Closure Of Dumps Research Articles

Performance of the Public Prosecutor in the Recycling of Solid Urban Waste: a Literature Review

Purpose: to carry out a diagnosis of textual fragments from the consultation in the Catalog of Theses and Dissertations of the Coordination for Higher Education Personnel Improvement (CAPES), in the thematic area of ​​the Public Ministry (MP) and collectors, seeking to identify how this relationship with the National Policy takes place of Solid Waste through the action of the MP. Method/design/approach: Law No. 12,305/2010 establishes the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS). The Ministerial Guidance Guide on the closure of dumps and the social and productive inclusion of recyclable material collectors to serve as a theoretical and practical framework for the performance of members of the Public Ministry. Results and conclusion: Bibliographic review through research in the Catalog of Theses and Dissertations of the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination (CAPES) and in the Brazilian Open Data Portal, with the pre-selection of titles, abstracts and keywords of 09 (nine) documents, with analysis through IRAMUTEQ. Research implications: The software explained that the interconnection of the Public Ministry's actions between the documents is not strong, but they are very important for the consolidation of the selective collection of solid waste in the municipalities. Originality/value: identified that in order to consolidate solid waste management through the selective collection service in the municipalities, carried out by cooperatives/associations, it requires actions by institutions with the Public Ministry.

Soil degradation and Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn contamination in dumpsites of humid and semiarid tropical regions in northeastern Brazil.

We investigated soil characteristics and heavy metal content changes in 12 inactive dumpsites in humid and semiarid tropical climates in Northeast Brazil. The metals Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Other parameters measured include pH, electric conductivity, soil texture, soil organic carbon, total porosity and available P. The soil contents of sand, clay, soil organic carbon, available P and heavy metals, and soil bulk density, total porosity and pH were efficient indicators of soil degradation. We found no influence of current use, soil class or climate on the soil response. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the dumpsite soils followed the order Zn (49.96mgkg-1) > Cu (38.48mgkg-1) > Pb (24.64mgkg-1) > Cr (21.94mgkg-1) > Ni (7.77mgkg-1). They were 6- to 36-fold higher than the background values for the region and were above the Brazilian guideline values for metals. The four dumpsite soils that showed simultaneous contamination with two or more heavy metals were located in the semiarid region. This challenges the assumption that soil impacts in the semiarid region are minimal due to lower leaching and high evaporation. Soil changes increase with time under activity, size and decommission time of the dumpsite. These data are important for local authorities to establish more effective targeting policies for closure of dumps and control of the spread of contaminants in areas impacted by the disposal of municipal waste.

Sustainability indicators for municipal solid waste management: A case study of the Recife Metropolitan Region, Brazil.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Brazil faces major challenges in order to meet the requirements proposed by the National Solid Waste Policy, which has been in force since 2010 and complicates decision-making, especially in small municipalities. In this context, sustainability indicators are important support tools that help in setting out performance actions for municipal sustainable development. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the four sustainability dimensions (social, environmental, economic, and legal/institutional) using sustainability indicators for MSW management in the Recife Metropolitan Region (RMR) in Northeast Brazil. To do this, the progress of the region was evaluated against the principal goals and guidelines proposed by solid waste plans and by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. It was found that some progress has been achieved in recent years, such as the closure of dumps, a reduction of the per capita MSW mass collected, and an increase in the coverage rate for solid household waste collection. However, selective collection and financial autonomy still fall well short of the region's goals. According to the results of this study, municipalities in the RMR require more environmental education and joint actions involving government, the private sector, and the general population.

Decentralization of solid waste management services in rural Lebanon: Barriers and opportunities.

