAB count and viscosity, while inversely lowering the pH value.

The Effect of Heavy Metals in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Genotypes for Some Physiological Parameters

The main aim of this study is to identify physiological characteristics, including Chl a, b, total Chl "a+b" and carotenoids, in potato genotypes under the influence of lead (Pb+2) and cadmium (Cd+2) heavy metals. Two potato genotypes from the Netherlands, Riviera and Agria, were used in the study. Potato tubers were transferred to 2 kg compost pots and placed in a controlled environment with a 12 photoperiod, a day/night temperature of 25/19°C and a relative humidity of 75%. Since Pb+2 and Cd+2 poisoning was greater than in the control and different fractions of heavy metal residues in the substrate were transferred to plant organs, the amounts of these two metals in each treatment (outside the control) were measured. Plant pigments were extracted from fresh leaves in amounts ranging from 60 to 100 mg and these were then extracted into samples containing 80/20% (v/v) acetone/water with 0.5% w/v MgCO3 at room temperature for a full day. Photosynthetic pigments of each sample were extracted three times. The absorbances obtained at 663 nm, 644 nm and 452.5 nm for the maximum absorption of Chl a, Chl b and carotenoids, respectively, were used to measure the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids. Differences between Pb+2 and Cd+2 and physiological markers were examined with the Duncan Multiple Range test. Information on Pb+2 and Cd+2 content in applications revealed wide variability. When potato genotype seedlings were exposed to varying levels of Pb+2 and Cd+2, the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids in their leaves was lower than the control group. The results showed that there were significant and statistically significant changes in carotenoid and chlorophyll concentration at the LSD p = 0.01 level. Similar to Pb+2 and Cd+2 inhibiting plant growth, it had a negative effect on photosynthesis as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Moreover, these effects became more pronounced when the concentrations of two stress factors (Pb+2 and Cd+2) increased.

Off-season production of Bell Pepper (Capsicum anuum, L.) as influenced by soil enhancers and mulching materials

In a study focused on off-season bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) production, 1,152 seedlings were sown, transplanted, and distributed across 48 plots measuring 4.4 sq.m. Each plot accommodated 24 seedlings, and meticulous care and observation were maintained throughout the study. Employing a 2x4 factorial design, this investigation aimed to assess the influence of soil enhancers and mulching materials on bell pepper cultivation. The data analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with mean comparisons facilitated through Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The treatments consisted of two factors: Factor A involved soil enhancers, with Treatment A1 as the control, A2 as carabao manure, A3 as goat manure, and A4 as chicken manure. Factor B encompassed mulching materials, including B1 (control), B2 (rice hull), B3 (rice straw), and B4 (plastic mulching). The study's findings highlighted the substantial impact of soil enhancers, particularly chicken manure, on the vegetative growth phase of bell pepper. Furthermore, the combined application of soil enhancers and mulching materials, as well as individual applications, significantly affected the development of fruiting branches, with chicken manure particularly influencing the diameter of bell pepper fruits. In summation, the research suggests that the utilization of soil enhancers, especially chicken manure, constitutes a promising approach to enhance bell pepper vegetative growth during off-season production.

Evaluating the physical properties of microwave-cured and heat-cured acrylic denture base materials after the addition of ZrO2 nanoparticles.

Background: The structural, physical, and mechanical properties of denture-based acrylic resin are still compromised by water sorption, water solubility, and porosity. These issues have long called for improved techniques, and the use of nanoparticles is one of them. The main objective of the current investigation was to evaluate and contrast some physical parameters (water sorption, water solubility, and porosity) after the incorporation of ZrO2 nanoparticles (0%, 3% and 5%) into heat-cured acrylic denture base materials (Ivoclare, Major) and microwave-cured acrylic (Acron MC). Materials and methods: A total of 60 resin specimens were manufactured, including 5 specimens for each concentration of ZrO2 NP (30 for porosity and 30 for water sorption and solubility). Followed the manufacturer's directions for preparing the sample of each material. Results: The results were analysed with descriptive statistics, Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) test, Duncan multiple range test, and independent T test demonstrated that the addition of nanoparticles (3% and 5%) decreased water sorption, water solubility, and porosity of PMMA(polymethyl methacrylate) for both types(microwave-cured and heat-cured acrylic denture base materials). Where, at 3%, the ZrO2 nanoparticles showed the best values for all tests compared to the control group. Conclusions: ZrO2 (3% and 5%) nanoparticle reinforcement of acrylic resin can be a useful tactic for lowering water sorption, solubility and porosity, thereby enhancing the performance of the material in various applications for microwave-cured and heat-cured acrylic denture base materials.

