Sweat Gland Ducts Research Articles

High follicle density does not decrease sweat gland density in Huacaya alpacas

When exposed to high ambient temperatures, mammals lose heat evaporatively by either sweating from glands in the skin or by respiratory panting. Like other camelids, alpacas are thought to evaporate more water by sweating than panting, despite a thick fleece, unlike sheep which mostly pant in response to heat stress. Alpacas were brought to Australia to develop an alternative fibre industry to sheep wool. In Australia, alpacas can be exposed to ambient temperatures higher than in their native South America. As a young industry there is a great deal of variation in the quality and quantity of the fleece produced in the national flock. There is selection pressure towards animals with finer and denser fleeces. Because the fibre from secondary follicles is finer than that from primary follicles, selecting for finer fibres might alter the ratio of primary and secondary follicles. In turn the selection might alter sweat gland density because the sweat glands are associated with the primary follicle. Skin biopsy and fibre samples were obtained from the mid-section of 33 Huacaya alpacas and the skin sections were processed into horizontal sections at the sebaceous gland level. Total, primary, and secondary follicles and the number of sweat gland ducts were quantified. Fibre samples from each alpaca were further analysed for mean fibre diameter. The finer-fibred animals had a higher total follicle density (P<0.001) and more sweat glands (P<0.001) than the thicker-fibred animals. The fibre diameter and total follicle density were negatively correlated (R2=0.56, P<0.001). Given that the finer-fibred animals had higher follicle density and more sweat glands than animals with thicker fibres, we conclude that alpacas with high follicle density should not be limited for potential sweating ability.

Giant eccrine hidradenoma mimicking a malignant tumor of the salivary gland.

Giant eccrine hidradenoma mimicking a malignant tumor of the salivary gland.

De Novo Epidermal Regeneration Using Human Eccrine Sweat Gland Cells: Higher Competence of Secretory over Absorptive Cells

In our previous work, we showed that human sweat gland-derived epithelial cells represent an alternative source of keratinocytes to grow a near normal autologous epidermis. The role of subtypes of sweat gland cells in epidermal regeneration and maintenance remained unclear. In this study, we compare the regenerative potential of both secretory and absorptive sweat gland cell subpopulations. We demonstrate the superiority of secretory over absorptive cells in forming a new epidermis on two levels: first, the proliferative and colony-forming efficiencies in vitro are significantly higher for secretory cells (SCs), and second, SCs show a higher frequency of successful epidermis formation as well as an increase in the thickness of the formed epidermis in the in vitro and in vivo functional analyses using a 3D dermo-epidermal skin model. However, the ability of forming functional skin substitutes is not limited to SCs, which supports the hypothesis that multiple subtypes of sweat gland epithelial cells hold regenerative properties, while the existence and exact localization of a keratinocyte stem cell population in the human eccrine sweat gland remain elusive.

HLA-DPDQDR is expressed in all lesional skin from patients with autoimmune skin diseases

Introduction: Human genes responsible for human antigen presentation and transplant rejection functions are located on the short arm of Chromosome 6, and are called the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). Moreover, the primary physiologic function of MHC molecules is to present peptides to T lymphocytes. MHC molecules are integral components of the ligands that most T cells recognize, since the T cell receptor (TCR) has specificity for complexes of foreign antigenic peptides, as well as self-MHC molecules. Aim: Our investigation attempts to investigate the presence of HLA-DPDQDR within lesional skin biopsies from patients affected by autoimmune skin blistering diseases (ABDs). Materials and Methods: We utilized immunohistochemistry (IHC) to evaluate the presence of HLA-DPDQDR in lesional skin biopsies of patients affected by ABDs. We tested 30 patients with endemic pemphigus foliaceus (EPF), 15 controls from the EPF endemic area, and 15 biopsies from healthy controls from the USA. We also tested archival biopsies from patients with selected ABDs, including 30 patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP), 20 with pemphigus vulgaris (PV), 8 with pemphigus foliaceus (PF), 14 with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and 2 with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA). Results: Most ABD biopsies stained positive for HLA-DPDQDR in the lesional blisters and/or inflamed neurovascular neuroplexus areas in the superficial dermis, and also at mesenchymal-endothelial like-cell junctions in the dermis. In BP, EBA and EPF, the HLA-DPDQDR staining was also seen in dermal eccrine sweat gland coils and ducts. Conclusion: We document that HLA-DPDQDR is expressed in several anatomic areas of lesional skin in patients with ABDs. Notably, HLADPDQDR positivity was also consistently present in areas of the classic immune response, including epidermal intercellular junctions in pemphigus, and at basement membrane sites in bullous pemphigoid and other subepidermal blistering diseases.

