Due Regard Research Articles

Distinguishing between views and roles of political and legal doctrines for developing the legal structure of stages in the commission of a crime

The legal structure of stages in the commission of a crime determines the systematic development of criminal activity, which shows the connection between one's will and action, and allows to impose a proportionate penalty for such a crime. The article presents different views on the research subject in the Russian science of criminal law, their changes depending on approaches, political and legal doctrines, scientific opinions, socio-economic conditions of Russia in the 19th century. The correlation of concepts and stages of preparation, attempt and a completed crime is studied based on objective and subjective criteria, the legislation of the period under review, with due regard to even opposite views of many scholars.

A new approach to calculating the time to the blocking of the escape routes due to the loss of visibility in the smoke of an indoor fire

Introduction. The accuracy of the visibility analysis in the event of an indoor fire strongly depends on the smoke-generating ability of substances and materials obtained experimentally in small-scale units. Therefore, the task is to develop a method of analysis that takes account of the scale factor and does not use the specific coefficient of smoke generation to identify the range of visibility in a full-scale room.Goals and objectives. The goal of the research project is a new approach to the calculation of the time to the blocking of the escape routes due to the loss of visibility with due regard for the scale factor and without regard for the specific coefficient of smoke generation. To achieve this goal, the analysis of fire development patterns in small-scale and full-scale rooms was carried out; theoretical dependences between the volumetric average optical smoke density and other volumetric average parameters of the indoor gas environment were obtained for these patterns, and calculation results, based on the obtained dependences, were compared with the experimental data.Methods. Methods, employed by the co-authors, included solving non-stationary equations based on the principle of conservation of indoor gas energy, optical density of smoke and oxygen mass for the cases of closed and open-type indoor heat and mass transfer. Fire tests were conducted in a small-scale facility. Theoretical and experimental data were compared.Results. Analytical dependences between the volumetric average optical density of smoke, a change in the volumetric average temperature, and the volumetric average partial oxygen density for closed and open indoor fire patterns were obtained. The series of fire tests involving the PVC insulated and sheathed bare (coverless) cable, exposed to the effect of the varying density incident heat flux, were carried out. Experimental dependences between the time, the optical density of smoke, and the specific coefficient of smoke generation were obtained. The obtained volumetric average optical density of smoke was compared with the experimental data using the proposed analytical expressions.Conclusions. The co-authors suggest using experimental dependences between the volumetric average optical density of smoke, changes in the volumetric average temperature or the volumetric average partial oxygen density obtained in a small-scale facility without solving the differential equation based on the principle of conservation of optical density of smoke.

Genesis of Theoretical Concepts and Legal Foundations of the Economic Freedom of an Individual

One of the basic human values is freedom as the basis of human existence, the concept of which is one of the most complex and multifaceted. The concept of the general freedom of the individual includes economic freedom, which is an interdisciplinary category. Modern scientific thought is characterized by a significant variety of substantive explanations of different aspects of economic freedom, in connection with which issues related to understanding the essence of this category remain controversial. The paper attempts to comprehend the formation of theoretical ideas about the economic freedom of the individual with due regard to the historical aspect, ideological trends, economic theories, types of economic systems, positions of philosophy, economics, science of constitutional law, concepts of human rights. The analysis of the views of various authors on the concept of "economic freedom", its normative implementation in early constitutional acts is important for understanding evolution, further development of scientific ideas and ideas about this category, constitutionalization of the value of "economic freedom of the individual" in Russia.

Chemical composition of groundwater used for drinking in conditions of natural deficiency of iodine and selenium and evaluation of its health effect: the case of Bryansk region (Russia).

Chemical composition of drinking water was examined in rural settlements of Bryansk region to reveal its influence on distribution of endemic thyroid diseases among population after the Chernobyl accident (1986) with due regard to different sources of water, the age and composition of water-bearing rocks. Groundwater samples (n = 515 in total) were collected in 156 rural settlements over the region in the period from 2007 to 2017 and analyzed for major cationogenic elements (Ca, Mg, Sr, K, Na, Mn, Zn, Fe, Al, Si) and anions (HCO32-, Cl-, F-, SO42-, NO32-, PO42-) as well as for I- and Se using ICP-AES, potentiometry, photometry and spectrofluorimetry. The results confirmed a low supply of water samples with iodine (Median (Me) = 5.96μg/L, variation range 0.06-41.2μg/L) and selenium (Me = 0.18μg/L, variation 0.001-6.21μg/L). The concentration levels of iron (64% of examined districts), manganese (36% of examined districts) and strontium (8% of examined districts) appeared to be inconsistent with hygienic standards. The data on chemical composition of drinking water were analyzed for correlation with the medical data on the prevalence of endemic thyroid diseases among the population living in the corresponding rural settlements. Tendencies of relationship between water iodine concentration and the incidence of thyroid diseases caused by iodine deficiency among teenagers aged 8 to 12 have been found. The same trend was found when comparing geochemical data with iodine content in renal excretion in this age group. The influence of some other components of natural waters on the manifestation of thyroid insufficiency has been cartographically assessed.