Rapid urbanization, closure of dumps, and insufficient infrastructure funding in Lebanon have resulted in improper municipal solid waste management (MSWM), creating a continuing trash crisis in recent years. In Beirut and Mount Lebanon, MSWM was carried out in centralized waste processing and disposal facilities operated by the government. The trash crisis and failure of the centralized system prompted several municipal authorities to decentralize MSWM by establishing local facilities, paid by the council taxes charged to beneficiary households. To study the feasibility of decentralized MSWM, a survey of 228 households in a rural village in Lebanon explored households' willingness to pay (WTP) for a local MSWM service. For data analysis, a multivariate Tobit model was used to examine the determinants of the WTP amount. Results showed that 79% of surveyed households in the studied village were willing to support local MSWM improvements by contributing an average yearly fee of US$48, representing a 30% increase in their current council taxes. Analysis showed a significant positive association between the WTP amount and the household monthly income level, the residents perceived needs for urgency to act on solid waste management, and the households' responsibility to be involved in MSWM. An interview with the municipality mayor later revealed that financial, technical, and land resources are lacking to enable consideration of a decentralized project for MSWM in the village. Municipalities in rural areas have limited resources and are unable to sustain a decentralized MSWM service unless adjacent towns join effort in supporting and financing MSWM initiatives.

Waste management studies in a Brazilian microregion: GHG emissions balance and LFG energy project economic feasibility analysis

The appropriate management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a key issue in today's economy. In Brazil, this has been the subject matter of several studies, since the National Policy on Solid Waste in 2010 established the closure of dumps and encourages the implementation of more appropriate forms of MSW disposal. In order to contribute to the study of MSW management in Brazil, this paper presents a two-step analysis of the MSW management of São Lourenço microregion consortium (MG). In the first step, WARM (USEPA) software was applied in evaluating Green House Gases (GHG) emissions and energy consumption at three alternative scenarios, which were compared to a baseline scenario, where all MSW was sent to landfills. Scenario 1: Reprocessing of all recyclable waste and composting of organic fraction of MSW. Scenario 2: Reprocessing of all recyclable waste but with an organic fraction of MSW landfilling and scenario 3: Incineration of all solid waste. At the second step, the economic feasibility of a project to generate energy from the landfill biogas (LFG) was evaluated in terms of GHG emissions. The most advantageous alternative was scenario 1 because it allowed the reduction up to 90,000 tCeq in relation to the base scenario of MSW management. The economic feasibility of generating energy from LFG was only achieved for the scenarios in which the enterprise was considered as a form of microgeneration as regulated by the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL, in Portuguese), which indicates the need for government incentives so as to reduce the costs of such projects and the need to incorporate new cities into the consortium analyzed, thereby expanding the mass of waste available and also increasing the production of landfill gas.

Trend of a breeding population of Black kites Milvus migrans along the Po river in Turin (Italy)

Black kites used the biggest waste dump of Turin for trophic purposes also during their reproductive months. After the dump closure there has been a sudden decrease in breeding pairs all over the area. During the following years the number of nests settled again however the small colonies trend was more scattered than before the landfill was closed.

Use of a garbage dump by brown bears in Dillingham, Alaska

We studied brown bear (Ursus arctos) use of a garbage dump in Dillingham, Alaska, USA, in 1997 prior to an impending dump closure. During the summers of 1991–96, incidental observations of bears at the dump indicated 40–80 individuals fed there. Seventy brown bears used the dump from 19 May to 29 September 1997, including 25 adult males, 11 subadults (4 females, 7 males), 9 females with cubs (n = 19 cubs), and 6 adult females. Males and females constituted 63% (n = 32) and 37% (n = 19) of the adult population, respectively. Seventeen bears were predictable users and showed regular temporal patterns of use. The dump appeared important to these bears, and they could be adversely impacted by its closure. The total number of bears observed per night varied from 4 to 33. Peak use occurred on 1 July and 9 July and coincided with low availability of high quality natural foods, suggesting the dump was a supplemental food source to most bears. This indicated closure would probably have minimal effect to most bears because it was not used by a consistently high number of them throughout the season. Subadult use mainly occurred in June. Adult males predominated in July and August. Females with cubs predominated in September when use by other age classes was negligible. Subadults were the least and females with cubs were the most socially dominant bears, respectively. Garbage pile size was reduced and kept small throughout the summer to minimize bear use. Smaller pile sizes restricted the number of bears that fed on garbage. Management recommendations for improving the safety of bears and humans at dumps in other rural areas include electric fencing, tighter enforcement of government waste disposal regulations, more efficient dump designs, and restricted human access.