Poroma: a review of eccrine, apocrine, and malignant forms

Poroma is a benign adnexal neoplasm of the terminal sweat gland duct. Although poromas have traditionally been thought to originate from the eccrine sweat gland, there have been cases of apocrine etiology as well. Eccrine and apocrine poromas typically present as erythematous or flesh-colored nodules on the palms and soles. As these features overlap with a multitude of differential diagnoses, it is imperative to have a firm understanding of the characteristics that make the diagnosis of poroma. In addition, the malignant counterpart to the poroma, the eccrine porocarcinoma, manifests in a similar nonspecific fashion. Case studies and literature reviews have contributed immensely to our present knowledge of poroma and porocarcinoma. Given the rarity of these neoplasms, however, there remains a relative paucity of information on atypical presentations and rates of malignant transformation. In this article, the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of poroma and porocarcinoma will be reviewed. This systematic approach may serve as a guide in navigating the diagnostic dilemma of these rare cutaneous lesions.

Correlation between sudomotor function, sweat gland duct size and corneal nerve fiber pathology in patients with type2 diabetes mellitus.

To study the correlation between sudomotor function, sweat gland duct size and corneal nerve fiber pathology in type2 diabetes. Sudomotor function was quantified by Neuropad test, and sweat gland duct and corneal nerve fibers were visualized by confocal microscopy in 78 patients with type2 diabetes stratified by diabetic neuropathy and 28 control participants. In patients with diabetic neuropathy, sudomotor function, as judged by the time required for complete color change of a Neuropad, was impaired compared with that of controls (P<0.0001), thereby showing deterioration was related to the severity of diabetic neuropathy (P<0.0001). Sweat gland ducts were smaller in patients without neuropathy than in controls (P<0.0001), and further shrinking was seen in patients with severe diabetic neuropathy (P<0.05). Patients without diabetic neuropathy showed reduced density and length (P<0.001) of corneal nerve fibers and beading frequency (P<0.0001), and increased tortuosity (P<0.0001) compared with controls, and these changes deteriorated in patients with severe diabetic neuropathy. Sudomotor function was negatively associated with corneal nerve fibers (P<0.002) and branches (P<0.01), and influenced by the severity of diabetic neuropathy (P<0.0001); sweat gland duct size correlated with serum triglycerides (P<0.02), uric acid (P<0.01), corneal nerve branch (P<0.03), sudomotor function (P<0.03) and severity of neuropathy (P<0.03). Type2 diabetic patients had sudomotor dysfunction and smaller sweat gland ducts compared with controls. The stage of diabetic neuropathy and corneal nerve fiber pathology were independent predictors of sudomotor dysfunction, and serum triglycerides, uric acid, corneal nerve branch, stage of diabetic neuropathy and sudomotor function were predictors of sweat gland duct size.

Label Retaining Cells (LRCs) with Myoepithelial Characteristic from the Proximal Acinar Region Define Stem Cells in the Sweat Gland