Free Access to and from the Ocean in the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea: The Law of the Sea and the Caspian “Body of Water”

AbstractAccess to and from the sea for landlocked states has been a long-standing issue in the law of the sea. Such issue is also addressed by the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea (or Aktau Convention), which foresees a right of free access to other seas for landlocked State Parties—Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan—through the Russian Federation. At the same time, it upholds the transit state's sovereignty and right to protect its legitimate interests. Consequently, it is important to assess the limits of the transit state's discretion pursuant to the Aktau Convention. In this regard, that instrument has important linkages with UNCLOS and with general international law. These linkages introduce in the Aktau Convention various norms—such as due regard and reasonableness—that play an important role in its interpretation.

Methods and techniques for energy efficiency assessment of geotechnological facilities at opencast mines based on the in-depth analysis

The article addresses energy efficiency of geotechnological facilities at opencast mines. The energy intensity of basic processes in solid mineral mining by the opencast method using the cyclical technologies takes up to 60–70% of the total mining and haulage cost. Given the mining technology is selected, and the stripping and excavations directions and procedures are determined, the potential for reduction in the geotechnology energy intensity lies in a proper choice of models of mining/haulage equipment, its duty and operation conditions. First of all, it is required to develop an energy efficiency methodology. This article reveals the possibility and potential of actual energy efficiency improvement in mines using the most widespread opencast method. The proposed approach assumes the in-depth analysis as an essential factor of the energy efficiency improvement of geotechnology facilities at opencast mines. The in-depth analysis should ensure real-time monitoring and assessment of energy consumption governed by the duty and operation conditions of the main mining and haulage equipment. The implementation of the proposed approach requires appropriate methods and techniques to take into account all factors that affect the mining and haulage equipment performance. This makes it possible to evaluate energy efficiency with due regard to the energy consumption and the nature of this energy integration by shares in the energy flows within the technology process. The studies emphasize that energy saving is a conventional key objective in mining. To this effect, it is required to ensure mechanical availability of mining and haulage machines, to monitor fuel consumption, to plan and control energy intensity based on the expected extraction volume per planned period. In the meanwhile, the research implemented reveals that opencast mines can essentially improve their energy efficiency in case of an appropriate backup with the relevant methods and techniques.

Provision of long-term renal replacement therapy to non-national patients in South Africa.

Dialysis is a life-saving but costly therapy, which in the local context may be considered to be a constrained resource. The residual effects of South Africa (SA)'s historical inequalities and the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease in our population result in significant demand being placed upon state dialysis units, which consequently are forced to ration access to treatment. Although such rationing is undertaken with due regard to local and international protocols, state units have been subject to legal challenge. Consequently, jurisprudence relevant to the provision of dialysis and other similarly resource-constrained therapies has evolved. In this article, we discuss a recent case that led to a landmark ruling on the access of non-SA nationals to dialysis, contextualised against existing guidelines and legislation and the status of renal replacement therapy in this country.

A Validated and Licensed Method of Bone Marrow Aspirate Procurement to Support Advanced Therapy Investigational Medicinal Product (ATIMP) Manufacture