EFFECTS OF ADDITION BAGASSE DEGRADANT BY CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA Bacillus subtilis ON GROWTH MEDIA OF OYSTER MUSHROOM Pleurotus ostreatus

Background: Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) serves as a valuable resource for the sugar and beverage industries, a significant quantity of its by-product, bagasse, remains underutilized. A promising strategy for increasing the value of bagasse involves improving its substrate quality through the application of cellulose-degrading bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis. Methods: The objective of this research is to investigate the influence of bagasse degradant supplementation on the growth of oyster mushrooms. A randomized experimental design was employed to evaluate growth media containing varying concentrations of bagasse degradant (500, 600, 700, and 800 gram) in comparison to a control group. The study assessed the impact of bagasse degradant on pin diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, and water content, using ANOVA and the Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a significance level of 5%. Results: The study showed the addition of bagasse degradant affected the pin diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight of oyster mushroom. However, it is not effective towards the water content of oyster mushroom. Conclusion: The addition of bagasse degradant affected the pin diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight, whereas the water composition did not affected the growth of P. ostreatu

Physico-chemical Characterization of Tofu By-Product Silage Supplemented with Fine Rice Bran and Chestnut Tannin as Silage Additives

This study seeks to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of tofu waste silage with the inclusion of refined rice bran and chestnut tannins as additives. This study employed an experimental method using a completely randomized design, comprising four treatments and five replications. The treatments included are T1: Fresh Tofu Waste (FTW as control), T2: FTW + 5% fine rice bran (DM basis), T3: FTW + 1% chestnut tannin (DM basis), and T4: FTW + 5% fine rice bran + 1% chestnut tannin (DM basis). The variables measured were temperature, humidity, pH, mold growth, aroma, texture, color, and dry matter loss. The data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan's multiple range test was applied at a 5% significance level to assess significant differences between treatments. The findings revealed that the inclusion of fine rice bran and chestnut tannin had a significant impact (P&lt;0.05) on the temperature, humidity, pH, mold growth, aroma, texture, color, and dry matter loss of fresh tofu waste silage. In conclusion, the addition of 5% fine rice bran and 1% chestnut tannin resulted in tofu waste silage with superior physico-chemical quality, as evidenced by the lowest dry matter loss compared to the other treatments.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI ASAM KLORIDA (HCl) DAN WAKTU EKSTRAKSI PADA KARAKTERISASI PEKTIN KULIT JERUK BALI (Citrus maxima)

Pectin or pectate compounds are complex polysaccharides with large molecular weights found in the middle lamella or intercellular spaces in higher plant tissues. The main function of pectin is as a thickener and gelling agent. So far, pectin production in Indonesia has not been widely known and developed. Pectin can be obtained from fruit peels, one of which is grapefruit peel. Grapefruit has a fairly high pectin content, around 30%. The purpose of this study was to find out how much pectin content is in grapefruit peels by determining the concentration of hydrochloric acid and the right extraction time to get the best yield and quality of pectin. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) method with two factors, namely the concentration of hydrochloric acid 0.2 N; 0.25 N and 0.3 N and extraction times of 60, 90 and 120 minutes with three repetitions. The observations made were yield pectin, water content, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl content, galacturonic acid and degree of esterification. The data obtained based on the research results were analyzed statistically with variance (α = 0.05) and continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the concentration of hydrochloric acid 0.3 N and extraction time of 120 minutes produced the best pectin with yield 13.57%, moisture content 8.27%, ash content 7.53%, methoxyl content 6.79%, galacturonic content 261 .65%, the degree of esterification is 14.82% and it can be concluded that the test results for the characteristics of the pectin produced meet the established standards of the International Pectin Producers Association (IPPA).