Slow cycling is a common feature shared among several stem cells (SCs) identified in adult tissues including hair follicle and cornea. Recently, existence of unipotent SCs in basal and lumenal layers of sweat gland (SG) has been described and label retaining cells (LRCs) have also been localized in SGs; however, whether these LRCs possess SCs characteristic has not been investigated further. Here, we used a H2BGFP LRCs system for in vivo detection of infrequently dividing cells. This system allowed us to specifically localize and isolate SCs with label-retention and myoepithelial characteristics restricted to the SG proximal acinar region. Using an alternative genetic approach, we demonstrated that SG LRCs expressed keratin 15 (K15) in the acinar region and lineage tracing determined that K15 labeled cells contributed long term to the SG structure but not to epidermal homeostasis. Surprisingly, wound healing experiments did not activate proximal acinar SG cells to participate in epidermal healing. Instead, predominantly non-LRCs in the SG duct actively divided, whereas the majority of SG LRCs remained quiescent. However, when we further challenged the system under more favorable isolated wound healing conditions, we were able to trigger normally quiescent acinar LRCs to trans-differentiate into the epidermis and adopt its long term fate. In addition, dissociated SG cells were able to regenerate SGs and, surprisingly, hair follicles demonstrating their in vivo plasticity. By determining the gene expression profile of isolated SG LRCs and non-LRCs in vivo, we identified several Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathway genes to be up-regulated and confirmed a functional requirement for BMP receptor 1A (BMPR1A)-mediated signaling in SG formation. Our data highlight the existence of SG stem cells (SGSCs) and their primary importance in SG homeostasis. It also emphasizes SGSCs as an alternative source of cells in wound healing and their plasticity for regenerating different skin appendages.

Distribution of BrdU label-retaining cells in eccrine sweat glands and comparison of the percentage of BrdU-positive cells in eccrine sweat glands and in epidermis in rats

Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) has commonly been used for detecting of label-retaining cells (LRCs). To determine if there are LRCs and the distributions of LRCs in eccrine sweat glands, 20 newborn SD rats within 24 h after birth were injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg/time BrdU four consecutive times at 2-h intervals, or twice daily at 2-h intervals for four consecutive days. Six weeks after the last BrdU injection, rats were sacrificed, and the hind footpads were harvested, fixed and embedded in paraffin. Five-micrometer thickness tissue sections were cut and the expression of BrdU was detected immunohistochemically. The results showed that BrdU(+) cells were scatteredly distributed in coiled secretory part and coiled duct, as well as the straight duct, but not the intraepidermal duct of eccrine sweat glands. In secretory part, besides secretory cells, myoepithelial cells showed label retaining. The percentage of BrdU(+) cells in eccrine sweat gland of rat footpads had no significant difference between the two injection methods of BrdU (50 mg/kg/time BrdU four consecutive times at 2-h intervals vs. 50 mg/kg/time BrdU twice daily at 2-h intervals for four consecutive days) (P > 0.05). The percentage of BrdU(+) cells in eccrine sweat glands (4.2 ± 1.3 %) was significantly higher than that in stratum basale of epidermis (0.5 ± 0.1 ‰) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, there were LRCs in eccrine sweat glands of rat footpads, and these LRCs might play important roles in the homeostasis of skin and its appendages.

Clear cell hidradenoma

Clear cell hidradenoma or nodulocystic hidradenoma or acrospiroma are histologically distinct relatively rare tumors of sweat gland duct origin, found mainly in adults with a female preponderance. We report a case of eccrine hidradenoma in a 31-year-old man who presented with an asymptomatic, solitary nodule on occipital region. A few reports are available in literature regarding presence of this tumor on occipital region of young man and present case is being reported because of its rarity in this region of scalp and in this sex.

Hair development and Langerhans cell migration during human embryogenesis

Hair follicles are immune privilege sites that protect multipotent stem cells. The location of the stem cells in the bulge area not only shields these crucial cells from environmental factors, but also protects them from immune-mediated injury. Hair follicles are considered to be reservoirs of Langerhans cells (LC). Although LC are known to migrate from the bone marrow, little is known about the mechanisms by which human LC locate to their appropriate position during embryogenesis. In contrast, melanocytes originate from the neural crest and migrate from the dorsal neural tube to the ventral side during embryogenesis. After completing migration, melanocytes are supplied from the bulge area of the hair follicles. To examine the relation between hair follicles, melanocytes, and LC during human embryogenesis, we obtained 4-mm punch biopsies from 4 specific sites (scalp, back, abdomen, and right sole) of 38 aborted fetuses following approval by the institutional review board. Immunohistochemical studies were then performed. Human embryo LC first appeared at 16 to 18 weeks gestation (WG). Before 16 WG, few LC were observed at any site, but the melanocytes had already completed their migration to the epidermal compartment where hair follicles had not yet developed. Hair follicle buds appeared and immature small LC were largely located there in the back and abdomen. LC appeared at the apertural area of eccrine sweat gland ducts in the sole, called the acrosyringial area, at 16 to 19 WG. Thus, the melanocytes first migrated to the hair follicle formation sites and then LC migrated to the hair follicle site, which is an immune-privilege site. These findings suggest that LC develop immunoregulatory properties at the hair follicle site during embryogenesis. JSID AbstractsJournal of Dermatological ScienceVol. 69Issue 2Preview Full-Text PDF