The Blood & Tissue Establishment (BTE) of Galway University Hospitals supplies sterile bone marrow (BM) aspirate to European cellular manufacturing facilities as a starting material in ATIMP manufacture. We have developed a validated, sterile bone marrow procurement method in accordance with the European Union Tissue & Cells Directive (EUTCD) and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). The BTE achieved the requisite procurement licence, from the Irish competent authority, the Health Products Regulatory Authority (HPRA).Under the BTE Quality Management System all standard operating procedures and forms are document controlled, all consumable items are batch accepted, all staff involved undergo training and competency assessment (including adequate sanitisation of the iliac crest), and all issues are recorded and reported appropriately to the HPRA.The prospective donor must first undergo a two part ‘donor assessment’ procedure which evaluates the donor's ‘fitness’ to undergo the procedure, while also having due regard for any potential recipient.Part One of the assessment process requires that the entire procedure is explained by a trained clinician / nurse; a patient information leaflet is provided and written consent obtained. A full blood count, coagulation screen, glucose test, chemistry screen, blood group and virology screen is performed. The virology screen must, at minimum, include the viruses listed by the EUTCD and the donation must take place within 30 days of sample collection. The patient will then undergo a ‘lifestyle questionnaire’ to assess donor medical, travel, sexual and other risk history. Guidance for allowing the donation to proceed will depend on a number of factors, including, whether it is an allogeneic or autologous donation. Consideration is given to the ‘Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Donor Selection Guidelines for Unrelated Donors’ of the ‘Guidelines for the Blood Transfusion Services in the United Kingdom’. HPRA and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control alerts are also incorporated into selection criteria.The Responsible Person (RP) of the BTE (also a Consultant Haematologist) must review the answers to the questionnaire, together with the blood test results and assess whether the donor is fit to proceed to aspiration.Part Two of the assessment process takes place immediately prior to the scheduled aspiration. The donor will repeat the lifestyle questionnaire once more and the answers will be reviewed and compared with the previous questionnaire. The Consultant Haematologist will carry out a clinical examination and assessment of the donor. Upon completion, final donor eligibility is signed off and the aspiration can proceed. The procedure takes place in an operating theatre by a scrubbed Consultant Haematologist. A sterile field is created around the aspiration site. The aspiration site is cleansed with Chlorhexadine. Local anaesthetic (lidocaine 2%) is administered. 11 Gauge BM needles are used to puncture. Syringes are flushed with heparin sodium flushing solution. The flushed syringes are used to withdraw the BM, handed to a sterile assistant and transferred into 10ml lithium heparin vacutainers. The volume of 30ml of BM is aspirated from the iliac crest of both healthy donors (allogeneic) and patients (autologous) enrolled in clinical trials.These vacutainers are capped and inverted several times to prevent clotting, labelled and packaged for transport.The puncture site is dressed, donor vitals are observed and noted post procedure and the donor may be discharged after 2 hours.BM is transported to the manufacturing facility at monitored ambient temperature. Within the Grade A controlled environment, the BM is pooled and 1ml is used to inoculate one aerobic and one anaerobic blood culture bottle (validated for 0.5ml in each, incubated for 14 days, automated detection system).As of July 2017, we have performed 24 collections, 11 of which are allogeneic donations from healthy volunteers. The average white cell count in the aspirate from healthy donors is 43.1 x 106/ml. The sterility is satisfactory, with only one instance of contamination over the 24 collections, where, on the final day of incubation (day 14), we detected propionibacterium spp, a notoriously slow-growing commensal skin flora.Our regulatory approved protocol provides a steady supply of GMP grade bone marrow aspirates for the purpose of clinical trials. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Restore Recognition Of Legal Pluralism As A National Law Development Model That Is Justice

Article 18 B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution explains that the state recognizes and respects the customary law community and their traditional rights as long as they are still alive. The purpose of macro-legal politics that accommodates written and unwritten laws is implemented in a variety of messo (intermediate) legal politics through various laws.
 During this time the recognition of the existence of customary law as a manifestation of recognition of legal pluralism for example in Agrarian Law is often ignored. Then it takes recognition of strong legal pluralism in supporting legal development in Indonesia regulated in Law no. 17 of 2007 concerning the National Long-Term Development Plan of 2005. with due regard to the plurality of applicable legal arrangements.

Public administration in the activities of the court apparatus: Approaches to the formation of the concept

The article analyses the scientific approaches to the content of the concepts of “public administration” and “public administration in the activities of the court apparatus”. It is noted that establishing the essence of public administration, its features and the actual formulation of the definition of public administration in the activities of the court apparatus, which would fully reflect its legal nature, is the most pressing issue in the light of judicial reform. The author argues that a separate component of building the organizational structure of the court apparatus is the established practice of organizing activities in each particular court, with due regard to which the court administration develops and approves standard staffing tables for each group of courts; based on the maximum number of civil servants and technical staff, the staffing tables of courts are approved by the heads of their apparatus and court presidents. It is proved that public administration in the activities of the court apparatus has not been studied in detail. The doctrinal teachings regarding the understanding of administration in the judicial system are in many cases opposite and are not applied unambiguously. When characterizing public administration in the judicial system, the semantic load is focused on the characterization of “organizational support of the courts”, “judicial management”, “organizational management of courts”, and management relations existing in the judicial system.

