Ducts Of Major Salivary Glands Research Articles

Caracterización de litiasis en glándulas salivales menores: reporte de casos y revisión de un fenómeno poco frecuente

Sialolithiasis is a relatively common condition, affecting the major salivary gland ducts with a higher incidence. The finding of sialolithsin minor salivary glands is extremely rare. Some of the reasons that would indicate the limited scientific evidence surrounding the diagnosis of minor salivary gland sialolithiasis could be associated with an underdiagnosis of the pathology,and the absence of histopathological diagnosis after surgical excision. Objective: two cases are presented, in adult patients, with clinical and histopathological diagnosis of sialolithiasis in minor salivary glands, who attended the Outpatient Clinic of the Chair of Stomatology A, of the Faculty of Dentistry, of the National University of Córdoba, in the period 2021-2022. Additionally, a narrative review of some of the possible etiological aspects of this phenomenon is provided. It is important to report these cases togenerate greater scientific evidence about this entity and, in this way, achieve a better understanding of it, expand the range of differential diagnoses and therapeutic options for this pathology

Different expression and subcellular localization of vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in ducts of major salivary glands: An in situ study in mice

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of GABA (□-amino butyric acid)-signaling in the salivary glands by localization of vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter, a key molecule in GABA-synthesis. DesignParotid, sublingual and submandibular glands of mice at various postnatal stages were examined in immuno-light and electron microscopy as well as immuno-blotting. ResultsExpression for vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter was detected in parotid and sublingual glands of both sexes and female submandibular gland throughout postnatal development, while it was negligible in male submandibular glands at and after puberty. The expression in female submandibular glands attenuated after testosterone injection. The immunoreactivity was localized in striated ductal cells, but not acinar cells, in the salivary glands, and it occurred in association with intracellular and plasma membranes of the cells. It also occurred in myoepithelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. ConclusionsGABA-signaling was suggested to be a significant signaling pathway in salivary ductal cells, which was suppressed in male submandibular glands at and after puberty. The suppression in the submandibular duct was by testosterone. In addition, the participation of vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in GABA signaling through plasma membranes of the ductal cells was suggested. The significance of occurrence of the immunoreactivity in myoepithelial and smooth muscle cells remains to be further elucidated in terms of implication in GABA signaling.

Major salivary gland hypertrophy model in immature rats: morphometric and histochemical epithelial cell characteristics

The purpose of the study is to estimate the functional state of epithelial cells of acini and ducts of major salivary glands with hypertrophy caused by repeated incisor amputations in immature rats. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on immature (20 days), white male rats, divided into 3 groups: intact, control and group of rats with repeated incisor amputations. Animals were taken out in 2d, 3d, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th weeks after the first incisor amputation. Morphofunctional state of rat major salivary glands was assessed by histological (hematoxylin and eosin), histochemistrical (Alcian blue, PAS-reaction, Brachet method) and morphometrical (acini area, intralobular ducts volume) methods. Results. Repeated incisor amputations led to the increase of acini area and the decrease of intralobular duct volume in submandibular glands in 2nd–4th weeks of the experiment. Cytoplasm pyroninophilia of submandibular gland acinar cells was less pronounced and intensity of PAS-reaction was more pronounced than in intact animals in 3rd week of the experiment. Morphological and functional changes of parotid and sublingual gland epithelial cells were not observed after repeated amputations of incisors in immature rats. Conclusion. Repeated incisor amputations in immature male rats lead to submandibular gland acinar cell hypertrophy in the early stages of the experiment (2d–4th weeks) with accumulation of glycoproteins and protein synthesis weakening in these cells. Hypertrophy of acinar cells are accompanied by retardation in the development of granular convoluted tubule cells which are the source of synthesis and secretion of the endocrine biologically active factors of submandibular glands.

Utility of SOX10 in Diagnosing Salivary Gland Oncocytic Tumors in Fine Needle Aspiration Cell Blocks

SOX10 is a transcription factor expressed from the developmental stage to adulthood in acinar and intercalated ducts of major salivary glands, and in some salivary gland tumors. Its role in cytologic specimens has been rarely documented. This study was performed to evaluate its utility in the diagnosis of salivary gland oncocytic tumors on fine …

In vivo-expression profile and regulation of the antiviral restriction factor CD317/tetherin in humans

Background Human CD317 (BST-2/HM1.24/tetherin) restricts the release of multiple viruses including HIV-1, XMRV, Lassa virus and KSHV from infected cells in culture. Its relevance for infection control in humans is however unclear, in part due to its poorly defined in vivo-expression pattern. Materials and methods To provide a framework for studies into the biological functions, regulation and therapeutic potential of CD317, we performed a tissue microarray-based expression profiling in 468 samples of 25 healthy organs from over 250 patients, not suffering from clinically apparent infections. Results We report that CD317 protein was expressed to varying degrees in all organs tested and detected in a number of specialized cell types including hepatocytes, pneumocytes in the lung, ducts of major salivary glands, pancreas and kidney, Paneth cells in the small intestine, epithelia of multiple organs, Leydig cells in the testis, plasma cells, bone marrow stromal cells, monocytes, and vascular endothelium. Remarkably, many of these CD317-positive cell types are in vivo-targets for pathogenic viruses, only for some of which restriction by CD317 or virus-encoded antagonists have thus far been investigated. Of note, major HIV target cells in tonsil and gut-associated lymphoid tissue did not express CD317. Limited, cell type-dependent co-expression of CD317 with the interferon biomarker MxA in vivo and an unresponsiveness to cytokine stimulation in lymphoid organ explants suggest that type I interferons may only in part regulate CD317. Conclusions