Late-onset, Eruptive Syringoma in an Elderly Man: Correlation with Carbamazepine

Syringomas are benign neoplasms of the eccrine sweat gland ducts that commonly appear around the eyelids in women. Clinically, they manifest as small, skin-coloured or slightly pigmented papules. Syringoma is classified into four clinical types: localized; familial; Down’s syn-drome associated; and generalized, which encompasses multiple and eruptive syringomas (1). Furthermore, clear cell syringoma, which is characterized by histological proliferation of clear cells, has been reported to be asso-ciated with diabetes mellitus (2). Eruptive syringoma is a rare variant and usually appears before or during puberty (3). The lesions occur in large numbers and in successive crops on the neck, chest, abdomen, maxillae and genitalia. We describe here a case of late-onset eruptive syringoma in a 69-year-old man and discuss its possible association with an anti-epileptic drug. CASE REpoRTA 69-year-old man was referred to our department for the evaluation of skin lesions, which he had first noti-ced at the age of approximately 60 years. The lesions had first appeared on his abdomen, and3 years ago the

Eccrine Porocarcinoma of Scalp: An Uncommon Tumor at an Unusual Site

Eccrine porocarcinoma (EPC) is a very rare malignant sweat gland tumor and those arising in the scalp, are still rarer. Very few cases are reported in literature [1]. Malignant eccrine poroma was first described in 1963 by Pinkus and Mehregan using the term epidermotropic eccrine carcinoma. It is regarded as the rare malignant counterpart of eccrine poroma, a benign tumor of the intraepidermal eccrine sweat gland duct [2]. Porocarcinoma is commonly found in older age group and usually located in the lower extremities (more than 50%), rarely may occur on scalp, face, ear, upper extremities, trunk and abdomen [1, 3]. In the scalp, it is commonly seen in occipital region [4, 5]. The tumor presents as nodular, infiltrative, ulcerated or polypoid growth [6]. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice. There is 17% incidence of local recurrence and an 11% incidence of distant metastasis [3]. We report a case of EPC of scalp arising from a pigmented eccrine poroma in a 35 yr old.

Reflectance confocal microscopy can differentiate dermoscopic white dots of the scalp between sweat gland ducts or follicular infundibulum

Reflectance confocal microscopy can differentiate dermoscopic white dots of the scalp between sweat gland ducts or follicular infundibulum

Body malodours and their topical treatment agents

Body malodour, including foot odour, suppresses social interaction by diminishing self-confidence and accelerating damage to the wearer's clothes and shoes. Most treatment agents, including aluminium anti-perspirant salts, inhibit the growth of malodourous bacteria. These metallic salts also reduce sweat by blocking the excretory ducts of sweat glands, minimizing the water source that supports bacterial growth. However, there are some drawback effects that limit the use of aluminium anti-perspirant salts. In addition, over-the-counter anti-perspirant and deodourant products may not be sufficiently effective for heavy sweaters, and strong malodour producers. Body odour treatment agents are rarely mentioned in the literature compared with other cosmetic ingredients. This review briefly summarizes the relationship among sweat, skin bacteria, and body odour; describes how odourous acids, thiols, and steroids are formed; and discusses the active ingredients, including metallic salts and herbs, that are used to treat body odour. A new class of ingredients that function by regulating the release of malodourants will also be described. These ingredients do not alter the balance of the skin flora.