‘It’s about keeping children safe, not spying’: A governmentality approach to Prevent in primary education

From its inception in 2015, the Prevent Duty has required educators, and other members of the social sector, to exercise ‘due regard’ in preventing pupils from being drawn into terrorism, irrespective of the age of the child. This article explores how primary educators have understood and implemented this preventative security policy in their schools. Analysis is based on a survey of 345 primary school educators and 37 semi-structured interviews with primary school educators and Prevent Education Officers from the West Midlands. Through a lens of governmentality, we shed light on how this mandate has been broadly interpreted and exercised by educators within and outside the school gates. In so doing, we contribute to debates on the puzzling acceptance of Prevent in education, on the process whereby educators identify threats, and on the securitisation of educational spaces in a risk society.

Cryosurgery and physical medicine n treatment of cancer

Background. At the present stage of oncology development, cryosurgery is keeping up with other surgical options of treating malignant tumors. However, especially when using cryoapplication technique, radical low-temperature destruction of large tumors is challenged with uneven freezing of the tissue inside and on the periphery of the cryoablation zone resulting in insufficient complete destruction of all tumor cells. The long-term strategy of increasing the efficiency of cryogenic treatment, which will maximize the potential for exposure of biological tissues to low temperatures, is its combination with other physical methods. On the other hand, the preliminary cryotherapy of the tumor tissue can be used to increase the efficiency of antitumor therapy by other methods, in particular, physical ones. Purpose – to summarize and analyze the literature data on applying low temperatures in combination with other physical medicine techniques in order to assess the efficiency and the potential of those in uptodate oncology. Materials and Methods. The paper deals with analyzing the studies published within the period from 2000 to 2020 outlining the data on the impact of low temperatures on the biological tissues in combination with other physical medicine techniques. After keyword search against international and Ukrainian databases, the papers, focused on this subject area, were sorted out, analyzed and included in the references. Results. The review presents pros and cons of using cryosurgery in medical practice with due regard for pathogenetic mechanisms of low temperature impact on biological structures. Based on experimental and clinical studies data, a positive effect of cryosurgical approaches in combination with other physical medicine techniques when performing surgical interventions for ablation of malignant neoplasms has been shown. The paper included the contributions describing the findings on combining cryosurgery with: preliminary hemodilution; radiofrequency and microwave hyperthermic ablation; laser and photodynamic therapy; electroporation. Additionally, a contemporary view of cryo-ultrasound therapy, cryonanoablation, cryo- radiation treatment and cryoelectrolysis was presented. Conclusions. Cryosurgery is an effective minimally invasive surgical method keeping up with other methods of treating malignant tumors, despite the fact that these days the research on optimizing the method of exposure of biological tissues to low temperatures is still ongoing. Cryosurgery in combination with other physical medicine techniques in case of tumor ablation can enhance the effectiveness of treating cancer patients.

Participation of Third Parties not Making Independent Claims Regarding the Subject Matter of the Dispute in Civil Proceedings in the Light of Procedural Economy

The author explores the issue of participation of third parties not making independent claims regarding the subject matter of the dispute in the context of achieving procedural efficiency in civil proceedings. It is noted that the current rules of civil and arbitration procedural legislation concerning third parties that do not make independent claims regarding the subject matter of the dispute are imperfect and, on the one hand, they have some potential to ensure the true implementation of the principle of procedural economy, and, on the other hand, to enhance the effectiveness of civil proceedings and the scope of safeguards applied to secure judicial protection. Joint consideration and resolution of principal and recourse claims may be treated as a key and promising technique in this regard. The author, using various methodological techniques, conducts a critical analysis of the domestic doctrine and legislation of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern periods, and examines foreign experience on the subject at hand. The paper substantiates the conclusion about the possibility and expediency of joint consideration and resolution of the principal and recourse claims. It proposes to apply a mechanism for considering such claims jointly with due regard to the balance of interests of persons involved in the case. It is also noted that in a number of cases it is expedient to consider the principal and recourse claims in separate court proceedings. Summing up, the author expresses the opinion that the expansion of the judicial activity of the judicial activity should be permissible not only in the case of approval by the court of the settlement agreement, but also when the judicial activity results in making a court decision. In conclusion, it is noted that the mechanism of joint consideration and resolution of principal and recourse actions proposed by the author does not infringe the safeguards of civil procedural form and allows us to eliminate “defeat in rights” for the principal respondent (regredient).