In vivo expression profile of the antiviral restriction factor and tumor-targeting antigen CD317/BST-2/HM1.24/tetherin in humans

Human CD317 is an intrinsic immunity factor that restricts the release of enveloped viruses, including the major pathogens HIV and Lassa virus, from infected cells in culture. Its importance for infection control in humans is unclear, due in part to its incompletely defined in vivo expression pattern. CD317 also has been proposed as a selective target for immunotherapy of multiple myeloma. To provide a framework for studies of the biological functions, regulation, and therapeutic potential of CD317, we performed microarray-based expression profiling in 468 tissue samples from 25 healthy organs from more than 210 patients. We found that CD317 protein was expressed to varying degrees in all organs tested and detected in a number of specialized cell types, including hepatocytes, pneumocytes, ducts of major salivary glands, pancreas and kidney, Paneth cells, epithelia, Leydig cells, plasma cells, bone marrow stromal cells, monocytes, and vascular endothelium. Although many of these cell types are in vivo targets for pathogenic viruses, restriction by CD317 or virus-encoded antagonists has been documented in only some of them. Limited cell type-dependent coexpression of CD317 with the IFN biomarker MxA in vivo and lack of responsive stimulation in organ explants suggest that interferons may only partially regulate CD317. This in vivo expression profiling sheds light on the biology and species-specificity of CD317, identifies multiple thus far unknown interaction sites of viruses with this restriction factor, and refutes the concept of its restricted constitutive expression and primary IFN inducibility. CD317's widespread expression calls into question its suitability as a target for immunotherapy.

Sialolithiasis. Differential diagnostic problems in fine-needle aspiration cytology.

Sialolithiasis with obstruction of major salivary gland ducts can lead to clinical tumefaction related to cystic dilatation. In addition to mucus accumulation, these pseudoneoplasms feature hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the ductal lining epithelium, with varying degrees of inflammation. The authors report five examples of this lesion aspirated from two males and three females ranging in age from 45 to 80 years (median 65 years). Three were in the submaxillary gland, and two were in the parotid. In three cases, stone fragments were identified, and diagnoses of sialolithiasis were rendered; two of these patients underwent surgical excision. The remaining two cases showed prominent foam cells and metaplastic squamous cells in a mucoid background that mimicked low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Stone fragments were not identified and a differential diagnoses of sialolithiasis versus low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma were suggested. Surgical excision revealed sialolithiasis in both instances. When stone fragments are identified in aspirated material, these cases pose little diagnostic difficulty. However, when this material is not present, epithelial changes and mucus accumulation may be difficult to distinguish from low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Cautious interpretation is suggested in this setting.

Salivary inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity: functional properties and distribution in men, women, and children

Human salivary gland secretions inhibit infection of human lymphocytes by the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This activity was found in saliva collected directly from the orifice of the major salivary gland ducts and the whole saliva of healthy male volunteers. In the current report, the observations on salivary secretions are expanded to a greater number of individuals, including healthy women and children, and men infected with HIV-1.

Instrumentation for salivary duct cannulation.

The use of lacrimal probes to locate and dilate the ducts of major salivary glands is described. This technique greatly facilitates cannulation for sialography.

Distention sialography.

Accurate diagnosis in salivary gland disease often necessitates sialography, particularly in suspected masses. The traditional technic of sialography is careful injection of small amounts of contrast material. The result at best is a radiograph displaying the major salivary gland ducts. An equally safe but more informative method of distention sialography is utilized by the oral surgery and radiology departments at our hospital (Ireland Army Hospital, Fort Knox, Ky.). This technic differs from that usually employed in that as much contrast agent is injected as the gland will accept. The result is total ductal and glandular structure distention. This latter phenomenon or “alveolarization” is most important and allows for accurate definition of the lesion. History Sialography was first performed by Barsony in 1926 with 20 per cent potassium iodide in water as the contrast agent. This material proved too irritating, and in 1931 Payne substituted iodized oil (5). Lipiodol or other types of bronchographic media are the usual agents of choice, although some workers propose the use of Pantopaque (2, 4). Water-soluble materials are preferred by certain groups (3), but their free flow characteristics, lack of surface tension, and tissue irritation are often considered disadvantages (5). Most investigators perform the injection with a syringe through a cannula or polyethylene tubing placed in the ostium of the duct. Gullmo and Böök-Hederström allow only hydrostatic pressure to deliver a water-soluble agent (3). Only small amounts of contrast material are usually recommended. For parotid sialography, 0.5 to 2 cc are employed, with slightly less delivered to the submaxillary gland. Caution is emphasized not to force larger amounts into the gland for fear of creating severe pain, bothersome gland swelling, and possible accentuation of inflammation or obstruction that may be present. Distention Technic Ollerenshaw and Rose state in their paper: “The complete delineation of the gland substance is of great importance in the diagnosis of space-occupying lesions that may be too small or too peripheral to distort the normal pattern of the main ducts.” This objective is most important, but gland distention, the cardinal sign that this total filling has been achieved, is not usually attempted. The oral surgeon in our hospital makes the injection and then sends the patient immediately the short distance to the x-ray department with the patient's finger holding gauze to the duct ostium. Anteroposterior and lateral oblique views are obtained. A straight cannula attached to a 10 cc ring syringe filled with warm Lipiodol is the delivery vehicle. Constant, firm, and persistent pressure is applied until obvious bulging of the gland is observed.