Modelling millimetre wave propagation and absorption in a high resolution skin model: the effect of sweat glands

The aim of this work was to investigate the potential effect of sweat gland ducts (SGD) on specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distributions during mm-wave irradiation. High resolution electromagnetic and bio-heat transfer models of human skin with SGD were developed using a commercially available simulation software package (SEMCAD X™). The skin model consisted of a 30 µm stratum corneum, 350 µm epidermis and papillary dermis (EPD) and 1000 µm dermis. Five SGD of 60 µm radius and 300 µm height were embedded linearly with 370 µm separation. A WR-10 waveguide positioned 20 µm from the skin surface and delivering 94 GHz electromagnetic radiation was included in the model. Saline conductivity was assigned inside SGD. SAR and temperatures were computed with and without SGD. Despite their small scale, SAR was significantly higher within SGD than in the EPD without SGD. Without SGD, SAR and temperature maxima were in the dermis near EPD. With SGD, SAR maximum was inside SGD while temperature maximum moved to the EPD/stratum-corneum junction. Since the EPD participates actively in perception, the effect of SGD should be taken into account in nociceptive studies involving mm-waves. This research represents a significant step towards higher spatial resolution numerical modelling of the skin and shows that microstructures can play a significant role in mm-wave absorption and induced temperature distributions.

A new way for isolation and cultivation of sweat gland ductal cells from human split-thickness skin in vitro

To explore a new method of isolation and culture of eccrine sweat gland ductal cells from human split-thickness skin graft in vitro. Human split-thickness skin graft which was presented by volunteer (n = 10) was digested with type II collagenase, and then sweat gland duct were isolated from the split-thickness skin graft, primary cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C in humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2, 95% O2. The cultured eccrine sweat gland ductal cells were identified by analysis CEA, CK8, CK18, CK19 antigens expression with flow cytometry, RT-PCR and Western Blot, and by detecting the electrophysiology with whole cell patch clamp technology. The isolated eccrine sweat gland ductal cells could grow by adhering to the wall, proliferate in vitro after 48 h of adhering to the wall, and confluens after 2 - 4 weeks of adhering to the wall. The FACs analysis showed the expression of CEA was (90.26 +/- 1.12)%, (89.70 +/- 1.43)%, and CK8 was (94.41 +/- 1.84)%, (93.65 +/- 1.63)% in primary cultured sweat gland ductal cells and primary cultured eccrine sweat gland cells, respectively, and there is no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Immunocytochemistry staining showed CEA, CK8, CK18, CK19 was positive in sweat gland duct cells, RT-PCR revealed that CEA, CK8, CK18 and CK19 gene expression in sweat gland ductal cells, and Western Blot analysis showed the expression of CEA brand, CK8 brand, CK18 brand, and CK19 brand in sweat gland ductal cells, patch clamp indicated that this cells has distinct amiloride sensitive Na(+) channels. The cultured human eccrine sweat gland duct cells in vitro display the markers and biological characteristics of sweat gland epithelial lineage, and this method of digest the split-thickness skin graft to get the sweat gland duct cells is better than classical dissect sweat gland under dissect microscope.

Significance of cyclin D1-, product of retinoblastoma (pRb), p53, p63 and p73 expression in eccrine poroma and eccrine porocarcinoma

Eccrine porocarcinoma (EPC) is a rare malignant tumor arising from the intraepidermal portion of the eccrine sweat gland duct epithelium or from pre-existing eccrine poroma (EP) [ [1] Mehregan A.H. Hasimoto K. Rahbari H. Eccrine adenocarcinoma—a clinicopathologic study of 35 cases. Arch Dermatol. 1983; 119: 104-114 Crossref PubMed Scopus (320) Google Scholar ], and the precise pathogenesis remains unclear. We have previously reported that activating transcription factor-2- and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signaling pathways might contribute to the formation of both EP and EPC [ [2] Chen S.Y. Takeuchi S. Urabe K. Kido M. Hayashida S. Tomoeda H. et al. Overexpression of phosphorylated ATF2 and STAT3 in eccrine porocarcinoma and eccrine poroma. J Dermatol Sci. 2008; 49: 170-173 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar ], but neither factor was able to dissect EPC from EP.