On the Estimation of Deep Atlantic Ventilation from Fossil Radiocarbon Records. Part II. (In)consistency with Modern Estimates

AbstractMeasurements of radiocarbon concentration (Δ14C) in fossil biogenic carbonates have been interpreted as reecting a reduced ventilation of the deep Atlantic during the last ice age. Here we evaluate the (in)consistency of an updated compilation of fossil Δ14C data for the last deglaciation with the abyssal circulation in the modern Atlantic. A 14C transport equation, in which the mean velocity field is a modern field estimate and turbulent flux divergence is treated as a random fluctuation, is fitted to deglacial Δ14C records by using recursive weighted least-squares. This approach allows us to interpret the records in terms of deviations from the modern flow with due regard for uncertainties in the fossil data, the 14C transport equation, and its boundary conditions.We find that the majority of fit residuals could be explained by uncertainties in fossil Δ14C data, for two distinct estimates of the modern flow and of the error variance in the boundary conditions. Thus, most, not all, deglacial data appear consistent with present-day ventilation rates. From 20 to 32% of the residuals exceed in magnitude the published errors in the fossil data by a factor of two. Residuals below 4000 m in the western North Atlantic are all negative, suggesting that deglacial Δ14C values from this region are too low to be explained by modern ventilation. Whilst deep water ventilation appeared different from today at some locations, a larger database and a better understanding of error (co)variances are needed to make reliable paleoceanographic inferences from fossil Δ14C records.

Removal of the National Director of Public Prosecution: A Critique of Emerging Constitutional Jurisprudence

In this article, I critically examine the constitutional provisions governing the removal of the National Director of Public Prosecutions. This examination is undertaken in the context of recent decisions by the High Court in Corruption Watch (RF) NPC and Another v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others; Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others [2018] 1 All SA 471 (GP); 2018 (1) SACR 317 (GP) and the Constitutional Court in Corruption Watch NPC and Others v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others [2018] ZACC 23, which found certain provisions of the National Prosecuting Authority Act 32 of 1998, which governs the removal of the National Director, unconstitutional. The article is critical of these two court decisions for their failure to properly justify the order to invalidate the provisions of the National Prosecuting Authority Act and to provide a proper account of the different separation of powers imperatives involved in the cases. The article is also critical of the Constitutional Court’s approach to the abstract review of the sections in the National Prosecuting Authority Act, and of its suspension of the order of invalidity in a manner which took no due regard to established jurisprudence. Lastly, the article is critical of the Constitutional Court’s omission to address the High Court order that the Deputy President should appoint the National Director, which runs counter to the text of the Constitution.

Application of a wireless sensor system for object protection using infrared sensors

In this work, an algorithm that makes decisions on whether or not an object under protection has been penetrated based on data from infrared (IR) sensors included in a wireless sensor system is considered. Based on theoretical considerations, methods for calculating the attenuation of infrared radiation by the medium, including attenuation due to molecular gases and aerosol attenuation, are presented. Peculiarities of the external environment impact on the functioning of local heat sensors are shown. Also, peculiarities of the noise immunity characteristics of a radio communication channel are considered with due regard for signal fading. With the purpose of analyzing the environment impact on the efficiency of the entire system, we present dependencies of the total error probability on the energy parameter, taking into account the attenuation of infrared radiation in both the environment at the level of local sensors and the radio communication channel. In addition, a dependence of the total error probability on the communication distance under the influence of fading is presented. The results arrived at are analyzed and the degree of influence of the environment on the quality of functioning of the wireless sensor system of thermal type is evaluated. It is shown that adverse weather conditions can have a significant impact on the efficiency of local sensors, and, hence the entire system. However, despite the possible significant deterioration in efficiency due to the IR signal attenuation in the medium and in the radio channel, the efficiency can be increased by increasing the number of sensors used.

The Priority of Building Ecological Transport System in Metropolises: Obstacles, Methods and Opportunities

The article shows efficient ways of cutting the negative impact of transportation on the environment in metropolises as tools of passing-over to sustainable transportation system. The author identifies key ecological problems in metropolises – consequences of using transport, in particular, CO2 transport emissions are studied in view of their volumes and changes that took place during the last 5 years. It was revealed that all over the world transport damages the environment much more seriously than other industries. The author analyzed advanced methods of passing over from traditional to sustainable transport in different aspects (technical, infrastructural and cultural) in order to protect the environment in metropolises with due regard to economic interests. A lot of obstacles were found, such as time, mode of modern life in metropolises, inter-sectoral nature of transport, etc., which hinder the process of shaping sustainable transport systems in metropolises. As a result of the research the author confirms the necessity to work out a sustainable transport system, in spite of complexity of the process. Apart from that, three variants of shaping sustainable transport system were put forward: basic, standard and advanced.