Optimization of Supply Superior Oil Palm Seeds Using Artificial Pollination to Support Sustainable Palm Plantations

Seeds as planting material play an important role in agricultural development. The length of seed germination is an obstacle to meeting the high demand for oil palm seeds. This research determines the effect of pollen variety and dosage on the production of superior oil palm seeds. The study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) with two factors, namely pollen source (V1: Yangambi; V2: PPKS 540) and pollen dose (gr) (D1: 0.25; D2: 0.12; D3: 0.06; D4: 0.04; and D5: talk/blank (control). There were 10 treatment combinations (V1D1, V1D2, V1D3, V1D4, V1D5, V2D1, V2D2, V2D3, V2D4 and V2D5) so that there were 30 experimental units (oil palm trees); if they are significantly different, a further 5% DMRT test (Duncan Multiple Range Test) is carried out. The parameters observed were the number of seeds (grains), number of good and rejected seeds (grains), bunch weight (kg), and seed germination. The results showed that the Yangambi variety produced superior oil palm seeds. The V1D4 treatment showed the best results with the highest number of good seeds produced (2,302 seeds/bundle. The best results were 2,302 items. Treatments V2D2, V2D3, and V2D4 showed the best viability with the same results (81.65%. The treatments did not significantly affect bunch weight.

Subthreshold Cannabidiol Potentiates Levetiracetam in the Kainic Acid Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Pilot Study.

Refractoriness to antiseizure medications is still a major concern in the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy. For this reason, we decided to evaluate the combination of levetiracetam and cannabidiol, administered at a subthreshold dose, to limit the possible adverse effects of this phytocannabinoid. We administered levetiracetam (300 mg/kg/day, via osmotic minipumps), cannabidiol (120 mg/kg/day, injected once a day subcutaneously), or their combination for one week in epileptic rats. Saline-treated epileptic rats were the control group. Animals were monitored with video electroencephalography the week before and after the treatment. No changes were found in the controls. Levetiracetam did not significantly reduce the total seizure number or the overall seizure duration. Still, the overall number of seizures (p < 0.001, Duncan's new multiple range test) and their total duration (p < 0.01) increased in the week following treatment withdrawal. Cannabidiol did not change seizures when administered as a single drug. Instead, levetiracetam combined with cannabidiol resulted in a significant reduction in the overall number and duration of seizures (p < 0.05), when comparing values measured during treatment with both pre- and post-treatment values. These findings depended on changes in convulsive seizures, while non-convulsive seizures were stable. These results suggest that cannabidiol determined a remarkable potentiation of levetiracetam antiseizure effects at a subthreshold dose.

Spirulina sebagai Pengganti Artemia untuk Meningkatkan Produksi Larva Ikan Patin Pangasius hypophthalmus

The provision of quality and sufficient shrimp fry for production is largely determined by the management of maintenance during larval stadia. This study aims to obtain the best treatment of natural feed in the form of Spirulina sp. and Artemia sp. as feed supplements to improve the growth performance and survival rate of patin fish larvae. The experiment used a Complete Randomized Design consisting of 4 feed treatments and 3 replicates: A (Artemia sp. 100%), B (Artemia sp. 100% and Spirulina sp. 100%), C (Artemia sp. 50% and Spirulina sp. 50%), and D (Spirulina sp. 100%). The larvae with a density of 50 heads/L were kept in the aquarium and fed according to the treatment. The density of Spirulina sp. administered was 104–105 cells/mL maintained until day 7 according to the treatment. The parameters measured included growth performance, which included specific growth rate (SGR), survival (SR), absolute length growth (PPM), and analysis of larval digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease). The data were analyzed using one way-analysis of variance and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test with a 95% confidence interval using SPSS version 22.0. The results showed that the administration of Spirulina sp. produced better SGR, SR, PPM, amylase enzyme, lipase, and protease activities compared to the control (100% administration of Artemia sp.). The best treatment was given by 100% Spirulina sp. treatment. Keywords: Artemia sp., digestive enzymes, patin fish larvae, Spirulina sp.