The Activity of the Epithelial Sodium Channels Is Regulated by Caveolin-1 via a Nedd4-2-dependent Mechanism

It has recently been shown that the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) is compartmentalized in caveolin-rich lipid rafts and that pharmacological depletion of membrane cholesterol, which disrupts lipid raft formation, decreases the activity of ENaC. Here we show, for the first time, that a signature protein of caveolae, caveolin-1 (Cav-1), down-regulates the activity and membrane surface expression of ENaC. Physical interaction between ENaC and Cav-1 was also confirmed in a coimmunoprecipitation assay. We found that the effect of Cav-1 on ENaC requires the activity of Nedd4-2, a ubiquitin protein ligase of the Nedd4 family, which is known to induce ubiquitination and internalization of ENaC. The effect of Cav-1 on ENaC requires the proline-rich motifs at the C termini of the beta- and gamma-subunits of ENaC, the binding motifs that mediate interaction with Nedd4-2. Taken together, our data suggest that Cav-1 inhibits the activity of ENaC by decreasing expression of ENaC at the cell membrane via a mechanism that involves the promotion of Nedd4-2-dependent internalization of the channel.

New concepts on the histogenesis of eccrine neoplasia from keratin expression in the normal eccrine gland, syringoma and poroma

Peripheral and luminal layers of eccrine sweat gland ducts are self-renewing structures. Proliferation is restricted to the lowermost luminal layer, but randomly scattered in the peripheral layer. Each layer exhibits differential expression of keratins K5/K14 and K6/K16. Keratin K1 occurs only in peripheral cells and the novel keratin K77 is specific for luminal cells. To investigate the expression of luminal (K77), peripheral (K1) and further discriminatory keratins in two eccrine sweat gland tumours: syringoma, thought to show differentiation towards luminal cells of intraepidermal sweat ducts and eccrine poroma, considered to arise from poroid cells, i.e. peripheral duct cells; and keratinocytes of the lower acrosyringium/sweat duct ridge differentiating towards cells of intradermal/intraepidermal duct segments. Paraffin-embedded sections were examined by immunohistochemistry using several keratin, smooth muscle actin and Ki-67 antibodies. We confirmed the ductal nature of syringomas. Despite drastic morphological alterations in both layers, their keratin patterns remained almost undisturbed compared with normal ducts. In eccrine poroma epidermal keratins K5/K14 were ubiquitously expressed in all poroid cells. Cell islands deviating morphologically from poroid cells contained epidermal keratins K1/K10. K77 expression was limited to luminal cells of intact duct structures within the tumours. Syringomas are benign tumours of luminal cells of the lowermost intraglandular sweat duct. Poroid precursor cells of poromas do not comprise peripheral duct cells nor do poromas differentiate towards peripheral or luminal duct cells. Instead, poroid cells consist only of keratinocytes of the lowermost acrosyringium and the sweat duct ridge and poromas tend to differentiate towards the cells of the upper acrosyringium.

An open-label tolerability and efficacy study of an aluminum sesquichlorhydrate topical foam in axillary and palmar primary hyperhidrosis

Primary hyperidrosis (PH) is a disorder characterized by excessive eccrine sweat gland production that primarily involves the axillae as well as palms and soles. Common first-line topical treatment for PH consists of aluminum salts (AS) that act by physically blocking eccrine sweat gland ducts. However, primary irritant contact dermatitis is a common side effect of AS treatment. Recently, a new low-residue, thermophobic foam formulation containing 20% aluminum sesquichlorohydrate has been developed (Nidrox, Mipharm S.p.A.). To evaluate the local tolerability and efficacy of 20% aluminum sesquichlorohydrate foam in the treatment of axillary and palmar PH. Twenty subjects affected by PH were enrolled in a multicenter, open-label study. Local tolerability was evaluated by physicians assessing itching, burning, and skin irritation using a four-point score (from 0: no symptoms to 3: severe symptoms). Skin irritation was quantified with a visual score. Efficacy was assessed by means of Minor test score using a four-point score (range 0-3). The foam was applied to clean dry skin, every night during the first 2 weeks and three times a week during the following 2 weeks. Clinical evaluations were performed at baseline, at day 14 and at day 28. Patients were monitored throughout the study for adverse events. All 20 subjects completed the study. The foam induced a significant reduction of the Minor score in comparison with baseline values (p = 0.0002) both at day 14 and at day 28. At the end of the 4-week treatment period, the foam reduced eccrine sweating by 61% (Minor score: 3.3 vs. 8.5). No skin irritation was observed during the trial except for one subject who experienced a mild and transient itching sensation. No other side effects were reported during the study. This new foam appears to be an effective and well-tolerated topical treatment in reducing sweating in patients with axillary and palmar PH.