PEMODELAN GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED GENERALIZED POISSON REGRESSION (GWGPR) PADA KASUS KEMATIAN IBU NIFAS DI JAWA TENGAH

Maternal mortality is one indicator to describing prosperity in a country and indicator of women's health. Most of the maternal mortality caused by postpartum maternal mortality. The number of postpastum maternal mortality is events that the probability of the incident is small, where the incident depending on a certain time or in a certain regions with the results of the observation are variable diskrit and between variable independent each other that follows the Poisson distribution, so that the proper statistical method is Poisson regression. However, in Poisson regression model analysis sometimes assumptions can occur violations, where the value of variance is greater than the mean value called overdispersion. Generalized Poisson Regression (GPR) is one model that can be used to handle overdispersion problems. This modeling produces global parameters for all locations (regions), so to overcome this we need a method of statistical modeling with due regard to spatial factors. The analytical method used to determine the factors that influence the number of postpartum maternal mortality in Central Java that have overdispersion and there are spatial factors, is Geographically Weighted Generalized Poisson Regression (GWGPR) using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation method and Adaptive Bisquare weighting. Poisson regression and GPR modeling produces a variable percentage of pregnant women doing K1 which has a significant effect on the number of postpartum maternal mortality, while for GWGPR modeling is divided into four cluster in all regency/city in Central Java based on the same significant variable. From the comparison of AIC values, it was found that the GWGPR model is better for analyzing postpartum maternal mortality in Central Java because it has the smallest AIC value.Keywords: The Number of Postpartum Maternal Mortality, Overdispersion, Generalized Poisson Regression, Spatial, Geograpically Weighted Generalized Poisson Regression, AIC

Some Aspects of Implementation of the Principle of Integrity in Consumer Lending: in Search for the Balance of Interests

Threats to consumer and social security in the conditions of imbalance of interests of parties under consumer loan contracts result in the necessity to adjust the current legislation. The significant increase in litigation between borrowers and lenders confirms the need to find new approaches to the regulation of the area in question. The aim of the research is to analyze the most common forms of unfair behavior of credit and microfinance organizations in the light of the implementation of fundamental principles of civil law. The main attention is paid to the determination of essential criteria of the principle of integrity. The paper provides for the comparison between different approaches to understanding its content in fundamental jurisprudence, the possibility of their implementation in law enforcement.The paper uses methods of legal model analysis, formal-legal and system-structural methods. Comparative analysis of the norms of current Russian and foreign legislation, as well as the method of law enforcement monitoring. It allows us to offer tools to restore the balance between the interests in execution of consumer loan contracts.According to the results of the study, the author compiles a list of characteristics of the principle of integrity with due regard to such factors as lack of information about a difficult financial situation of the borrower or other circumstances preventing the conclusion of a contract, the prohibition of the inclusion of asymmetric and arbitrary terms of the contract, mandatory consideration of public interest, etc. The listed elements of the criteria will contribute to the balance of interests of the parties in the antinomy of the principles of integrity and freedom of contract. The author makes the conclusion that it is expedient to include algorithms of implementation of fundamental principles of regulation in special laws, which will contribute to harmonization of interests of participants of civil legal relations in the field of consumer lending.

State protection and implementation of civil rights in russian law enforcement

The article aims at studying the guarantees of civil rights in terms of their constitutional and industry-based specifics. The main method used in this article was the deductive method that allowed studying the legal nature and specifics of state protection, as well as the guarantees of civil rights in law enforcement (as exemplified by the Russian Federation). The article has proved that the theoretical issue of effective state protection and civil rights implementation in Russian law enforcement remains unresolved. The study has revealed that law enforcement is effective when the principles of social justice, legality, reasonableness, and expediency are observed. Thus, social justice is not the only problem of modern law enforcement: law enforcement activities must comply with the principles of legality, fairness, expediency, and validity. Under the current conditions (with due regard to the current development of legal awareness and legal culture), law enforcement officers should meet the principles of legality and validity when deciding. Only such an attitude can help achieve a long-term perspective in law enforcement, i.e. to ensure fairness in decision-making.