In Vitro Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect of Etlingera Elatior Ethanol Extract Growing in Gayo Highland, Aceh Province, Indonesia.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing overtime, potentially leading to various severe health complications and mortality. Despite therapeutic agents have currently been developed, unexpected adverse effects are inevitable. Hence, safe and effective medications such as those of plant origin are critical to prevent unexpected complication in DM sufferers. Etlingera elatior has been widely used as spice and traditional medicine to treat diabetes in Aceh Province, Indonesia. However, study regarding α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of E. elatior growing in Gayo highlands, Aceh, Indonesia, is completely lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of E. elatior ethanol extracts (EEEE) growing in Gayo highlands, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH procedure, whereas α-glucosidase inhibition assay was carried out using spectrophotometric method. Data analysis was performed using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan's multiple range test at α=0.05. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), and total tannin (TTC) content in all E. elatior plant parts, in which the highest TPC was found in the stem (158.38 GAE/g), whereas the highest TFC and TTC was obtained in the rhizome extracts. The extract of fruit showed the strongest antioxidant activities, followed by the stem and leaf, with IC 50 of 2.381 μg/mL, 6.966 μg/mL, and 19.365 μg/mL, respectively. All E. elatior extracts revealed a significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase at the concentration of 500 μg/mL, in which the stem extract showed the most effective α-glucosidase inhibitory effect with IC 50 value of 5.15 μg/mL, suggesting its promising potential as antidiabetic agent. This study highlights E. elatior potency as a novel source of antioxidant and natural antidiabetic compounds that are useful for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.

High Salinity Intensive Seaweed Growth Rate in Aquaponic Systems

Aquaponics is a closed recirculating aquaculture method combined with hydroponics. This method is very alternative for raising fish while growing plants in specially designed media. The mechanism obtained is very effective and efficient, plants can utilize fish waste as nutrients for plant growth. Poisonous fish waste in ponds can be reduced by plants as nutrients for organic substances. This can enhance profitable bio-integrated food production systems. Plants will serve as vegetation filters. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aquaponic treatment in high-salinity water by observing the growth in three species of seaweed namely Gracilaria sp., Sargassum sp., and Kappaphycus alvarezii. The research design used the LSD method and was carried out for 63 days. Data analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) then continued with the test Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The research method involved making aquaponic media including preparing containers for seaweed cultivation and fish and shrimp farming, observing seaweed growth rates, and measuring water quality. Aquaponic treatment can increase the growth rate of intensively cultivated seaweed. The results showed the best weight growth rate in the aquaponic treatment of Gracilaria sp. with a value of 12.33 grams than Kappaphycus alvarezii 11.33 grams and Sargassum sp. 10.83 grams.

የቦሎቄ (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)የምህንድስና ባህሪያት ለመውቂያ ማሽን ዲዛይን በአካላዊ እናፍራክሽናል መለኪያዎች አንፃር

When designing appropriate machinery systems, equipment, and infrastructures for interacting with, cultivating, gathering, and agriculture-related processing, it is required to have an understanding of the engineering characteristics of agricultural products. This unpredictability makes it difficult to design or develop machines that can efficiently and effectively manage a wide range of product characteristics. Experimental analysis was used to accomplish the study's objective, which was to investigate the implications of variation on the physical characteristics and frictional parameters of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) concerning the design of the threshing machine. One hundred bean seeds from each variety were randomly selected and their three primary dimensions were measured with a digital vernier caliper (least count 0.01 mm) and a micro-screw gauge in order to determine the dimensional parameters. The remaining parameters (elongation at the width, thickness, and vertical orientation, geometrical mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, square mean diameter, equivalent mean diameter, roundness, sphericity, flakiness ratio, aspect ratio, cross-sectional area, projected area, transverse surface area, and the seed volume) were calculated using mathematical models. Gravimetric characteristics true density and seed volumes were calculated using the toluene displacement method. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Duncan multiple range test was used to separate the means. Significance was accepted at 95% confidence interval (p&lt; 0.05).The results data are required for predicting loads in agricultural storage structures, and to establish useful sources for the development of machinery for handling, cleaning, storing, transporting and drying, among other things.