Cost of waste management versus competitiveness of mining: the example of non‐ferrous metal industry

Large‐scale and long‐term mining operations inevitably produce a significant amount of waste. The volume and cost of mining waste produced depends on geological and technological characteristics such as: geological settings, reserve characteristics, the type of mining operation (surface or underground mine), mining methods (recovery, dilution, etc.), the volume of the operation, applied processing methods as well as waste management activities, tailing dump closure design and post‐closure cost. The other costs of waste management depend on countries' legislation. To identify all costs of waste management and to develop a transparent methodology for waste management full Life Cycle Assessment analysis (including Life Cycle Cost calculation) for an individual company should be prepared. The calculation and methodology of cost of waste management has been presented using the example of the Polish non‐ferrous mining industry.

Environmental stress and developmental stability in dentition of the Yellowstone grizzly bears

Asymmetry in bilateral traits is often used to assess an individual's quality and stress resistance, but stress-induced variation in developmental stability is largely undocumented for free-living populations. Over many years, grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) extensively foraged around garbage dumps in Yellowstone National Park. Abrupt closure of these dumps 26 years ago was a severely stressful event and was followed by excessive mortality and a many-fold increase in grizzly home-range size. I examine how this stress affected developmental stability by comparing dentition of bears born before and after the dump closure. I predicted that (1) asymmetry in dentition should be greater in bears born after dump closure compared to before closure, and asymmetry in sexually selected canines should change more than nonsexually selected premolars following dump closure and (2) the relationship between tooth asymmetry and tooth size should change in the populations following the stressful events as compared with populations before stressful events. I found that developmental stability of canines, which are under directional sexual selection in males, was more responsive to stress compared to that of male premolars or female dentition (both under stabilizing selection), and, because of the increased cost of canine production, fewer animals were able to achieve both large size and symmetrical development of these teeth, and thus the slope of the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and canine size increased. I conclude that stress appears to act as an honesty-reinforcement mechanism in sexual selection for symmetrical dentition.

Effects of Climate, Dump Closure, and Other Factors on Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Litter Size

Effects of Climate, Dump Closure, and Other Factors on Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Litter Size

Waste Dump Closure and Cost Estimates at AngloGold Ashanti Iduapriem

AngloGold Ashanti Iduapriem Mine is a surface gold mine which produces waste rock in its operations. The waste rock forms waste dumps which grow over the years, and will ultimately need to be closed down when they are filled to the maximum capacity. The mine has closure plans for the waste dumps and the closure activity will incur cost. This research was carried out to study the waste dump reclamation and closure plan for the Ajopa waste dump, and estimate the associated cost. The aim of the closure is to establish a permanent stable landscape that is environmentally compatible with surrounding undisturbed land. The waste dump will be closed with a progressive rehabilitation technique. The key activities involved in the reclamation plan, which are earthworks, capping and revegetation were identified and studied into detail. The reclamation plan and cost estimates were prepared on the basis that AngloGold Ashanti Iduapriem Mine would contract with a third-party contractor to fully execute the required closure and reclamation activities. The cost was then estimated using price quotes from vendors or contractors located around the mining area. Results showed that waste dump closure and reclamation programme for Iduapriem Mine are consistent with Ghana Mining and Environmental guidelines. The total closure and reclamation cost was estimated to be US$ 581 488.18. Since any delay in the closure and reclamation could incur additional cost, it was advised that the mine should execute the closure and reclamation plan without delay. Keywords: Waste Dump, Reclamation, Revegetation, Estimates